Emmanuel Houdart

• Paris Diderot University

Carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses are rare and usually discovered serendipitously; the persistent hypoglossal artery is the second most common, with an incidence of 0.29%. We present a very rare anatomical variant of a persistent hypoglossal artery. This variant was visualized on 2D and 3D angiography and on MRI. In the case reported here, the hy...

Introduction Most brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) are or become symptomatic over time with a persistent risk of rupture. bAVM treatment remains challenging and standard practices continue to evolve. Aim of Study The purpose of this study is to assess the bAVM treatment with SQUID embolic agent by embolization alone or in combination with...

Background and purpose: 3D FLAIR sequences have become the criterion standard for identifying endolymphatic hydrops, but scan time remains an important limitation to their widespread use. Our purpose was to evaluate the diagnostic performance and image quality of an accelerated 3D FLAIR sequence combined with an iterative denoising algorithm. Mat...

Background and Purpose Lateral sinus stenosis is the most common cause of venous pulsatile tinnitus (VPT). Stenting is an effective treatment after demonstration of a trans-stenotic pressure gradient; however, pressure measurement has many technical limitations. In 2018, a study showed that a combined approach with intravascular velocity measuremen...

Background and purpose: Early cerebral infarction(ECI) is an independent factor associated with poor outcome following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(aSAH). We aimed to test the association between ECI and prior global impairment of cerebral perfusion. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients admitted for aS...

Introduction Stent-assisted coiling is an established treatment option for intracranial aneurysms, particularly, wide neck aneurysms with complex anatomy. The purpose of the present study was to assess the safety and efficacy of LEO+ stents in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Materials and Methods A prospective, observational, multicenter...

Awake surgery for low-grade gliomas is currently considered the best procedure to improve the extent of resection and guarantee a "worth living life" for patients, meaning avoiding not only motor but also cognitive deficits. However, tumors located in the right hemisphere, especially in the right frontal lobe, are still rarely operated on in awake...

Background Managementof idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is recommended after surgical repair of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks (sCSF-leaks) of the skull base for prevention of recurrence.Purpose: To assess the feasibility of venous sinus stenting, a treatment commonly used for the treatment of IIH associated with intracranial veno...

Introduction Les anévrismes fusiformes de l'artère basilaire (AFTB) sont rares (1-13% des anévrysmes de fosse postérieure), de cause encore imparfaitement comprise (dissection, athérosclérose …), mais associés à un taux de morbidité élevé. En effet, 60 % des patients présentent de nouveaux symptômes sans traitement (compression du tronc cérébral, c...

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the rate of endolymphatic hydrops (EH) on MRI and the rate of otolithic dysfunction with cVEMP and oVEMP, in patients with recurrent vertigo such as Menière’s disease (MD), vestibular migraine (VM) and vestibular Menière’s disease (vMD). Methods In this retrospective study, we performed 3D-FLAIR sequence...

PurposeEndovascular treatment (EVT) has become a major option in management of infectious intracranial aneurysms (IIAs) complicating infective endocarditis. We report a retrospective, single-center series of consecutive patients with IIAs treated by EVT.Methods Patients were included from January 2009 to July 2020. IIAs were diagnosed on DSA. Each...

Doppler ultrasonography (US) is an important noninvasive technique for diagnosing and assessing arteriovenous malformation (AVM). US, magnetic resonance, computed tomography, and angiograms make it possible to locate and describe these malformations, in particular the nidus. The AVM nidus shows as a high-density tangle of tortuous and dilated vesse...

Dural sinus stenting is an increasingly recognized intervention for the treatment of lateral sinus stenosis. This procedure can be challenging in tortuous anatomy and in the presence of intraluminal septa because of poor trackability and crossability of long sheath commonly used for stenting. We report a technique using a pilot angioplasty balloon...

Background and purpose Cone-beam CT angiography (CB-CTA) provides a three-dimensional spatial resolution which is, so far, unmatched in clinical practice compared with other conventional techniques such as two-dimensional digital subtracted angiography. We aimed to assess the distribution of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subar...

Background The natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) in Western populations is still debated, especially for those <7 mm. Reporting data of a large single-center cohort managed with watchful waiting is therefore interesting. Methods From January 2011 to June 2019, 662 UIAs were followed up by yearly MR angiography. Morphologi...

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of computed tomography angiography (CTA) for quantification of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in proximal and middle segments of intracranial arteries. Materials and methods Twenty consecutive patients (7 men, 13 women; mean age, 47 ± 7 [SD] years; age ra...

Background The balloon-assisted sinus protection technique has been described as a sinus-preserving technique during transarterial embolization (TAE) of dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs). However, some serious complications of this technique have been documented. Objective To describe our preliminary experience with a new technique called stent...

