Enrique Fernández EscalanteGrupo Tragsa · R&D and innovation
Enrique Fernández Escalante
PhD Hydrogeology MsC
About
330
Publications
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Introduction
Dr. in Geological Sc and Ms Specialist in Hydrogeology by Complutense University of Madrid. 32 years of experience in Environmental Hydrogeology. Co-coordinator of the Commission on Managing aquifer Recharge of the IAH. Certif. of Appreciation 2013 IAH MAR Commission Award. Author, co or editor of 26 books related to MAR. RECACUIF & DINAMAR projects coord. MARSOL FP7 proj. SG and MARSOLut ETN. Moncloa Campus Lecturer. Tech. Secr. Spanish Water Tech Platform. WB, ADB, IAEA Consulter. EC Reviewer.
Additional affiliations
December 2013 - present
Grupo Tragsa / EC
Position
- Steering Group member
Description
- Managed Aquifer Recharge as a solution to water scarcity and drought FP-7 water inno-demo GA 619120
July 2012 - May 2015
Position
- Senior Researcher
Description
- Desarrollo de un modelo de gestión de agua estandarizado aplicado al riego (OPTIREG). Cod. 34-21.323. SEPI-Grupo Tragsa.
June 2011 - September 2016
Position
- Responsable
Description
- R&D Project to study the effect of irrigation with reclaimed water on soils, crops and aquifers
Publications
Publications (330)
Drought and water scarcity can significantly impair the sustainable development of groundwater resources, a scenario commonly found in aquifers in the Mediterranean region. Water management measures to address these drivers of groundwater depletion are highly relevant, especially considering the increasing severity of droughts under climate change....
From 2022 April 11st to 15th has taken place in Long Beach, Hilton Hotel, the 11th International Symposium on Managed Aquifer Recharge (ISMAR 11), hosted by GRA and co-hosted by AHS and OCWD; under the auspices of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), UNESCO and ASCE, among others, under the title: “Managed aquifer recharge: A key...
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is a promising is a promising is a promi...
-Selected Spanish MAR-related industrial and environmental cases have been studied, tracking some indicators to check whether MAR is a key elementor not for human wellbeing, socio-economic development, …, food safety and public health
-The next examples have included MARin their IWRM schemes to increase their resilience & to improve their governanc...
We show how managed aquifer recharge (MAR) has contributed to replenishing Los Arenales Aquifer (Spain) from intensive groundwater exploitation. The two main mechanisms explaining the alleviating effect of MAR are the additional recharge and the creation of irrigation communities around this technology that improve water governance and help to cont...
Co-Managed Aquifer Recharge (Co-MAR) is a novel concept in which the integrated water resources management techniques, including MAR, are organized with the contribution of water authorities, stakeholders/end-users, and related institutions with no direct interest in the subject (Stakehomers). This approach entails a greater contribution of groundw...
The guidelines for the implementation of MAR projects are scarce, and most of the technicians and practitioners are using the Australian Guidelines from 2009 and the ASCE ones from 2020. There are some drafts from the European Commission, 2018; and the most employed in developing countries are the WHO standards from 2006. Some important lessons and...
La relación entre Seguridad Hídrica y Managed Aquifer Recharge es un componente que no debe faltar en la mayoría de los esquemas topológicos de Gestión Integrada de los
Recursos Hídricos (GIRH), presentándose como nodos de almacenamiento con garantías de preservación, tanto cuantitativa y cualitativa, del agua.
Existen multitud de ejemplos del bino...
UNESCO (2022). Groundwater: Making the invisible visible. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2022. 246 pages. ISBN 978-92-3-100507-7
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380721
This is freely available in full from this web site.
El Reglamento 2020/741 de la Comisión Europea (CE) sobre reutilización de las aguas, de Junio de2020, corresponde a un paso intermedio en la publicación final de las directrices europeas para la recarga gestionada de acuíferos con aguas regeneradas. En este momento, a pesar de haber un borrador de dichas directrices, persiste un vacío legal y los o...
REVISTA SOBRE TENDENCIAS EN LA I+D+i DE LA PLATAFORMA TECNOLÓGICA ESPAÑOLA DEL AGUA.
