Emmanuel Manalo

Kyoto University | Kyodai · Graduate School of Education

To encourage students’ self-regulated learning at home, developing skills for textbook use to overcome learning-related impasses is crucial. This study examined the effects of providing mathematics class sessions that combined teacher instruction on appropriate textbook use with peer instruction, aimed at promoting students’ spontaneity and effecti...

Diagram use is generally considered an effective strategy in solving mathematical word problems, and many teachers demonstrate the use of this strategy when they are teaching. Despite such demonstrations, however, the majority of students evidence poor, ineffective use of diagrams in problem solving. This may be due to a lack of task-appropriate in...

The use of diagrams can be effective in solving mathematical word problems solving. However, students worldwide do not construct diagrams unprompted or have trouble using them. In the present study, the effects of problem-appropriate diagram use instruction were investigated with an adaptation of the multiple baseline design method. The instruction...

In this study, we investigated 32 undergraduate university students’ use of diagrams in planning to write two coursework reports. For both reports, the students were asked to submit a diagrammatic plan for what they were going to write. Prior to their first plan, no instruction was provided about how to use diagrams for planning. However, prior to...

It is not common for big construction companies to call upon educational researchers to collaborate with them in efforts at reducing worksite accident rates. In this paper, we describe one such collaboration, including the background and rationale for it, and the progress that the small team of educational researchers and construction company manag...

The Government of Japan implemented a three-month school closure during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (March-May 2020). Because the Government measures imposed few behavioral restrictions on adults, the school closure might not have prevented viral transmission but brought considerable domestic loneliness to children. This study focuse...

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio ha sido doble: (1) se ha analizado en qué medida un programa de capacitación en estrategias de aprendizaje autorregulado y comprensión lectora ha generado mejoras en estas competencias en estudiantes de primaria, y (2) en qué medida estas mejoras se han asociado con mejoras en el rendimiento académico. Se ha real...

Diagram use has been reported to be effective in solving mathematical word problems. However, students do not always succeed in solving the problem, even though they constructed the appropriate diagrams. The main reason can be considered the lack of knowledge about the domain specificity of diagrams (characteristics of the cognitive mechanism speci...

The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to analyse the extent to which a training program in Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) and Reading Comprehension (RC) strategies would lead to improvements in these competencies in elementary school students, and (2) the extent to which the improvements in these competencies would be associated with improvements i...

Previous studies have shown that diagram use is effective in mathematical word problem solving. However, they have also revealed that students manifest many problems in using diagrams for such purposes. A possible reason is an inadequacy in students’ understanding of variations in types of problems and the corresponding kinds of diagrams appropriat...

It is generally considered beneficial for learners to construct and use appropriate diagrams when solving mathematical word problems. However, previous research has indicated that learners tend not to use diagrams spontaneously. In the present study, we analyzed textbooks in Japan and Canada, focusing on the possibility that such inadequacy in diag...

Using appropriate diagrams is generally considered efficacious in communication. However, although diagrams are extensively used in printed and digital media, people in general rarely construct diagrams to use in common everyday communication. Furthermore, instruction on diagram use for communicative purposes is uncommon in formal education and, wh...

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Diagrams, Diagrams 2021, held virtually in September 2021. The 16 full papers and 25 short papers presented together with 16 posters were carefully reviewed and selected from 94 submissions. The papers are organized in the following...

In solving math word problems, diagram use is generally considered effective [1]. However, although teachers often demonstrate diagram use, students do not use them spontaneously, and when they do, they tend to use them ineffectively. The prevalence of student difficulties in problem solving can at least in part be attributed to these problems [2]....

Math word problem solving is considered important for developing real-life skills (e.g., OECD, 2016). In solving such problems, diagram use has been reported to be effective (Hembree, 1992; Uesaka et al., 2007). However, even though teachers demonstrate the use of diagrams, students generally do not use them spontaneously, and when they do use diag...