Background Intensive therapies of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) have still controversial and unproven benefit. We aimed to compare the overall efficacy of two different center-driven strategies for the treatment of DCI respectively with and without vasospasm angioplasty.Methods Two hundred conse...

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of perilymphatic enhancement between 4 hour post-contrast constant flip angle three-dimensional fluid attenuated inversion recovery (3D-FLAIR) images obtained with short repetition time (TR) and those obtained with long TR. Materials and methods This single-center, prospective study inclu...

Importance Mechanical thrombectomy using a stent retriever or contact aspiration is widely used for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke due to anterior circulation large vessel occlusion, but the additional benefit of combining contact aspiration with stent retriever is uncertain. Objective To determine whether mechanical thrombectomy...

Background: Few prospective series have described the safety and effectiveness of the Neuroform Atlas Stent System. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of the device in patients treated for unruptured aneurysm. Methods: ATLAS EU PMCF is a consecutive, prospective, multicentric study that included patients with unruptured saccular ane...

Background Awake surgery for low-grade gliomas is currently considered the best procedure to improve the extent of resection and guarantee a "worth living life" for patients, meaning avoiding not only motor but also cognitive deficits. However, tumors located in the right hemisphere, especially in the right frontal lobe, are still rarely operated o...

Introduction et objectifs En 1978, René Djindjian (1919–1977) et Jean-Jacques Merland (né en 1942) de l’hôpital Lariboisière ont publié : Super-Selective Arteriography of the External Carotid Artery [1] qui demeure une référence. Les auteurs ont réalisé des angiographies bidimensionnelles sous anesthésie générale et en apnée. Depuis la fin des anné...

Background and Purpose Endovascular therapy for tandem occlusion strokes of the anterior circulation is an effective and safe treatment. The best treatment approach for the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) lesion is still unknown. In this study, we aimed to compare the functional and safety outcomes between different treatment approaches for...

PurposePatients with superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, which can only be treated by surgery, present cochleo-vestibular symptoms related to a third-mobile window but also endolymphatic hydrops. Since cVEMP and oVEMP are disturbed by the presence of the dehiscence, the aim of the study is to assess the value of MRI for the diagnosis o...

Background Management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is recommended after surgical repair of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks (sCSF-leaks) of the skull base for prevention of recurrence. Purpose To assess the feasibility of venous sinus stenting, a treatment commonly used for the treatment of IIH associated with intracranial ve...

Background and PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of lateral sinus stenosis (LSS) stenting in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) who are refractory to medical treatment, particularly focusing on visual outcomes including papilledema.Material and Methods Retrospective study of consecutive pa...

Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the long-term efficacy and safety of intracranial venous sinus stenting in a large cohort of patients with any type of presentation of primary lateral venous sinus stenosis (VSS). Materials and methods A retrospective cohort study was performed including patients treated by venous sinus stenting for...

OBJECTIVE Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is mainly treated with an endovascular approach. Two major treatment advances include transvenous embolization (TVE) with coils in 1989 and, more recently, transarterial embolization with Onyx. The aim of this study was to present a large monocentric series of patients with DAVF treated with...

Objective: Differentiating transient ischemic attack from stroke mimics may be difficult. Besides clinical evaluation and brain imaging, electroencephalography (EEG) may be a useful diagnostic tool. Methods: We conducted spectral analysis on 67 EEG of patients who had presented a transient neurological deficit (TND) within the previous seven day...

Introduction: Unilateral vestibular atelectasis (UVA), an entity first described by Merchant and Schuknecht in 1988, has rarely been reported in vivo as of yet. We specify here the clinical characteristics of 22 patients diagnosed with UVA. Materials and methods: Patients with a radiological diagnosis of UVA who underwent delayed inner ear MRI w...

Intrahepatic lesions in adults, commonly named hepatic hemangioma, should be called Intrahepatic Venous Malformations (IHVM), or Giant Intrahepatic Venous Malformations (GIHVM) when larger than 10 cm according to the ISSVA classification (International society study group for vascular anomalies). Localized coagulation disorders (LIC) in patients wi...

Background and purpose: Acute ischemic stroke and large vessel occlusion can be concurrent with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for large vessel occlusion in patients with COVID-19 are substantially unknown. Our aim was to study early outcomes after MT in patients with COVID-19. Method...

Objective: Preoperative embolization of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is usually performed by the occlusion of branches of the external carotid artery (ECA). However, a significant proportion of JNAs also receive blood from the internal carotid artery (ICA). The objective of this study was to report on the feasibility and clinical imp...