La PTEA tiene el placer de lanzar el tercer número de la revista IDiAgua, publicación anual elaborada gracias a las contribuciones de todos vosotros a través de los Grupos de Trabajo. La temática específica elegida para este año ha sido la reutilización. La revista...
Una de las referencias escritas más antiguas de recarga inducida de acuíferos parecen ser los Careos, en el sur de España, y las Amunas en Perú. Ambos sistemas de alta montaña son complejos y presentan sorprendentes similitudes, a pesar de ser estructuras precolombinas citadas desde el siglo XII. Se han estudiado en detalle con respecto al funciona...
La técnica Managed Aquifer Recharge en el acuífero de Los Arenales representa:
1. Acuífero con buenos ejemplos prácticos de ñlanificación y gestión de recursos hídricos
2. Mayor garantía de suministro con menor dependencia climática
3. Dependencia regulatoria / concesional con eventuales conflictos de intereses
4. Mejoras en la eficiencia técnica y...
The core water usage is irrigation. The unique water source for MAR is Cega River. 3,500 hectares are irrigated in 11 municipalities (out of 7,586 ha of total cultivated area). It is worth mentioning that El Carracillo district ranks highly in the Spanish agriculture for its production of horticultural products (80% of vegetable production of Segov...
Spanish regulation requires that, for every intensely exploited aquifer, the responsible water authorities must coordinate actions with an appointed groundwater users’ community (CUAS), as a unique and legitimate counterpart to negotiate and reach agreements. This modifies the traditional “top-down” approach as a space for collaboration, in which g...
Irrigation agriculture in Los Arenales aquifer has resulted in staggering groundwater level declines in the last quarter of the XX century. The objective of this study is to assess the contribution of MAR to reverse such a problematic situation. To this end, we compare two neighbouring and analogous groundwater bodies within this aquifer, namely Lo...
La agricultura de regadío en el acuífero de Los Arenales provocó un descenso pronunciado del nivel de las aguas subterráneas en el último cuarto del siglo XX. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la contribución de los sistemas de recarga gestionada (MAR por sus siglas en inglés) a la hora de revertir dicha problemática. Para ello se comparan dos...
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is a promising set of techniques to improve IWRM and cope a variety of water management-related issues.
Regarding groundwater quality, one of the gaps for MAR implementation is the lack of clear regulations addressing MAR in many countries.
Early-MAR countries usually adopt the WHO guidelines when developing new MAR...
En un escenario de continuo cambio y adaptación, como es el de la I+D+i, donde es imprescindible anticiparse a las tendencias del mañana para poder enfocar nuestros esfuerzos, posicionar nuestras organizaciones y ser capaces de liderar las innovaciones que transformarán nuestro futuro, desde la Plataforma Tecnológica Española del Agua (PTEA) querem...
La recarga gestionada de acuíferos (previamente conocida como recarga artificial) es una técnica de gestión hídrica consistente en la introducción “intencionada“ de agua en determinados acuíferos, para la utilización posterior del agua, bien a corto plazo, o para contar con reservas estratégicas en el largo plazo.
Desde un punto de vista técnico y...
La recarga gestionada de acuíferos en España. Previsiones en materia de planificación y gobernanza en el corto plazo Managed aquifer recharge in Spain. Planning and governance forecasts in the short term
Conferencia para el día del agua en la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua (México)
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is part of the palette of solutions to water shortage, water security, water quality decline, falling water tables, and endangered groundwater-dependent ecosystems. It can be the most economic, most benign, most resilient, and most socially acceptable solution, but it has frequently not been implemented due to a lack...
The existing policies concerning Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR), as a general rule, pay more attention on quantity, permissions and procedural aspects, than in the water quality standards and Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs).
Early-MAR countries usually adopt the WHO guidelines when developing new MAR activities, what, in certain cases, jeop...
El sistema de Alcazarén-Pedrajas, Valladolid, España, es un sistema integrado
y multifuncional de gestión del agua basado principalmente en la recarga
gestionada con aguas procedentes de una depuradora (SAT-MAR) y otros
excedentes hídricos, utilizando al acuífero para mejorar el proceso depurador. Se
han alcanzado beneficios contrastados para las c...
