Ercan Işık

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• Professor
• Professor at Bitlis Eren University

The Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquake on 6 February 2023, one of the largest earthquakes of the century, caused the collapse or severe damage of thousands of structures. This catastrophic disaster resulted in over 53,000 fatalities and rendered many structures unusable. This study addresses the observed damage in reinforced concrete (RC) structure...

Earthquake damage in regions with high seismic risk highlights the need for. measures to improve the earthquake performance of existing structures. One such measure is strengthening these structures to bring them up to the desired performance levels. In this study, the damage to reinforced concrete (RC) buildings was examined in light of the Februa...

Devastating earthquakes around the world highlight the crucial need to understand the seismic performance of structures. Local soil conditions are among the most significant factors influencing a structure’s seismic behavior. Earthquake–soil–structure interactions directly affect seismic damage levels. In performance-based earthquake engineering, a...

Labyrinth weirs can pass more flow than conventional weirs with fixed openings for the same headwater, thanks to their increased crest length. However, nappe interference and local submergence in downstream cycles reduce discharge efficiency. This study experimentally and numerically investigated stepped-in-plan labyrinth weirs, designed to minimiz...

Although the influence of infill masonry on horizontal load structure behavior is well-documented, current standards and regulations have yet to fully incorporate or explicitly define the load-bearing capacity of this complex system. Canadian and American standards present more comprehensive and specific methodologies for calculating the load-beari...

The earthquakes in Türkiye on February 6, 2023, resulted in devastating losses, impacting approximately 14% of the country's population and causing severe structural damage to historic buildings. This study focuses on the historical structures in Hatay, Adıyaman, and Kahramanmaraş, with particular attention to Şanlıurfa, home to some of humanity's...

On 6 February 2023, two very large destructive earthquakes occurred in the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), one of Türkiye’s primary tectonic members. The fact that these earthquakes occurred on the same day and in the same region increased the extent of the destruction. Within the scope of this study, twenty different settlements affected by eart...

The Kahramanmaraş earthquake couple, which took place on February 6, 2023, is one of the biggest disasters Türkiye has encountered in the instrumental period. While the effects of these earthquakes were felt primarily in 11 different provinces, they also caused significant effects in many other provinces. These two independent earthquakes of magnit...

Depending on the characteristics of the existing buildings, earthquakes can cause damage at different levels and have a significant impact on the environment. The structural damages after the earthquakes have shown the importance of analysing both the existing and the damaged buildings. In this study, the Turkish rapid seismic assessment method, wh...

Many reinforced-concrete structures collapsed or were seriously damaged in the 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes that occurred in southern Türkiye on 6 February 2023. The recorded peak ground accelerations were quite high (2.2 g) and the recorded motions’ elastic acceleration response spectra were significantly greater than the elastic design spect...

During the clinkering stages of cement production, the chemical composition of fine raw materials such as limestone and clay, which include iron oxide (Fe2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), significantly influences the quality of the final product. Specifically, the chemical interaction of Fe2O3 with CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 during...

Abstract: Huge losses of life and property occurred as a result of two independent catastrophic earthquakes on 6 February 2023 in the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone, where no significant earthquake has occurred in approximately 500 years. The earthquakes, whose epicenters were in the Pazarcık and Elbistan districts of Kahramanmaraş province at 9 h in...

Labyrinth weirs are commonly used to increase the discharge efficiency in free-overflow discharges. These weirs provide a higher discharge efficiency than conventional linear weirs at the same headwater. In this study, the hydraulic performance of rectangular labyrinth weirs (RLWs) under different geometries and flow conditions was investigated exp...

The 6th February 2023 Pazarcık and Elbistan earthquakes (Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6) caused great destruction in many cities and were the disaster of the century for Türkiye. The greatest destruction was caused in the provinces of Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, and Adıyaman during these earthquakes, which were independent of each other and occurred on the same d...

Labyrinth weirs are often preferred to linear weirs in practice because they offer a higher discharge capacity for the same headwater. However, with increasing relative crest length, the discharge performance approaches that of linear weirs due to nappe interference and local submergence downstream of the labyrinth weirs, particularly at high heads...

The risk level of natural disasters such as earthquakes depends on many factors. Some of these are direct hazards, while others are vulnerability factors that increase the risk. In this regard, risk assessment should be performed by evaluating the hazard and vulnerability factors together. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a powerful tool f...

On 6 February 2023, two independent earthquake pairs on the East Anatolian Fault Zone, with epicenters in Pazarcık (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) districts of Kahramanmaraş province, caused great destruction. Adıyaman and Gölbaşı districts of this city are among the settlements most affected by the earthquake. Especially in the district where g...

