Emily R Clear

• MPH, CHES
• Research Program Manager at University of Kentucky

Purpose Bystander interventions show promise to reduce interpersonal violence. Because risky situations often involve alcohol use, bystander interventions may also reduce the risk of problem alcohol use. Methods Using a prospective cohort study, based on an existing cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT), we evaluated the longer-term efficacy o...

Purpose Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act required American colleges to implement bystander training to reduce sexual violence (SV). Our team investigated whether campuses with greater bystander programming coverage and skill-building indicators had lower SV perpetration and victimization rates. Methods Surveys and interviews with key informa...

Purpose This report described the logic model driven, data collection strategies used to launch an evaluation of Campus SaVE’s requirement that colleges provide bystander training to reduce sexual violence (SV). Methods To describe campus-level bystander training to reduce SV, our team recruited several large public universities. On each campus, w...

Introduction Bystander interventions have shown promise to reduce interpersonal violence. Substance use may co-occur with violence; thus, bystander training to identify and intervene in these ‘risky’ situations may additionally reduce substance abuse. Design Prospective cohort study based on an existing (2010–2014) cluster-randomized controlled tr...

Purpose In this cohort analyses, we sought to estimate the longer-term efficacy of a high-school based bystander intervention to reduce gender-based violence (GBV) into young adulthood. Methods Seniors were recruited from 23 of 26 high schools that participated in the original RCT (2010–2014) designed to test the effectiveness of a bystander inter...

Purpose The personal, economic, and societal costs and consequences of gender-based violence are significant. Although much violence intervention and prevention work occurs within academia, there is currently no coordinated workforce development approach to recruiting, training, and supporting the next generation of faculty focused on gender-based...

Purpose Examining the influence of policy change and socio-political factors is paramount for contextualizing and addressing sexual violence. The purpose of this paper is to provide findings from a secondary qualitative analysis of the impacts of national and local high-profile events on the dialogue and actions surrounding violence prevention and...

This paper examined risk for interpersonal violence (family or dating violence, sexual harassment, or sexual violence) perpetration using individual- and campus-level factors to understand how variations in campus culture and environment might shape risk of perpetration. We conducted a secondary data analysis of data collected from 23,389 students...

Bystander interventions are recognized as “promising” programming to reduce sexual violence. Gaps in current evaluations include limited follow-up post-training (beyond 24 months) and knowledge of additional bystander training during follow-up. In this prospective cohort study, nested in a cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT), three cohorts of...

Engaged bystander interventions are recognized as "promising" programming to reduce sexual violence (SV), yet little is known of the long-term (>12-month) impact of programming on SV and related forms of gender-based violence. Funded by NIH as a prospective cohort study, Life's Snapshot recruited and followed three waves of high school seniors who...

This paper offers lessons learned in evaluating the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act (2013) requirement that colleges receiving Title IX funds provide bystander programming to reduce sexual violence. To conduct this evaluation a national college consortium was created [multi college bystander efficacy evaluation (mcBEE)]. Through t...

To investigate sex differences in associations between sexual violence victimization (SVV), sexual violence perpetration (SVP), and binge drinking and/or alcohol problems among high school students. While SVV has been linked to problem alcohol use among young women, little research has addressed the unique associations of SVV and SVP on alcohol use...

As mandated by the 2013 Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act, bystander programs to reduce sexual and intimate partner violence are being adopted in college communities throughout the United States. However, little is currently known about how bystander programs are selected, implemented and experienced by staff and students. In the Multi-College...

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provided funding (U01 CE002668) to evaluate bystander program efficacy to reduce gender-based violence on college campuses (Aim 1) and to create a mentoring network (Aim 2) for young campus-based researchers interested in violence intervention or prevention (VIP). While an evaluation of this mentoring...

This methods paper describes the fractional factorial design within the context of an evaluation of campus bystander programming. Prior evaluations include relative program comparisons, but do not reflect campus implementation of specific aspects of prevention programming. Campuses use combinations of programs, delivered across modalities, audience...

Many bystander programs to prevent violence have been developed and evaluated in college populations. An exception is the randomized controlled trial of Green Dot, found effective in reducing violence rates and violence acceptance in 26 high-schools (2010–2014). In ‘Life’s Snapshot’, 10,727 seniors were recruited from these same schools with the go...

Sexual violence perpetration (SVP), including coerced, physically forced, and alcohol- or drug-facilitated unwanted sex, occurs frequently in adolescence and may represent a risk factor for future perpetration. Sexual violence victimization (SVV) has been found to be a risk factor for increased rates of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder...

Bystander interventions have been highlighted as promising strategies to reduce sexual violence and sexual harassment, yet their effectiveness for sexual minority youth remains largely unexamined in high schools’ populations. This rigorous cluster randomized control trial addresses this gap by evaluating intervention effectiveness among sexual majo...

This study extends prior analyses from a 5-year multisite cluster-randomized controlled trial to examine how the previously reported effects of the Green Dot bystander-based prevention program worked to reduce violence perpetration. Bystander-based interventions are hypothesized to prevent violence by reducing violence acceptance and increasing tra...