Is managed aquifer recharge a versatile and effective technique for CC adaptation?
A multitude of demonstrative successful cases from around the world, as well as measured quantitative results and indicators of target achievement, confirm positively this question
Ventajas e inconvenientes de la recarga gestionada:
VENTAJAS:
Gestión de recursos hídricos conjunta y multipropósito
Adaptación a CC
Multiescala
Talante reciclador (canteras, areneros, pozos secos)
Ventajas sobre infraestructuras hidráulicas clásicas (presas… vs pozas y pozos)
INCONVENIENTES:
Dependencia regulatoria/concesional
La colmatación ocu...
New classification on MAR systems, resulting an inventory of 25 typologies grouped into six systems: dispersion, canals, wells, filtration, rainwater & SUDS.
There is a large number of managed aquifer recharge devices adaptable to very different environments and situations.
El acuífero de Ica tiene una sobreexplotación de aguas subterráneas en
torno a 53 MMC/año. Hasta la fecha la técnica Managed Aquifer
Recharge (MAR) ha aportado hasta 27 MMC/a, como máximo (2019).
• 5,000 M$ / año de producción agrícola dependen del río Ica y de
las aguas subterráneas.
• La gestión hídrica integrada considera la técnica MAR como
pri...
En un escenario de continuo cambio y adaptación, como es el de la I+D+i, donde es imprescindible anticiparse a las tendencias del mañana para poder enfocar nuestros esfuerzos, posicionar nuestras organizaciones y ser capaces de liderar las innovaciones que transformarán nuestro futuro, desde la Plataforma Tecnológica Española del Agua (PTEA) querem...
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is part of the palette of solutions to water shortage, water security, water quality decline, falling water tables, and endangered groundwater-dependent ecosystems. It can be the most economic, most benign, most resilient, and most socially acceptable solution, but frequently has not been implemented due to lack of aw...
The Ica area of south-eastern Peru has evolved rapidly since the late 1990s into the most advanced agricultural development in the country. The intensive use of waterwells for year-round irrigation, primarily of asparagus, is the basis for an export industry worth about US$ 6,000 M/a, but one which is threatened by serious groundwater sustainabilit...
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is a promising set of techniques to cope with a variety of water management-related issues. In recent years MAR implementations have witnessed an expansion and greater social acceptance. Nonetheless, there are still some gaps in the scientific, economic and governance dimensions of MAR which need to be addressed. One...
El escenario climático actual, con periodos de sequía cada vez más acusados, distribución muy irregular de las precipitaciones y la creciente escasez de agua en el arco mediterráneo, ha suscitado una amplia preocupación social y de las Administraciones Públicas, y una apuesta decidida por la aplicación de soluciones innovadoras en la gestión hídric...
Esta publicación ha surgido como un segundo resultado del proyecto de I+D+i EARSAC (Efecto del regadío con aguas regeneradas sobre los suelos, acuíferos y cultivos) desarrollado, coordinado y financiado por el Grupo Tragsa desde 2011 en cinco zonas piloto de las Islas Baleares: Santa Maria del Cami, Inca, Ariany y Consell en Mallorca y Es Mercadal...
En esta publicación proponemos un modelo que engloba las técnicas de aprovechamiento y gestión del agua de lluvia en entornos rurales y periurbanos, a lo largo de todo su recorrido, analizando y reconsiderando cada fase del ciclo artificial del agua, e incorporando nuevos sistemas y dispositivos.
Este planteamiento reúne las técnicas relacionadas c...
Maximizing the value of Managed Aquifer Recharge for integrated water management
The Commission promotes the securing and expanding of water resources and improving water quality in ways that are appropriate, environmentally sustainable, technically viable, economic and socially desirable. It encourages research, development and adoption of improve...
MAR is an effective climate change adaptation mechanism: Management schemes featuring aquifer recharge provide guarantees with respect to future water supply, and also constitute an important set of climate change adaptation measures. Some of them also serve to palliate the adverse effects of climate change.
Elements contributing to successful management of groundwater storage:
1. Management by groundwater user collectives
2. Cap and trade demand management
3. Potential for managed aquifer recharge in
relation to climate
4. Alternative supplies
CC effects and their associated problems have been related to 15 successful MAR solutions in 10 sites Spain.