On 6 February 2023, two large earthquakes struck southern Türkiye on the same day, resulting in a considerable loss of life and property damage over a large region that included 11 cities. After these disasters, there was a requirement to define the soil-related intensity distribution, aside from manufacturing defects caused by buildings. The modif...

Dear Colleagues: Risk analysis is a sustainable process whereby the possible effects of ground-based hazards are considered and a decision is made on actions that must be taken to prevent them from becoming disasters. It is possible to reduce the effects of ground-based hazards such as earthquakes, floods, mass movements (landslides, rockfalls, mud...

Masonry structures are known as an ancient construction technology with a history dating back thousands of years. The main load-bearing members of masonry structures are walls obtained using different materials. These walls, which serve both load-bearing functions and are used to separate spaces, can be thick because they generally have low-strengt...

Large-scale loss of life and property occurred in Kahramanmaraş and its districts, which are the city center where the epicenters of the earthquake couples that occurred on February 6, 2023, in Türkiye. Major damage has occurred in different structural systems due to the earthquake. In addition, fault traces that are the source of the earthquake we...

The present paper summarizes the results of an experimental program on the influence of using waste lathe scraps in the concrete mixture on the shear behavior of RC beams with different amounts of shear reinforcement. Three different volumetric ratios (1, 2 and %3) for the scraps and three different stirrup spacings (160, 200 and 270 mm) were adopt...

The earthquake vulnerability of the buildings has become more important after significant structural damages due to seismic events. The Quadrants assessment method is one of the effective procedures for the determination of the earthquake performance of the buildings. In this study, the impact of the infill walls on the structural vulnerability of...

Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, which occurred on 06 February 2023 at 4.17 (Pazarcık) and 13.24 (Elbistan) local time, caused very important structural damages in both urban and rural building stock. This paper deals with field investigations involving structural damages in masonry buildings with heavy earthen roofs after the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes....

The Mw=7.7 (Pazarcık-Kahramanmaraş) and Mw=7.6 (Elbistan-Kahramanmaraş) earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye on 06.02.2023 with 9 hours’ intervals, caused great losses of life and property as the biggest catastrophe in the instrumental period. The earthquakes affecting an area of 14% of the country were enormous and caused a great deal of loss of...

Given their considerable specific surface area and amorphous characteristics, nanoparticles exhibit excellent pozzolanic activity, and when undergoing a reaction with calcium hydroxide, this leads to the generation of a denser matrix by promoting the formation of a greater amount of C-S-H gel, thereby enhancing the strength and durability of the co...

It is very important and necessary to know the depth of the bedrock in determining the soil behavior. However, determining the depth of bedrock spatially is a very difficult and costly process. The depth of the bedrock can be obtained by using the dominant vibration frequency obtained by the microtremor data. The bedrock depth map was created with...

Türkiye experienced great destruction during the Kahramanmaraş earthquake couple which occurred as Pazarcık (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) on 6 February 2023. The weak structural characteristics and the magnitude of the earthquakes caused more than 50,000 casualties. Significant damage occurred in both urban and rural building stock in 11 diffe...

The prediction of the magnitude and impact of forthcoming earthquakes remains an elusive challenge in the field of science. Consequently, extensive research efforts have been directed toward the development of earthquake-resistant design strategies aimed at mitigating building vibrations. This study focuses on the efficacy of fluid viscous dampers...

Planning for settlement and urban redevelopment following disastrous earthquakes depends on the early detection and control of structural damage. The first damage assessment to be made immediately after the earthquake should be done as practically and quickly as possible. Within the scope of the study, the general causes of damage to the reinforced...

Abstract: Acknowledging the growing impact of nanotechnologies across various fields, this engaging research paper focuses on harnessing the potential of nano-sized materials as enhancers for concretes. The paper emphasizes the strategic integration of these entities to comprehensively improve the strength and performance of concrete matrixes. To a...

The realistic determination of damage estimation and building performance depends on target displacements in performance-based earthquake engineering. In this study, target displacements were obtained by performing pushover analysis for a sample reinforced-concrete building model, taking into account 60 different peak ground accelerations for each...

The 06 February 2023 Kahramanmaras¸ Earthquakes, which were the disaster of the century for Türkiye and in which more than 50,000 people lost their lives, caused many buildings to collapse or receive significant structural damages. Adıyaman is one of the provinces that caused the most destruction by earthquakes affecting 11 different provinces,...