Bystander-based violence prevention interventions have shown efficacy to reduce dating violence and sexual violence acceptance at the individual level yet no large randomized controlled trial (RCT) has evaluated this effect at the high-school level and over time. This rigorous cluster-randomized controlled trial addresses this gap by evaluating int...

Introduction Bystander-based programs have shown promise to reduce interpersonal violence at colleges, yet limited rigorous evaluations have addressed bystander intervention effectiveness in high schools. This study evaluated the Green Dot bystander intervention to reduce sexual violence and related forms of interpersonal violence in 26 high school...

Costs of providing the Green Dot bystander-based intervention, shown to be effective in the reduction of sexual violence among Kentucky high school students, were estimated based on data from a large cluster-randomized clinical trial. Rape Crisis Center Educators were trained to provide Green Dot curriculum to students. Implementing Green Dot in sc...

Introduction: The 2013 Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act requires U.S. colleges to provide bystander-based training to reduce sexual violence, but little is known about the efficacy of such programs for preventing violent behavior. This study provides the first multiyear evaluation of a bystander intervention's campus-level impact on reducing...

This large, population-based study is one of the few to examine prevalence rates of sexual harassment occurring during the past 12 months by victimization and perpetration among adolescents. In this large, cross-sectional survey of students attending 26 high schools, sexual harassment was defined using three questions from the Sexual Experiences Qu...

The objective of this study was to report the frequency of perpetration and victimization of unwanted sexual activities (threatened to end relationship or other pressures to engage in sexual activities, threatened or actual physical force, and facilitated by drugs or alcohol) in a large, statewide sample of high school males and females. Among 18,0...

This school-based sample provides the largest estimate of physical and psychological dating violence (DV) victimization and the only report of DV perpetration among high school students. Among 14,190 students in relationships, 33.4% disclosed DV by a partner (victimization) and 20.2% used these same behaviors against a partner (perpetration) in the...

This large, statewide sample from 26 high schools provided the first population-based estimates of stalking victimization and perpetration among adolescent females and males. Our stalking definition required that pursuing tactics occurred at least 3 times in the past 12 months and included being followed, spied on, or monitored; someone showed up o...

Increasing attention has recently been paid to the development of prevention programs designed to actively engage bystanders in prevention efforts to reduce the risk of sexual and dating violence; yet, few evaluations have been conducted. Our proposed plan to rigorously evaluate a randomized intervention trial of the Green Dot bystander program as...

Evidence suggests that interventions to engage bystanders in violence prevention increase bystander intentions and efficacy to intervene, yet the impact of such programs on violence remains unknown. This study compared rates of violence by type among undergraduate students attending a college campus with the Green Dot bystander intervention (n = 2,...

Violence against women has been associated with subsequent risky sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We explored whether sexual coercion or violence at first intercourse was associated with self-reported STIs. Using nationally representative data from the 2006 to 2010 National Survey of Family Growth, we analyzed female res...

To test the hypothesis that women screened for psychosocial factors, including partner abuse, as recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists would have higher neonatal birth weight, longer gestational age at delivery, higher Apgar scores, and fewer maternal complications. We evaluated a universal psychosocial screening in...

Teen pregnancy is a major public health concern and the majority of these pregnancies are unintended. The study population included women whose first pregnancy occurred at age 19 or younger (n = 2,142). Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth was used to determine whether women's reports of her own pregnancy intentions differed from her...

Reproductive coercion can include a male partner pressuring their significant other to become pregnant, forced sex, or destroying contraception, which may contribute to teen pregnancy. Reproductive coercion is associated with intimate partner violence, but may not be widely identified as physical or sexual violence may not occur simultaneously. In...

Using a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 7,945 college undergraduates, we report on the association between having received Green Dot active bystander behavior training and the frequency of actual and observed self-reported active bystander behaviors as well as violence acceptance norms. Of 2,504 students aged 18 to 26 who completed the...

Teen dating and sexual violence poses a serious public health problem due to the mental and physical health burden. According to data from the Kentucky 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 11% of students reported they had ever been physically forced to have sexual intercourse. This presentation will focus on the continuum of sexual violence, from sexu...

In 2007, the University of Kentucky (UK) began to implement a primary prevention intervention program to engage students in keeping each other safe. The program termed Green Dot acknowledges that while most students neither participate in nor condone violence, many respond passively to a culture that may tacitly support violence. By empowering indi...

Annual rates of dating violence and forced sex have increased in Kentucky over the past 5 years, yet the Kentucky Association of Sexual Assault Programs and the University of Kentucky are working to reduce this trend. CDC recently funded an evaluation of a primary prevention intervention termed Green Dot which has recently been implemented in high...

In the United States, almost half of all pregnancies are unintended. While much research has focused on the characteristics of women who unintentionally become pregnant, limited research has focused on male experiences of unintended pregnancy and their role in prevention. The purpose of this study was to examine reports of male unintended pregnancy...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether male intendedness at the time of pregnancy differs from female intendedness at the time of pregnancy among couples where the female reported first pregnancy at age 19 or younger. Methods: Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, a household survey of United States women aged...