E.Marian Scott

E.Marian Scott
University of Glasgow | UofG · School of Mathematics and Statistics

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410
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Publications

Publications (410)
Article
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Radiocarbon (F ¹⁴ C) and stable carbon (δ ¹³ C) values were measured in single grains of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) from the sample archive from two adjacent sites of the Long-term Experiments (LTEs) Hoosfield Spring Barley at Rothamsted Research (Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK), covering the growing periods (March to September) of 1852 to 2...
Article
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Abstract The Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks advises the European Commission on whether the uses of titanium dioxide in toys and toy materials can be considered to be safe in light of the identified exposure, and the classification of titanium dioxide as carcinogenic category 2 after inhalation. Four...
Article
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Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of river water chemistry from its source to sinks is critical for constraining the origin, transformation, and “hotspots” of contaminants in a river basin. To provide new spatiotemporal constraints on river chemistry, dissolved trace element concentrations were measured at 17 targeted locations across the R...
Article
GIRI (Glasgow International Radiocarbon Intercomparison) was designed to meet a number of objectives, including to provide an independent assessment of the analytical quality of the laboratory/measurement and an opportunity for a laboratory to participate and improve (if needed). The principles in the design of GIRI were to provide the following: (...
Article
The SUERC Radiocarbon Laboratory reports approximately 3000 unknown samples per year with an additional 1200 samples processed for quality assurance purposes. In addition to the primary OxII standard (SRM-4990C) required for AMS batch normalization, secondary “known-age” standards have been used over many years to evaluate individual batch quality....
Article
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Understanding dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export dynamics from carbon-rich environments is critical. Peatlands act as terrestrial carbon stores, and consequently supply substantial amounts of DOC to drainage. This DOC flux is temporally heterogeneous and subject to long-and short-term variability. Ultrahigh temporal resolution sampling (< hourly...
Article
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Heavy metal ions such as Cu <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> are harmful to the environment and our health. Such ions are typically measured using glassy carbon electrode (GCE) based electrochemical sensors developed on rigid substrates. However, several emerging applications re...
Article
Given the complexity of the radiocarbon dating process, the diversity of materials being dated, the continued technical developments, GIRI (the Glasgow international radiocarbon intercomparison) is the next development of the series of intercomparisons to support continuing quality assurance. GIRI has been designed to continue this programme and to...
Article
Environmental data science can be shaped around the concepts of data streams (or the data deluge), and both data driven and process models. Together they lead to the concept of a digital earth. In this short opinion piece, I reflect on some of the challenges in truly realizing the digital earth concept.
Article
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Outgassing of carbon dioxide (CO $$_2$$ 2 ) from river surface waters, estimated using partial pressure of dissolved CO $$_2$$ 2 , has recently been considered an important component of the global carbon budget. However, little is still known about the high-frequency dynamics of CO $$_2$$ 2 emissions in small-order rivers and streams. To analyse su...
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Aim Species rarity is often used as a measure to assess the risk of extinction of species, and thus, different methods have been developed to describe the composition of rare species in biological communities. These methods usually depend on species attributes that are not always available and very often ignore imperfect species detection. In this...
Article
Satellite remote sensing data are important to the study of environment problems at a global scale. The GloboLakes project aimed to use satellite remote sensing data to investigate the response of the major lakes on Earth to environmental conditions and change. The main challenge to statistical modelling is the identification of the spatial structu...
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Satellite remote sensing can provide indicative measures of environmental variables that are crucial to understanding the environment. The spatial and temporal coverage of satellite images allows scientists to investigate the changes in environmental variables in an unprecedented scale. However, identifying spatiotemporal patterns from such images...
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Validity is not an inherent property of a measurement scale and so evidence for validity relating to its use for particular purposes, with defined populations and in specified contexts must be accumulated. We have published the development of a web-based, generic health-related quality of life instrument (VetMetrica™) to measure the affective impac...
Article
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The measurement and treatment of acute pain in animals is essential from a welfare perspective. Valid pain-related outcome measures are also crucial for ensuring reliable and translatable findings in veterinary clinical trials. The short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) is a multi-item behavioral pain assessment tool, deve...
Article
The Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER) was requested by the European Commission (EC) to provide a scientific opinion on the safety of breast implants in relation to anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). There are several types of textured breast implants; surface textures of breast implants are not all manufa...