This paper evaluates the failures of masonry and RC minarets and mosques during the February 06, 2023, Kahraman Maraş earthquakes. Two big independent earthquakes (Mw=7.7 and Mw=7.6), which can be called the disaster of the century for Turkey and occurred at nine-hour intervals, caused a lot of loss of life and destruction in the region where appro...

Türkiye, ülke olarak dünyanın sismik açıdan en aktif olan bölgelerinin birinde yer almaktadır. Oluşan depremler bunun açık ve net bir göstergesidir. Son olarak 2020 yılında oluşan İzmir ve Elazığ depremlerin ardından 06 Şubat 2023 tarihinde gerçekleşen ve merkez üssü Kahramanmaraş olan deprem çiftleri çok büyük can ve mal kayıplarına neden olmuştur...

06 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş merkezli olarak gerçekleşen depremlerde önemli can ve mal kayıpları yaşanmıştır. Kentsel yerleşimlerde çok katlı yapılaşmadaki yapısal kusurlar, zemin yapı uyumsuzluğu gibi temel sorunlar öne çıkmıştır. Özellikle kentlerin geçmişlerindeki nehir yatakları, dolgu alanları gibi morfolojik unsurlar üzerine kontrols...

The high seismic risk has once again revealed in Türkiye with two major earthquakes that occurred on 06.02.2023, which took its place among the most destructive earthquakes in the last century. Totally, 65 earthquakes that occurred in the historical period in Türkiye were taken into account within the scope of this study. The seismic parameters wer...

The loss of life due to large-scale structural damage has again demonstrated the importance of taking precautions before an earthquake. In this context, determining the risk priorities for the existing building stock and making the final decisions about the buildings is one of the basic measures to be taken before an earthquake. Within the scope of...

There are many structural factors that affect the earthquake performance of buildings. Heavy overhang is the one of these factors which made to increase the storey area on the storeys above the ground storey. Within the scope of this study, the effect of different heavy overhangs on the earthquake performance of the building was investigated, which...

Many factors affect the earthquake vulnerability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, constituting a large part of the existing building stock. Short column in RC structures is one of the reasons for earthquake damage. Significant damages may occur due to brittle fractures in structural elements when the shear resistances are exceeded under the...

Türkiye has made significant changes and updates in both seismic risk maps and design codes over time, as have other countries with high seismic risk. In this study, the last two seismic design codes and risk maps were compared for the Aegean Region (Western Türkiye) where the earthquake risk has once again emerged with the 2020 Izmir Earthquake (M...

Minarets are slender and tall structures that are built from different types of materials. Modern materials are also starting to be used in such structures with the recent developments in material technology. The seismic vulnerability and dynamic behavior of minarets can vary, depending on the material characteristics. Within this study’s scope, th...

One of the important natural hazards arising from topographic, morphological and meteorological conditions in Bitlis city in Eastern Turkey is rockfall. As one of the natural hazards, rock falls damage settlements and cause significant loss of life and property. There are many inclined and steep slopes along the Bitlis river valley in the city. The...

Data from past earthquakes is an important tool to reveal the impact of future earthquakes on engineering structures, especially in earthquake-prone regions. These data are important indicators for revealing the seismic loading effects that structures will be exposed to in future earthquakes. Five different earthquakes from six countries with high...

Data from past earthquakes is an important tool to reveal the impact of future earthquakes on engineering structures, especially in earthquake-prone regions. These data are important indicators for revealing the seismic loading effects that structures will be exposed to in future earthquakes. Five different earthquakes from six countries with high...

In order to determine the earthquake performance of the buildings, the interactions of many different parameters were considered. These parameters generally include data on the seismicity of the region, local soil conditions, and structural characteristics. In this study, the seismicity factor has been selected as the variable. An eight-storey stee...

One of the main tectonic elements of Turkey is the Eastern Anatolian Fault zone. An earthquake with a magnitude of Mw = 6.8 on this fault on 20 January 2020 in Sivrice (Elazığ) district caused loss of life and property. Seismic parameters were obtained for the five closest earthquake station locations to the earthquake in the region, which is very...

Sluice gate is an important hydraulic structural element that is widely used for adjusting the flow in hydraulic structures. The working principle of these gates is based on the energy conservation of the upstream and downstream flow. The discharge that can pass through these structures theoretically depends on the gate opening, gravity, and upstre...

In order to investigate the liquefaction potential of the Çanakkale residential area, 151 boreholes, SPT, and 1027 classification tests were performed on disturbed samples, and 110 units of shear wave velocity (Vs) were determined by multi-channel analysis (MASW) of surface waves, and Vs values determined by underground water level information is u...