A series of indicators have been established to value the efficacy and efficiency of MAR related to CC.
MAR technique can be used as a tool that can simultaneously achieve several purposes.
Management can help to lead MAR systems to balance...
Is managed aquifer recharge a multipurpose and effective technique of adaptation to CC? Several cases of success distributed all over the planet, as well as measured quantitative results and indicators of “achievement of the objective” confirm this statement.
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) has been considered for a long time as an important solution to combat the adverse effects of climate change. All around the world, MAR is used in combination with other Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) measures to reduce the adverse impacts of climate change as an adaptation and even mitigation strategy t...
El estudio de calidad de las aguas, entendiendo por calidad el grado de adecuación de las características del agua para un fin específico, resulta una técnica adicional para el conocimiento hidrogeológico de un sistema.
La calidad del agua debe ser determinada desde una perspectiva dinámica por su posible variación espacio-temporal y, por tanto, h...
La situación futura sobre la sostenibilidad de los recursos hídricos, dependerá básicamente de las tendencias de renovación de los recursos hídricos (que se verán afectados por el cambio climático y la contaminación) y la presión ejercida sobre las extracciones de agua (que depende principalmente de la evolución de los usos sectoriales del agua, po...
Este apartado ha sido agregado a la publicación con objeto de facilitar los materiales necesarios para acometer un estudio de impacto ambiental en potenciales regadíos con aguas regeneradas. En la literatura se analizan los aspectos a tener en cuenta en cumplimiento de la legislación medioambiental. Al final del apartado se adjuntan matrices y list...
El Grupo Tragsa, a través de sus proyectos de I+D+i en tecnologías del regadío, está trabajando en la tecnificación de las Comunidades de Regantes, favoreciendo una mejor gestión y explotación de sus redes colectivas de riego que permita reducir costes, y por tanto, obtener una mayor rentabilidad.
Asimismo, los avances perseguidos en el fomento de...
Esta publicación surge como resultado del proyecto de I+D+i EARSAC (Efecto del regadío con aguas regeneradas sobre los suelos, acuíferos y cultivos) desarrollado, coordinado y financiado por el Grupo Tragsa entre 2011 y 2016 sobre cinco zonas piloto: Santa Maria del Camí, Inca, Ariany y Consell en Mallorca y Es Mercadal en Menorca.
El proyecto se e...
The most important topics and conclusions presented have been:
-SAT-MAR is an asset for circular economy and climate change adaptation
-Good examples of SAT-MAR for R&D and direct uses (such as agroindustry, environmental uses…)
-European regulations have a first proposal for M.A.R. and agriculture, with subsequent proposals expected for industrial...
Multiauthor book. From 2019 May 20th to 24th has taken place in Madrid, La N@ve the 10th
International Symposium on Managed Aquifer Recharge (ISMAR 10), promoted
by Grupo Tragsa and the Spanish Geological survey (IGME) under the
auspices of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), UNESCO
and ASCE, among others, under the title: “MAR...
Beyond overexploitation of water bodies, it is mandatory to build models that consider the current effects of CC, especially in those countries with a Mediterranean or Arid Climate, where the annual rain scarcity overlaps with punctual extreme precipitations. These accepted phenomena get worse indeed according to the prevailing CC models.
The main...
Ica is located on the South Coast of Peru and counts on the most advanced agro-industrial development of the country. Agricultural production depends on groundwater availability, and since 2012 The Junta de Usuarios del Valle de Ica (JUASVI) and the Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA) have implemented more than 800 infiltration ponds for intermittent...
Los Arenales aquifer is a broad groundwater body that occupies 2,400 km2 and lodges 96 villages with 46,000 inhabitants in Castilla y León, Spain. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) activities began in 2002 in Santiuste area (12.2 Mm3 per year). Later, two more areas on the same aquifer developed their own recharging facilities: El Carracillo (5.6 Mm3/...