Cultivating the ability to use multiple representations is considered very important in 21st-century education. Students should be able to employ not only verbal representations but also visual representations such as diagrams to enable effective organization, understanding, and communication of information. However, despite this acknowledged impor...

This study investigated how an intervention that promoted the use of diagrams might affect quality features of written explanations produced by EFL (English as a foreign language) students in an undergraduate education studies course taught entirely in English. At the beginning (Pre-instruction) and end (Post-instruction) of the semester, the 19 st...

This study investigated the efficacy of providing instruction and practice to promote spontaneous diagram use in the math word problem solving of 70 students (mean age = 14 years) participating in a quasi-experiment in a real school setting. The experiment required the students to solve math word problems which could be more efficaciously solved by...

This study proposed and examined empirical evidence for the Hemingway effect, which is that motivation to complete a task that a person has previously failed to complete would be higher the closer that person perceives he/she was in finishing that task. In Study 1, 260 undergraduate students were asked to copy newspaper text, but they were interrup...

A 2 (learning strategies: diagram vs. summary) × 2 (levels of expertise: low vs. high) experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of using diagrams to writing summaries for students given biological information to learn and who possessed different levels of expertise in that topic area. A main effect of learning strategy used on number o...

The present study developed a scale to measure individual differences in beliefs about failure in academic activities. In order to address the issue of children’s vulnerability in dealing with abstract questions, we proposed a higher-factor model that hypothesizes an entire failure belief as a common factor in 4 situations: (a) engaging in a task,...

Research has shown that academic risk taking-the selection of school tasks with varying difficulty levels-affords important implications for educational outcomes. In two experiments, we explored the role of cognitive processes-specifically, global versus local processing styles-in students' academic risk-taking tendencies. Participants first read a...

A 2 (learning strategies: diagram vs summary) x 2 (levels of expertise: low vs high) experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of using diagrams to writing summaries for students given biological information to learn and who possessed different levels of expertise in that topic area. A main effect of learning strategy used on number of...

This study investigated the efficacy of providing a hint, instruction, and practice in promoting spontaneous diagram use in the written work of 21 students undertaking an undergraduate course in education. The course required the students to regularly produce for homework a one-page explanation of what they had learned. In the first few weeks of th...

In this chapter, we explore what students from different cultural backgrounds think “good” thinking skills are, including the skills they perceive as being necessary in their studies. We report on findings from focus group interviews we conducted with undergraduate university students from Kyoto and Okinawa in Japan, and from Auckland in New Zealan...

In higher education in New Zealand, there is a burgeoning interest in, and concern with, the way students conduct themselves in their learning practices. Engagement in academically honest and dishonest behaviours is a crucial area of study within higher education. To operationalize effective teaching and assessment, it is critically important to co...

There is considerable interest in the cultivation of student graphic literacy among educators and researchers, especially in the sciences. Previous research, however, has shown that many students manifest difficulties in using diagrammatic representations. One explanation that has been proposed to account for these difficulties is that certain form...

This study examined the amounts of information that students represented in diagrams compared to text when taking notes (self-directed communication) and when constructing explanations for others (others-directed communication). The participants were 98 Japanese university students who read one of two passages (differing in imageability) in Japanes...

Although diagrams have been shown to be effective tools for promoting understanding and successful problem solving, students’ poor diagram use has been identified as a serious issue in educational practice-related reports. To enhance students’ diagram construction skills and to address problems in diagram use, creating learning situations that make...

Objective To identify similarities and differences in beliefs about the causes of Bulimia Nervosa (BN) held by Asian (Japanese) women and Western (Australian) women, and hence, to examine the applicability of belief models of eating disorders (ED) across different cultures. Method Four hundred three Japanese and 256 Australian female university stu...

This study sought to elucidate some aspects of the relationship between culture and critical thinking by examining whether a number of culture-related factors might relate to university students’ reported use of critical thinking. The participants were 363 undergraduate university students from Kyoto and Okinawa in Japan, and Auckland in New Zealan...