In parallel with the increase in vehicle sales worldwide, waste tires are becoming an increasing problem. The storage and disposal of these waste tires are critical environmental problems. Re-using these wastes in different areas instead of being disposed of is vital in preventing environmental pollution and creating new low-cost products. From thi...

In this study, earthquake performance of the structures was tested which were modelled according to the minimum criteria of simplified analysis approach proposed in TBEC-2019. For this purpose, 144 reinforced-concrete building models were designed according to parameters such as earthquake design class, building height (number of storey), number of...

The updated Turkish Building Earthquake Code has been significantly renovated and expanded compared to previous seismic design codes. The use of earthquake ground motion levels with different probabilities of exceedance is one of the major advances in structural mechanics with the current code. This study aims to investigate the earthquake performa...

Determining the earthquake hazard of any settlement is one of the primary studies for reducing earthquake damage. Therefore, earthquake hazard maps used for this purpose must be renewed over time. Turkey Earthquake Hazard Map has been used instead of Turkey Earthquake Zones Map since 2019. A probabilistic seismic hazard was performed by using these...

Masonry structures began to be built with the existence of human beings and are an inspiration for today’s structures. Monumental historical buildings built according to people’s religious beliefs have special importance among such structures. Despite being exposed to many natural disasters over time, such structures that have survived till today a...

The local soil conditions of the region where the structure is located are one of the important parameters taken into account in the evaluation and design of structures under the influence of earthquakes. In this study, the effect of different local soil conditions on target displacement values of reinforced-concrete (RC) structures in different se...

Significant structural damages due to earthquakes reveal the importance of seismic design provisions. This paper presents a comparison between the seismic design provisions of Albania, Croatia, Iran, and Turkey for the design of mid-rise reinforced-concrete (RC) frames. Information on the historical development of the considered provisions are give...

Turkey, which is one of the countries with high seismic risk, has made significant changes in both seismic risk maps and seismic design codes over time by adapting to these developments. Information about the important changes in the last two earthquake maps and provisions in Turkey was given and the effects of these changes on structural and seism...

In reinforced-concrete structural columns, special earthquake reinforcement ties are used as well as longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Deficiencies related to all these reinforcements can cause different levels of damage to the reinforced-concrete structural elements after the earthquake. Within the scope of this study, a total of eight di...

It is important for spatial planning and urban transformation to determine and manage all the information about the buildings damaged after the earthquake. In this respect, the first damage assessments should be made as quickly and practically as possible, especially immediately after the earthquake. Within the scope of this study, the reinforced c...

Determining the risk priorities for the building stock in highly seismic-prone regions and making the final decisions about the buildings is one of the essential precautionary measures that needs to be taken before the earthquake. This study aims to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based model to predict risk priorities for reinforced-con...

Significant loss of life and property has occurred as a result of many destructive earthquakes in both historical and instrumental periods in Turkey, which is located on the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt. Past local earthquakes are an excellent tool to predict potential earthquakes in any region. Within the scope of this study, seismic parameters w...

Bu çalışma kapsamında, 2018 yılında güncellenen Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği ile kullanılmaya başlanan sahaya özgü tasarım spektrumlarının yığma tarzda inşa edilmiş bir minare için etkileri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Aynı deprem bölgesi içerisinde yer alan fakat her bir yerleşim birimi için özel olarak kullanılan tasarım spektrumlarının minar...

Slabs may contain discontinuity due to various reasons such as mezzanine. Mezzanine are widely used in our country. In this study, eigen value and static pushover analyses were made for mezzanine formed by one and two direction. Totally six different structural models were analysed separately for both X and Y direction. The periods, effective mass...

Each geographical location has its own seismicity and this affects the seismic behaviour of structures. In this study, four different settlements with different seismicity such as İzmir, Bitlis, Samsun and Konya were taken into account. Seismic risks and parameters for these provinces were compared. Analyses were carried out separately for a ten-st...

Infill walls are the most common separator panels in typical reinforced-concrete (RC) frame structures. It is crucial to investigate the influence of the infill walls on the earthquake behavior of RC frames. The load resistance of infill materials was often not taken into account in the designing phase, whereas the infill walls have significant con...

In this study, basalt, which is common around Diyarbakır province (Turkey), is used as concrete aggregate, waste materials as mineral additives and Portland cement as binding material to prepare concrete mixes. This paper aims to determine the proper admixture levels and usability of Diyarbakır basalt in concrete mixtures based on mechanical, physi...

Bitlis has hosted many civilizations and is located in Turkey's significant strategic transit corridor. Many historical structures belong to different cultures in the city. The structural analysis of five minarets mentioned in folk songs and the brand value of Bitlis city in terms of historical buildings is the subject of this study. These minarets...