Objective: To assess the physiopathology of olfactory function loss (OFL) in COVID-19 patients, we evaluated the olfactory clefts on MRI during the early stage of the disease and one month later. Methods: This was a prospective monocentric case-controlled study. Twenty SARS-CoV2-infected patients with OFL were included and compared to 20 age-mat...

Background and purpose Ischemic stroke has been described in association with COVID‐19. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been suggested i.e prothrombotic state, cardiac injury etc. We sought to assess the potential association between ischemic stroke associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and underlying atherosclerotic lesions. Methods We...

Background In A Randomized trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA), randomisation was halted at a mean follow-up of 33·3 months after a prespecified interim analysis showed that medical management alone was superior to the combination of medical management and interventional therapy in preventing symptomatic stroke or death. W...

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Health Organization recommended measures to mitigate the outbreak such as social distancing and confinement. Since these measures have been put in place, anecdotal reports describe a decrease in the number of endovascular therapy (EVT) treatments for acute ischemic stroke due to lar...

Background A significant proportion of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (sCSF) leaks are associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). The aim of this study was to assess the association between sCSF rhinorrhea and transverse venous sinus stenosis (VSS), a feature commonly observed in IIH with a proposed role in its pathophysiology. M...

Background: High systolic blood pressure (BP) is associated with an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in patients undergoing reperfusion therapy. However, there are no data from randomized trials to guide BP management after reperfusion following endovascular therapy (EVT) for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with large vesse...

Background While anatomic features associated with the risk of posterior communicating artery (PcoA) occlusion after embolization of aneurysms of the PcoA segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) are well known, the link between perforator origin and perforator infarction has only been reported following neurosurgical clipping. The aim of this...

Objectives Menière’s disease (MD) is associated with endolymphatic hydrops (EH), which is an accumulation of excessive endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear. However, using temporal bone CT, lower visualization rates of the vestibular aqueduct (VA) in these patients have also been reported.Methods In this retrospective single-center imaging study, w...

Background Whether carotid artery web can be considered as a potential source of arterial thromboembolism in ischemic stroke remains uncertain. Aims In a large sample of individuals with large intracranial artery occlusion, we compared the prevalence of carotid artery webs between patients with and without embolic stroke of undetermined source. M...

PurposeRecently, it has been reported that patients with acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) could present a marked enhancement of the semi-circular canals, involving mostly the superior semi-circular canals on delayed inner ear MRI.Methods We reported one patient having AVS and another one having superior semi-circular canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS)...

Importance To date, only uncontrolled studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment (EVT) in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), leading to the lack of recommendations on EVT for CVT. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of EVT in patients with a severe form of CVT. Design, Setting, and Participants...

Objectives To report the outcomes of surgical treatment of calf intramuscular venous malformations (IMVMs) on pain, functional limitation, and quality of life. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 57 consecutive patients who had surgery for IMVM of the posterior compartment of the leg between 2010 and 2015. Treatments were all done at a single inst...

Purpose Embolization of middle meningeal artery (MMA) has been proposed for postoperative recurrences and primary treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). This endovascular intervention is safe only when MMA originates from the internal maxillary artery. The aim of this study was to report an unusual high frequency of MMA originating from the...

Purpose Bilateral vestibulopathy (BV) is an uncommon disorder and the etiology remained idiopathic in most cases. Delayed 3D-FLAIR sequences have provided new insights into various inner ear diseases, allowing the evaluation of the endolymphatic space and the permeability of the blood–labyrinthine barrier (BLB). The aim of this study was to assess...

Background Venous pulsatile tinnitus (PT) can be caused by the perception of blood flow through the mastoid emissary vein (MEV). However, the causal relationship of this anomaly has not been established as selective occlusion of this vein has never been performed. The aim of this study was to report on a small series of patients suspected of having...

Background and Purpose— Antiplatelet agents could be used in the setting of endovascular therapy for tandem occlusions to reduce the risk of de novo intracranial embolic migration, reocclusion of the extracranial internal carotid artery lesion, or in-stent thrombosis in case of carotid stent placement but have to be balanced with the intracerebral...

Introduction Les fistules artérioveineuses durales (FAVDs) intracrâniennes sont une pathologie veineuse déterminée par un shunt artérioveineux sur la dure-mère. Leur traitement a été transformé par deux progrès majeurs de la voie endovasculaire : l’embolisation par voie veineuse à l’aide de coils, et plus récemment, l’embolisation par voie artériel...

Objective Severe angiographic vasospasm is a major determinant of risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and therefore a key decisional marker for considering intensive therapies such as vasospasm angioplasty in many centers. Although CTA has been reported to be well correlated with DSA for vasospasm assessment,...