Alcazarén is the Northernmost MAR site in Los Arenales Aquifer (Castilla y León, Spain). Three types of water sources are used for recharge: a transport pipe with surface water diverted from Pirón River dam through a River Bank Filtration System (RBF), run-off water from a canal collecting occasional drainage from Pedrajas Village streets and recyc...
Clogging is considered one of the major negative environmental impacts caused and affecting the 'artificial recharge' devices. Consequently, several experiments aimed at the study of clogging have been accomplished in managed aquifer recharge (formerly known as artificial recharge) facilities within the framework of the EU founded DINA-MAR and MARS...
Since 2003, MAR has been used in the El Carracillo District, Castilla y León, Spain.
This district is supported by important agro-industrial activities reliant on MAR and
Ground-water exploitation.
The increasing aquifer storage is having a direct impact on the economy of the area. Some specific indicators especially related to rural development an...
MARSOL project (Demonstrating Managed Aquifer Recharge as a Solution to Water Scarcity and Drought) has taken place since 2014 to 2017 within EC FP7 call with GA 619120. In the final part of the project, first row members put together the conclusions from their personal point of view and after three years of intense research. All these statements h...
Amongst the most ancient written references for MAR Recharge are the Careos, in the South of Spain, and the Peruvian Amunas. Both high mountain systems are complex and present extraordinary analogies and differences, despite being chronologically Pre-Columbian structures. From both there are written chronicles since the XII Century and both evolved...
The European Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) considers ‘artificial recharge’ of groundwater as one of the water management tools that can be used by EU Member States to achieve a good groundwater status. It has to be ensured, however, that the necessary regulatory controls are in place to warrant that such practices do not compromise quality...
RETENCIÓN DEL AGUA DE AVENIDAS PARA SU REUTILIZACIÓN. EL CASO DE LA RECARGA ARTIFICIAL PARA LA SOSTENIBILIDAD DE LA AGROINDUSTRIA EN ICA (PERÚ)
El sistema de Alcazarén-Pedrajas, Valladolid, España, es un sistema integrado y multifuncional de gestión del agua con intervención antrópica con beneficios contrastados tanto para las comunidades involucradas como para el medio ambiente.
La declaración de sobreexplotación provisional del acuífero Los Arenales y la expansión del regadío condujo al...
El acuífero de Ica subyace a la cuenca del río del mismo nombre. Es un sector agroindustrial de intensa actividad productiva y agro-exportadora (con una producción superior a 5.000 M$/año). Actualmente está en situación de sobreexplotación y con expectativas de empeoramiento, debido a la creciente expansión de la frontera agrícola y por la perforac...
Ica aquifer has an overexploitation due to GW extractions of about 53
MCM/year whilst 27 MCM/year are supplied from MAR (as maximum)
• 5,000 M$ / year productions relies on GW
• Thus, IWRM relies importantly on MAR, but other water resources are
required as there is an absolute dependence on rainwater for MAR
• Options are:
– a smart and highly eff...
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) has been considered for a long time an important technology to combat the adverse effects of Climate Change (CC). This is not a gratuitous claim. In this article, the authors will support this statement on the basis of real sites, indicators and international cases. Examples from five continents together with figures...
Perhaps, the most ancient written references for MAR Recharge are the Careos, in Southern Spain, and the Peruvian Amunas. Both high mountain systems are complex and present extraordinary analogies and differences, despite being chronologically Pre-Columbian structures. Both MAR ancient structures work as a hydrogeological and socio-cultural com...
In this article, the authors will support Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) as a tool to combat Climate Change (CC) adverse impacts on the basis of real sites, indicators, and specific cases located Spain. MAR has been used in Spain in combination with other measures of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) to mitigate and adapt to Climate Chan...
Villacurí ha crecido mucho en el área agrícola (triplicó su área en 15 años, 2000-2015, de 5 a 15 mil has.) Y duplicó su extracción de agua en ese mismo tiempo (de 100 a 200 MMC estimados). Los efectos colaterales son evidentes, disminución de niveles y caudales, aumento de salinización de la única fuente de agua, el acuífero Ica-Villacurí). En est...
Posters collection gathered by the editor of the 10TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE, ISMAR-10, POSTERS. MADRID, SPAIN
In 2002 the activities of Managed Aquifer Recharge began in Los Arenales aquifer a project branded as “for National Common Good” and promoted by end-users through an appeal to their parliament member for Segovia province.