Article
The Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus is a dynamic and complex system, in which the resources of water, energy, and food are inextricably linked. The system faces a number of threats including man-made hazards, e.g. overpopulation, urbanisation, ageing population, terrorism and geopolitical upheaval, and natural hazards such as climate change and extre...
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Using an app, this exploratory study generated information on HRQL in a large cohort of dogs deemed healthy according to the owner. It forms the basis for further studies investigating the natural history of HRQL of dogs to inform the interpretation of interventional studies, but highlights the risks of relying on owner impression of health status....
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Reviews of official statistics for UK housing have noted that developments have not kept pace with real‐world change, particularly the rapid growth of private renting. This paper examines the potential value of big data in this context. We report on the construction of a dataset from the on‐line adverts of one national lettings agency, describing t...
Article
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Using methodology previously described for the dog health-related quality of life (HRQL) tool (VetMetrica™), the aim was to optimize the scores profile of a comparable feline online HRQL instrument for monitoring HRQL in cats, to assist in its interpretation. Measuring HRQL helps quantify the impact of disease and its treatment on well-being, aids...
Chapter
This book provides practical information about interdisciplinary research, particularly to students and researchers of animal behaviour, animal welfare and veterinary sciences, to better understand how the integration of disciplines can advance animal welfare science. The book is divided into 2 parts. Part 1 gives guidance on how interdisciplinary...
Article
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The radiocarbon (14 C) calibration curve so far contains annually resolved data only for a short period of time. With accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) matching the precision of decay counting, it is now possible to efficiently produce large datasets of annual resolution for calibration purposes using small amounts of wood. The radiocarbon interc...
Article
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Preventive measures in human healthcare are recognized as a means of providing early detection of disease, however, the veterinary profession has not been as effective in communicating the benefits of preventive measures to pet owners. Readily available pet healthcare information on the internet, owners not understanding that regular health evaluat...
Article
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To create a reliable radiocarbon calibration curve, one needs not only high-quality data but also a robust statistical methodology. The unique aspects of much of the calibration data provide considerable modeling challenges and require a made-to-measure approach to curve construction that accurately represents and adapts to these individualities, b...
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The curves recommended for calibrating radiocarbon ( ¹⁴ C) dates into absolute dates have been updated. For calibrating atmospheric samples from the Northern Hemisphere, the new curve is called IntCal20. This is accompanied by associated curves SHCal20 for the Southern Hemisphere, and Marine20 for marine samples. In this “companion article” we disc...
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Animal migrations are of global ecological significance, providing mechanisms for the transport of nutrients and energy between distant locations. In much of the deep sea (>200 m water depth), the export of nutrients from the surface ocean provides a crucial but seasonally variable energy source to seafloor ecosystems. Seasonal faunal migrations ha...
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Water temperature is critical for the ecology of lakes. However, the ability to predict its spatial and seasonal variation is constrained by the lack of a thermal classification system. Here we define lake thermal regions using objective analysis of seasonal surface temperature dynamics from satellite observations. Nine lake thermal regions are ide...
Article
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Radiocarbon (C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they inva...
Conference Paper
Программа сопоставления данных лабораторий радиоуглеродного датирования проводится более 30 лет и со временем развивалась в соответствии с меняющимися технологиями. В этой небольшой статье основное вни- мание уделяется различным материалам, которые используются для процедуры сопоставления, и очень кратко рассматриваются некоторые из возникших пробл...
Article
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This themed section was initiated after the 2016 Annual Conference of the Royal Geographical Society‐Institute of British Geographers, which had the overall theme of Nexus Thinking, and which included assessment of geographical dimensions of the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus. In this short editorial introduction, we outline the context for this ass...
Article
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By the new Medical Device Regulation (MDR, EU 2017/745) the use of certain phthalates which are carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic to reproduction (CMR) or have endocrine-disrupting (ED) properties, above 0.1% by weight (w/w) is only allowed after a proper justification. The SCHEER provide Guidelines on the benefit-risk assessment (BRA) of the presence...
Article
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Measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQL) is becoming increasingly valuable within veterinary preventative health care and chronic disease management, as well as in outcomes research. Initial reliability and validation of a 22 item shortened version of VetMetrica (VM), structured questionnaire instrument to measure HRQL in dogs via a mob...
Article
Radiocarbon ( ¹⁴ C) dating is routinely used, yet occasionally, issues still arise surrounding laboratory offsets, and unexpected and unexplained variability. Quality assurance and quality control have long been recognized as important in addressing the two issues of comparability (or bias, accuracy) and uncertainty or variability (or precision) of...