Introduction Les diaphragmes du bulbe carotidien (DBC) sont une cause de plus en plus reconnue d’accidents ischémiques cérébraux (AIC) aigus et récurrents. Ils impliquent généralement de jeunes adultes sans facteur de risque cardiovasculaire et sont réfractaires au traitement antiplaquettaire standard. Depuis 2014, le traitement par voie endovascul...

Background: Delayed 3D-FLAIR sequences enable the distinction between the utricle and the saccule. Aims/objectives: We sought to evaluate the clinical and radiological findings in patients with no visible saccule (NVS) on 4-hour post-contrast MRI. Material and Methods: We retrospectively assessed the presence of NVS signs in 400 patients who underw...

Rationale Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) using a stent retriever (SR) device is currently the recommended treatment in ischemic stroke due to anterior circulation large vessel occlusion. Combining contact aspiration (CA) with SR is a promising new treatment, although it was not found to be superior to SR alone as first-line treatment for achieving su...

Background: Whether delayed cerebral infarction (DCIn) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is driven by large artery vasospasm is still controversial. Objective: To study the association between DCIn and vasospasm by using quantitative assessment of vasospasm up to distal arteries with time and territorial-based correlation. Methods...

Background and purpose: Conventional angioplasty of cerebral vasospasm combines proximal balloon angioplasty (up to the first segment of cerebral arteries) with chemical angioplasty for distal arteries. Distal balloon angioplasty (up to the second segment of cerebral arteries) has been used in our center instead of chemical angioplasty since Janua...

Background and purpose: Emergent carotid artery stenting plus mechanical thrombectomy is an effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke patients with tandem occlusion of the anterior circulation. However, there is limited data supporting the safety of this approach in patients treated with prior intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). We aimed to invest...

Points essentiels Les malformations artério-veineuses (MAV) pelviennes et abdominales sont rares et peuvent être graves. Elles sont isolées ou parfois syndromiques. Leur présentation peut être liée au shunt artério-veineux à haut débit avec conséquences cardiaques. Le traitement endovasculaire est le traitement de choix dans une approche multidisci...

Introduction Transcranial Doppler (TCD) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) enables the measurement of the mean blood velocity (MCAVm) and the estimation of the cerebral blood flow (CBF), provided that no significant changes occur in the MCA diameter (MCADiam). Previous studies described a decrease in the MCAVm associated with the induction of tota...

Objectives/Hypothesis Because delayed post‐contrast three‐dimensional fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery imaging sequences enable the distinction between the utricle and the saccule, we raised the hypothesis that patients with vestibular atelectasis (VA) could show unilateral collapse of the utricle and the ampullas on imaging. Study Design Retro...

Purpose: To analyze the angiographic and clinical results of transarterial embolization with Onyx (Medtronic-Covidien, Irvine, CA) in dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) partially fed by arteries arising from the carotid siphon or the vertebral arteries. Methods: We isolated 40 DAVFs supplied by either the tentorial artery of the internal carot...

VPloop, the graphical representation of pressure versus velocity, and its characteristic angles, GALA and β, can be used to monitor cardiac afterload during anesthesia. Ideally VPloop should be measured from pressure and velocity obtained at the same arterial location but standard of care usually provide either radial or femoral pressure waveforms....

Objective To determine long term safety and efficacy of endovascular treatment of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), with calibrated particle embolization as a firstline approach. Methods We reviewed clinical and imaging data of consecutive patients who underwent endovascular treatment for both nidal and fistulous type spinal cord AVM...

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the optimal endovascular approach in patients with acute stroke with tandem lesions. Background: At present, there is no consensus about the ideal technical strategy for the endovascular treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke with tandem lesions of the extracranial internal carotid arte...

Lateral venous sinus stenoses have been associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and venous pulsatile tinnitus. Venous pressure measurement is traditionally performed to assess the indications for stenting in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. However, its reliability has recently been questioned by many authors. The du...

Background The place of open surgery in venous malformations (VMs) of knee joint is still discussed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of surgery in terms of pain, function, and quality of life. Design This was a retrospective observational study. Methods Thirty-five consecutive young patients undergoing surgery for VMs of the kn...

Le fistole arterovenose durali intracraniche consistono in comunicazioni arterovenose localizzate nello spessore della dura madre del cranio, il più delle volte sulla parete di un seno venoso. Si tratta di lesioni che si sviluppano dal terzo decennio senza un vero e proprio fattore di rischio riconosciuto. Il loro spettro clinico è molto ampio: un...