Building works were developed by the Ministry of Agriculture & public enterprise Tragsa, as a pilot-scale experience under two...
Santiuste Basin (a sector of Los Arenales aquifer, the biggest area for Managed Aquifer Recharge in Spain) is composed by canals, ponds and isolated wells. A study has been conducted paying special attention to the possible relations between the clogging genesis and the groundwater quality of the beneath located aquifer.
On the one hand, clogging p...
Perhaps, the most ancient written references for MAR Recharge are the Careos,
in the South of Spain, and the Peruvian Amunas.
Both high mountain systems are complex and present extraordinary analogies
and differences, despite being chronologically Pre-Columbian structures.
Both MAR ancient structures work as a hydrogeological and socio-cultural
com...
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) has been considered for a long time as an important technology to combat the adverse effects of Climate Change (CC). This is not a gratuitous claim. In this article, the authors will support this statement on the basis of real sites, indicators and cases located Spain. MAR has been used in Spain in combination with ot...
Since 2003, MAR has been used in the El Carracillo District, Castilla y León, Spain. This district is supported by important agro-industrial activities reliant on MAR and groundwater exploitation.
The increasing aquifer storage is having a direct impact on the economy of the area. Some specific indicators especially related to rural development an...
Alcazarén is the Northernmost MAR site in Los Arenales Aquifer (Castilla y León, Spain). Three types of water sources are used for recharge: a transport pipe with surface water diverted from Pirón River dam through a River Bank Filtration System (RBF), run-off water from a canal collecting occasional drainage from Pedrajas Village streets and recyc...
Perhaps, the most ancient written references for MAR Recharge are the Careos, in the South of Spain, and the Peruvian Amunas.
Both high mountain systems are complex and present extraordinary analogies and differences, despite being chronologically Pre-
Columbian structures.
Both MAR ancient structures work as a hydrogeological and socio-cultural co...
Ica se encuentra en la costa sur del Perú y cuenta con el desarrollo de cultivos agroindustriales más avanzado del país en más de 15 mil hectáreas producción agrícola depende de la disponibilidad de agua subterránea.
Como consecuencia de su enorme uso intensivo de las mismas, los niveles de la napa freática descendieron notoriamente a la par de la...
The Tenth ISMAR edition will take place in Madrid, 20-24 May 2019, giving continuity to a series of conferences with Managed Aquifer Recharge as a first row water management technique. The main objectives of ISMAR10 are:
1) Disseminate new knowledge on MAR
2) Provide a forum for discussion on key issues for MAR
3) Make international connections for...
La recarga gestionada de acuíferos, también llamada artificial o simplemente, MAR por sus siglas en inglés, constituye uno de los grupos de medidas de gestión hídrica para el combate frontal a los efectos adversos del cambio climático. Esta afirmación no es gratuita, y en este artículo se justifica que la técnica MAR, combinada con otras medidas re...
La recarga gestionada de los acuíferos, también llamada artificial o simplemente, MAR por sus siglas en inglés, constituye uno de los grupos de medidas de gestión hídrica más exitosas para combatir frontalmente los efectos adversos del cambio climático. Esta afirmación no es gratuita, y en este artículo se justifica con ejemplos y casos de éxito de...
WHY MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE IS AN EFFECTIVE CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION MEASURE
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is amongst the most successful sets of measures for directly combating the adverse effects of climate change. This is not merely a gratuitous statement. This article will demonstrate that the implementation of MAR, in combination with other...
El presente estudio ha sido redactado con objeto de exponer la viabilidad y conveniencia de aprovechar las aguas que manan de los manantiales de Casablanca, en la Cuenca media del río Ica, para la recarga artificial del acuífero de Ica, declarado en veda* como consecuencia de su sobreexplotación.
El contenido del estudio se ajusta a las especifica...
The last 60 years has seen unprecedented groundwater extraction and overdraft as well as development of new technologies for water treatment that together drive the advance in intentional groundwater replenishment known as managed aquifer recharge (MAR). This paper is the first known attempt to quantify the volume of MAR at global scale, and to ill...