It is not correct to produce the necessary information for structuring, especially in environments such as Çanakkale, which exhibit a basin structure, without determining the bedrock or the strict ground conditions in bedrock. This approach is the basis of earthquake resistant building design. In this study, which was carried out to determine the b...

Reinforcements used in RC structures lose their load-bearing capacity by suffering from various deteriorations due to external effects. Insufficient cover thickness is one of these reasons. The topic of this study consists of the concept of inadequate concrete cover. Concrete cover values with different thicknesses were chosen, and it was aimed to...

The changes in rapid seismic assessment methods that can be used to determine the regional earthquake risk distribution of buildings have become inevitable, with the Turkish Building Earthquake Code and Turkish Earthquake Hazard Map which updated in 2018, Within the scope of this study, risk prioritization was made according to the last two regulat...

The East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) with an average length of 500 km is one of the most seismically active regions of Turkey, and many major earthquakes have occurred along this fault zone. The earthquake of 24 January 2020 (Mw = 6.8) with the epicenter in Sivrice (Elazığ) occurred on the EAFZ and caused loss of life and property. This study was c...

Seismic hazard analysis of the earthquake-prone Eastern Anatolian Region (Turkey) has become more important due to its growing strategic importance as a global energy corridor. Most of the cities in that region have experienced the loss of life and property due to significant earthquakes. Thus, in this study, we attempted to estimate the seismic ha...

Four different earthquake ground motion levels with different probabilities of exceedance were expressed with the current seismic design code. In this study, earthquake-structural parameters were obtained by taking into account four different ground motion levels for four different provinces with different earthquake hazards. Structural analyses we...

A Mw 6.4 earthquake hit the NW region of Albania on November 26, 2019, resulting in extensive damage to the civil structures in the broader area of Durres city and its surroundings. According to the official statistics, it caused 51 death toll and ∼1.2 billion US dollars economic loses. This study investigates the seismic response of masonry buildi...

Seismic-induced damages in reinforced-concrete (RC) buildings were primarily associated with materials’ low strength and poor properties. This study aims to investigate the seismic response of RC structures according to the different material’s strength and design spectra. Adaptive static pushover and eigenvalue analysis were performed for four dif...

The destructive earthquakes and structural damages reveal the importance of the rules of earthquake-resistant structural design. The need of update and renewal of these rules periodically become inevitable as a result of scientific developments, innovations in construction technologies and building materials. Turkey which is an extremely region in...

Depremlerin, yapılar üzerindeki etkilerini azaltmak adına yapı-zemin-deprem etkileşiminin gerçekçi olarak ortaya konulabilmesi önemlidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliğinde yer alan beş farklı yerel zemin koşulu dikkate alınarak sekiz katlı örnek bir çelik yapı için yapısal analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu güncel yönetmelik...

One of the most important factors for the life to return to normal after devastating earthquakes is conducting reliable damage assessments, which have quantitative rules that do not vary from person to person. As a result of scientificaly based damage assessment, the housing problem can be mitigated, the economic burden of allowances spent for the...

Seismic vulnerability assessment of existing buildings is of great concern around the world. Different countries develop various approaches and methodologies to overcome the disastrous effects of earthquakes on the structural parameters of the building and the human losses. There are structures still in service with a high seismic vulnerability, wh...

We have investigated the time-dependent seismicity model of the earthquake occurrence on a regional basis through the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). To that end, the studied region has been subdivided into 7seismogenic zones considering the seismotectonic criteria, and then Regional Time and Magnitude Predictable (RTIMAP) model has been perform...

Masonry structures, built using local materials, with the help of local craftsmen and workers, without any engineering service, make up the majority of rural building stocks. Earthquake resistance of such structures is lower than other structures. Within the scope of this study, risk priorities have been determined for different geographical locati...

In this study, we present the effect of various negativity parameters on steel structures that cause post-earthquake damage based on performance-based assessment. In accordance with this purpose, eigenvalue and pushover analysis are carried out for different negativity parameters such as number of story, soft story, short column, hill-slope effect...

Especially, the large-scale loss of life and property caused by the significant earthquakes in recent years has brought the importance of research and measures to be taken on this issue. Determining and analysing the ever-increasing building stock of the cities and detecting and managing all information related to buildings are important in terms o...

The Marmara Region (NW Turkey) has experienced significant earthquakes (M > 7.0) to date. A destructive earthquake is also expected in the region. To determine the effect of the specific design spectrum, eleven provinces located in the region were chosen according to the Turkey Earthquake Building Code updated in 2019. Additionally, the differences...