Objective To identify the prevalence and therapeutic consequences of spontaneous intracranial artery dissection (IAD) at the acute phase of ischemic stroke. Methods We reviewed clinical and imaging data of consecutive patients attending our center for mechanical thrombectomy (MT) between January 2012 and November 2017. IAD was defined according to...

Jusqu’au début des années 1970, on désignait sous le nom « d’angiome » des anomalies vasculaires superficielles extrêmement variées n’ayant aucun rapport entre elles et pour lesquelles la prise en charge était soit inexistante soit souvent mal adaptée. En 1976, une classification s’est imposée ; ce sont les travaux de l’équipe de J.-J. Merland à La...

Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are acquired cerebrovascular abnormalities characterized by localized dilation and wall thinning in intracranial arteries, possibly leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage and severe outcome in case of rupture. Here, we identified one rare nonsense variant (c.1378A>T) in the last exon of ANGPTL6 (Angiopoietin-Like 6)-which e...

Identification of stroke mimics and ‘chameleons’ among transient neurological deficits (TND) is critical. Diagnostic workup consists of a brain imaging study, for a vascular disease or a brain tumour and EEG, for epileptiform discharges. The precise role of EEG in this diagnostic workup has, however, never been clearly delineated. However, this cou...

Background and purpose: The management of cervical artery occlusions in hyperacute stroke with tandem cervical/intracranial occlusions has not yet become standardized, especially when the circle of Willis is effective. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the safety and accuracy of current approaches to manage the cervical occlusion in consecuti...

In this chapter we review the technical aspects, the indications, and the results of endovascular treatment of intracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM). From an endovascular perspective, AVM is a hemodynamic vascular area connecting the high-pressure arterial system with the low-pressure venous system by means of arteriovenous shunts. The low-...

Objective: To investigate the effects of medical vs interventional management on functional outcome in A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA). Methods: We used the initial results of a nonblinded, randomized, controlled, parallel-group trial involving adults ≥18 years of age with an unruptured brain arterioven...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of medical vs interventional management on functional outcome in A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA). METHODS: We used the initial results of a nonblinded, randomized, controlled, parallel-group trial involving adults ≥18 years of age with an unruptured brain arteriovenous...

Background Investigation of the venous system surrounding a tumor that is invading a dural sinus is of great use for guiding the surgical excision. Non-invasive imaging is often inadequate since enhancement of the tumor causes it to blend with the contrast of the venous vascular structures. Conventional two-dimensional angiography is also often ins...

Background: Biophysical modeling of glioma is gaining more interest for clinical practice. The most popular model describes aggressivity of tumor cells by two parameters: net proliferation rate (ρ) and propensity to migrate (D). The ratio ρ/D, which can be estimated from a single preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), characterizes tumor i...

Background and importance The marginal tentorial artery runs over the free edge of the tentorium. Different origins have been described, always involving branches of the carotid artery. We report the superior cerebellar artery as an unknown origin of this artery. We developed our strategy in a case of a tentorial meningioma mainly supplied by this...

BACKGROUND: Lateral sinus stenosis is a little-known cause for pulsatile tinnitus (PT). In several small series, stenting has been described as an effective treatment for disabling PT linked with this type of stenosis. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical, radiological, and manometric characteristics of patients treated for disabling PT by lateral...

Résumé Le diaphragme carotidien est une cause relativement méconnue d’accident ischémique cérébral par embole d’artère à artère chez le sujet jeune, qui comporte un risque apparemment élevé de récidive, ce qui semble justifier un traitement radical. Nous présentons ici un cas de diaphragme carotidien chez un homme de 45 ans, qui a été traité par st...

Background: Over the past decade, stenting of lateral sinus stenosis has been used to treat idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Two types of stenoses have been identified: extrinsic and intrinsic. Objective: The aim of this study was to report the results of our use of this procedure to treat patients with extrinsic or intrinsic stenoses in id...

Introduction Les granulomes aseptiques à corps étrangers sont une complication rare mais grave des procédures endovasculaires cérébrales, dont le mécanisme et la prise en charge restent incertains. Objectifs À partir d’un cas rapporté et d’une revue de la littérature, préciser les aspects cliniques, paracliniques et pronostiques des granulomes ase...

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are a rare and underdiagnosed pathology. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are, however, major determining factors for the outcome of the disease. The spontaneous course of this pathology can result in a substantial degree of morbidity that may be irreversible. Proper interpretation of the MRI imaging, and particular...

Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) and dural arteriovenous fistulae (dAVF) represent two classical causes of intracranial hemorrhage. They may also cause epilepsy, and, especially for dAVF, venous cerebral edema. Neurological symptoms resulting from such complications may require the admission of the patient in an intensive care unit. bAVM an...