Although mnemonics have been shown to be effective in remembering letter-sound associations, the use of foreign words as cues for English phonemes had not been investigated. Learning phonemes in Japan is challenging because the Japanese language is based on a different sound unit called mora (mostly consonant-vowel combinations). This study investi...

The purpose of this study was to examine the achievement motivation perceptions of medical students in early clinical training, to find out if variations in such perceptions may relate to students’ gender, age, ethnicity, or enrolment status (domestic or international). The participants were 272 4th and 5th year medical students who voluntarily com...

Background: There is an established body of research that links various forms of motivation to academic achievement. It has further been documented that students' engagement in educational activities is moderated by motivation and self-regulatory processes, and levels of the latter processes have been shown to be associated with outcome measures of...

Although diagrams are considered effective tools for communication, students have been reported as lacking sufficient spontaneity in using diagrams when explaining what they have learned. This study examined the possible mechanism that relates text to diagram production in the process of providing written explanations. It puts forward the hypothesi...

Although many studies have shown that diagrams are effective tools for problem solving, research evidence shows that students do not always use diagrams effectively. One of the most serious problems is their lack of spontaneity in diagram use. However, no previous studies have examined whether teachers are adequately aware of this problem. In this...

Diagrams are effective tools for problem solving. However, previous findings indicate that students generally do not use diagrams spontaneously. This study examined task-related factors that may influence the spontaneity of diagram use. Experiment 1 compared two possible explanations: the first, that the length-relatedness of the story context of t...

In New Zealand, there is growing evidence to suggest an academic achievement disparity between Pacific Islands and Asian university students. The present study investigated an aspect of this disparity and considered students' intentions to seek academic support services and their actual uptake of those services. One hundred and fifty two tertiary s...

The use of diagrams in learning and communication is generally considered efficacious and an important skill to cultivate, especially among science students. At the same time, previous research has revealed many problems in student diagram use, including a lack of spontaneity in such use, but the extent to which these problems persist into the tert...

The Education Forum “Drawing to learn in science” (S. Ainsworth et al. , 26 August, p. [1096][1]) makes a convincing case for placing greater emphasis on the cultivation of student skills in drawing diagrams and other forms of external representations. The authors, however, do not mention the

Bipolar disorder (BD) affects people irrespective of race or ethnicity. Those affected include ethnic minorities and immigrants in multicultural societies - groups that have had very little coverage in the research literature as far as this mental illness is concerned. Over the past few decades, Chinese immigrants have made up an increasingly signi...

Although diagram use is considered to be one of the most effective strategies for solving problems, reports from applied educational research have noted that students lack spontaneity in using diagrams even when teachers extensively employ diagrams in instructions. To address this problem, the present study investigated the effectiveness of teacher...

Much of the research on the topic of tertiary students with hidden disabilities has focused on attempting to understand the nature of these disabilities and their impact on students' academic performance. Very few studies have explored how effective learning support addresses the commonly reported problem of poor academic outcomes. Studies of the l...

In line with the many unique facets of the Japanese culture and social environment, there are some unique mental health problems among the Japanese. One example is "student apathy", a mental health condition that is not commonly discussed outside of Japan, particularly in Western countries like the US. This paper discusses how such problems, when e...

This study examined the influence of language contact and vocabulary knowledge on the speaking performance of 73 Japanese students in English language schools in New Zealand. The participants completed a language contact profile questionnaire and a vocabulary test, and were administered a story retelling task (which constituted the measure of speak...

Although previous research has demonstrated that diagrams are powerful tools for problem solving, studies relating to educational practices indicate that students manifest various problems in diagram use. There are studies that have proposed teaching methods to address these problems, but these methods are not fully integrated with the school curr...

This study investigated factors promoting the use of self-constructed diagrams by examining students' perceptions and daily class activities, and comparing Japanese (n = 291) and New Zealand (n = 323) students. Algebra word problems and a questionnaire were administered. The results revealed that the New Zealand students used diagrams more often an...