Article
Over the past 30 years, the format of the radiocarbon ( ¹⁴ C) intercomparison studies has changed, however, the selection of sample types used in these studies has remained constant—namely, natural and routinely dated materials that could subsequently be used as in-house reference materials. One such material is peat which has been used 12 times, s...
Article
Each of the laboratory intercomparisons (from ICS onwards) has included wood samples, many of them dendrochronologically dated. In the early years, as a result of the majority of laboratories being radiometric, these samples were typically blocks of 20–40 rings, but more recently (SIRI), they have been single ring samples. The sample ages have span...
Article
In the initial aftermath of the 1986 Chernobyl accident there were detrimental effects recorded on wildlife, including, mass mortality of pine trees close to the reactor, reduced pine seed production, reductions in soil invertebrate abundance and diversity and likely death of small mammals. More than 30 years after the Chernobyl accident there is n...
Article
Large amounts of carbon are stored in northern peatlands. There is concern that greater wildfire severity fol-lowing projected increases in summer drought will lead to higher post-fire carbon losses. We measured soilcarbon dynamics in aCallunaheathland and a raised peat bog after experimentally manipulatingfire severity. Agradient offire severity w...
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Statistical downscaling has been developed for the fusion of data of different spatial support. However, environmental data often have different temporal support, which must also be accounted for. This paper presents a novel method of nonparametric statistical downscaling, which enables the fusion of data of different spatiotemporal support through...
Article
Calluna vulgaris-dominated habitats are valued for ecosystem services such as carbon storage and for their conservation importance. Climate and environmental change are altering their fire regimes. In particular, more frequent summer droughts will result in higher severity wildfires. This could alter the plant community composition of Calluna habit...
Article
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Statistical emulators are used to approximate the output of complex physical models when their computational burden limits any sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of model output to variation in the model inputs. In this paper, we introduce a flexible emulator which is able to handle multivariate model outputs and missing values. The emulator is b...
Chapter
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has become one of the leading methods for brain mapping in neuroscience and it is an important tool in modern neuroscience investigation. Moreover, the recent advances in fMRI analysis are widely used to define the default state of brain activity, functional connectivity and basal activity. Signal proces...
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The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus has become a popular, and potentially powerful, frame through which to analyse interactions and interdependencies between these three systems. Though the case for transdisciplinary research in this space has been made, the extent of stakeholder engagement in research remains limited with stakeholders most commonly...
Article
Background and objective: Indoxyl sulphate (IS) and p-cresyl sulphate (PCS), which are difficult to excrete adequately out of the body, are closely related to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and various deuteropathy. Better than peritoneal dialysis (PD) and haemodialysis (HD), dietary fibre has been considered to reduce IS and PCS...
Article
Extreme river flows can lead to inundation of floodplains, with consequent impacts for society, the environment, and the economy. Extreme flows are inherently difficult to model, being infrequent, irregularly spaced, and affected by nonstationary climatic controls. To identify patterns in extreme flows, a quantile regression approach can be used. T...
Article
Objective To validate the Italian translation of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale – Short Form (ICMPS-SF) in order to assess acute pain in dogs. The original English-version of the scale (the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale – Short Form - CMPS-SF) was translated into Italian according to a standard protocol to ensure linguistic and cul...
Article
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The emergence of the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus has resulted in changes to the way we perceive our natural resources. Stressors such as climate change and population growth have highlighted the fragility of our WEF systems, necessitating integrated solutions across multiple scales. While a number of frameworks and analytical tools have been deve...
Article
The contemporary approach to pain measurement in people and animals seeks to measure the affective (emotional) component of the pain experience using structured questionnaires with formal scoring methodology. Chronic pain has wide-ranging impacts which affects the quality of life (QOL) of the individual, whether that is a person or an animal. Accor...
Article
Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop a valid, reliable, web-based generic feline health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) questionnaire instrument to measure the affective impact of chronic disease. Methods: A large initial item pool, obtained through interviews with cat owners, was reduced using predetermined criteria, survey sc...
Article
What is the role of Statistics in the era of big data, or is Statistics still relevant? I will start this rather personal view with my answer. Statistics remains highly relevant irrespective of ‘bigness’ of data, its role remains what is has always been, but is even more important now. As a community, we need to improve our explanations and present...
Article
Veterinary medicine is veering further towards prolongation of life at all costs, without the safeguard of being able to robustly measure quality of life. Jacky Reid, Andrea Nolan and Marian Scott discuss major steps forward in the ability to measure changes in health-related quality of life.