English Over the past decade, most Australasian universities have experienced significant increases in numbers of international and new immigrant students, including those enrolling at the graduate level. This article describes a non-credit, intensive course for English as an additional language (EAL) students preparing to undertake a thesis or dis...

This study sought to address the problem of novices not being able to select the appropriate diagrams to suit given tasks. It investigated the usefulness of providing teaching sessions that involved active comparison of diagrams and review of lessons learnt following problem solving. Fifty-eight 8th grade participants were assigned to one of two in...

In Japan, there is a pervasive concern about the low academic motivation of many university students. In an effort to gain some understanding of the factors that might contribute to this problem, the present study examined the motivation profiles of Japanese university students in both locally-based and foreign-based (New Zealand) universities. The...

Previous research investigated what memory skills were most important to students enrolled in a university memory skills course in the United States. This research extended the investigation to a broader sample of 85 United States students and to a similar sample of 85 New Zealand students. The students completed the Memory Improvement Questionnair...

This study investigated the relationship between personality and anxiety characteristics of Japanese students and their oral performance in English. The participants were 73 native-speakers of Japanese who were studying English at various language schools in New Zealand. They were administered the Maudsley Personality Inventory, the Spielberger Sta...

Although mnemonics have been shown to be effective in remembering letter-sound associations, the use of foreign words as cues for English phonemes had not been investigated. Learning phonemes in Japan is challenging because the Japanese language is based on a different sound unit called mora (mostly consonant-vowel combinations). This study investi...

The wide-ranging applications of mnemonic strategies in educational settings are reviewed through selected examples of research studies that have been undertaken during the past couple of decades. These studies point out the effectiveness of these strategies not just in teaching many kinds of information that students often find difficult to rememb...

This study investigated the effects of process mnemonic (PM) instruction on the computational skills performance of 13- to 14-year-old students with mathematics learning disabilities. Two experiments are described. In Experiment 1, 29 students were randomly assigned to one of four instruction groups: PM, demonstration-imitation (DI), study skills (...

185 adult participants, ranging in age from 16 to 53 years, were given a list of 12 'foreign' and English word pairs to learn and then recall after a ten-minute delay. Following recall, participants reported their encoding strategies. The majority of participants reported using mnemonic strategies, and these participants correctly recalled more of...

Prior to the commencement of the 1994 academic year, University of Auckland students who had failed one‐half or more of their papers in the previous year were invited to attend a four‐day intensive learning skills course conducted by the Student Learning Centre of the University. The course covered various topics such as effective time management a...

The subject, a 14‐year‐old girl, had been diagnosed as a poor reader, and possibly a developmental dyslexic, through screening tests. She was administered several other reading related tasks to determine the nature of her reading disability. Her performance in these tasks indicates that her lack of proficiency in reading may be attributed to carele...

The results of this case study of a 15-year-old dropout indicate the potential usefulness of incorporating process mnemonics, particularly in the form of allegorical characterizations and stories, within mathematical instructional strategies for the learning disabled. (15 references) (JJK)

This study investigated people's mental representations of diagrams and whether these related to views about diagrams and problem solving performance. The participants were 93 undergraduate students who were asked to complete a questionnaire which included free writing on the topic of diagrams, and problem solving. Analysis of the statements and id...

At the end of 2008, a number of Learning Advisors from different member institutions of ATLAANZ were successful in a bid for funding to run a two day "Writing Hui". The funding body, Ako Aotearoa, is the Ministry of Education"s National Centre for Tertiary Teaching Excellence, and sponsors projects that strategically improve tertiary teaching and l...

Although diagrams are considered as effective personal tools for solving problems, applied research in education has identified a widespread problem: that students lack spontaneity in diagram use. One way to address this problem was reported by Uesaka and Manalo (2007): their findings indicate the effectiveness of using peer instruction to enhance...

Thesis (M. Sc.--Psychology)--University of Auckland.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massey University, 1996. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [303]-315)