Article
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The long-term health effects of air pollution are often estimated using a spatio-temporal ecological areal unit study, but this design leads to the following statistical challenges: (1) how to estimate spatially representative pollution concentrations for each areal unit; (2) how to allow for the uncertainty in these estimated concentrations when e...
Article
An article ‘Pain assessment in animals’ was previously published in In Practice (Reid and others 2013). This short article aims to bring the reader up to date with what we consider to be significant advances in the field of pain assessment in companion animals.
Article
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Inland and coastal waterbodies are critical components of the global biosphere. Timely monitoring is necessary to enhance our understanding of their functions, the drivers impacting on these functions and to deliver more effective management. The ability to observe waterbodies from space has led to Earth observation (EO) becoming established as an...
Article
Objective: Development, initial validation and reliability testing of a shortened version of a web-based questionnaire instrument to measure generic health-related quality of life in companion dogs, to facilitate smartphone and online use. Materials and methods: The original 46 items were reduced using expert judgment and factor analysis. Items...
Technical Report
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Following a request from the European Commission, the Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER) hereby reviews the currently available data on the toxicity of aluminium, taking into account the different tolerable intake levels for aluminium established by the European Food Safety Authority in 2008 and by the Joint F...
Article
Moorland habitats dominated by the dwarf shrub Calluna vulgaris provide important ecosystem services. Drought is projected to intensify throughout their range, potentially leading to increased fire severity as moisture is a key control on severity. We studied the effect of low fuel moisture content (FMC) on fire severity by using 2 × 2 m rain-out s...
Article
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Bone is frequently dated in archaeological studies and, especially for very old bones (more than 40,000 years old), it is critical to have an accurate and precise measure of the material-specific background value and its associated uncertainty. The SUERC Radiocarbon Laboratory has obtained a mammoth bone as a background bone standard and an appropr...
Article
Variation in the structure of ground fuels, i.e. the moss and litter (M/L) layer, may be an important control on fire severity in heather moorlands and thus influence vegetation regeneration and soil carbon dynamics. We completed experimental fires in a Calluna vulgaris-dominated heathland to study the role of the M/L layer in determining (i) fire-...
Article
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The SUERC Radiocarbon Laboratory employs a one-step “background subtraction” method when calculating ¹⁴ C ages. An interglacial wood (VIRI Sample K) is employed as the non-bone organic background standard, while a mammoth bone (LQH12) from Latton Quarry is used as the bone background standard. Results over several years demonstrate that the bone ba...
Article
Radiocarbon measurement is a well-established, routinely used, yet complex series of inter-linked procedures. The degree of sample pre-treatment varies considerably depending on the material, the methods of processing pre-treated material vary across laboratories and the detection of ¹⁴C at low levels remains challenging. As in any complex measurem...
Article
Radiocarbon ( ¹⁴ C) dating is used widely in many projects as a basis for the creation and testing of chronological constructs. ¹⁴ C measurements are by their nature complex and the degree of sample pretreatment varies considerably depending on the material. Within the United Kingdom and Europe, there are a number of well-established laboratories a...
Article
The usefulness of a pain assessment instrument is enhanced in general practice if the score can be linked to an intervention level, which is informative as to whether or not an animal requires analgesic treatment. Previously the authors described the derivation of an intervention level for the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS) short form...
Article
Objective To assess agreement between noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) oscillometrically-derived values from a multiparameter monitor (Datex Ohmeda S/5 Compact) with those obtained by invasive blood pressure (IBP) measurement in anaesthetised horses undergoing elective surgery. Study design Prospective clinical study. Animals A total of 40 healt...
Article
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Urban sprawl and its evolution over relatively short periods of time demands that we develop statistical tools to make best use of the routinely produced land use data from satellites. An efficient smoothing framework to estimate spatial patterns in binary raster maps derived from land use datasets is developed and presented in this paper. The fram...
Article
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Measurements recorded over monitoring networks often possess spatial and temporal correlation inducing redundancies in the information provided. For river water quality monitoring in particular, flow-connected sites may likely provide similar information. This paper proposes a novel approach to principal components analysis to investigate reducing...
Article
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Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is hypothesized to increase the risk of myocardial infarction (MI). However, the epidemiological evidence is inconsistent. We identified 33 studies with more than 4 million MI patients and applied meta-analysis and meta-regression to assess the available evidence. Twenty-five studies presented the effects of the...
Article
Objectives: To evaluate sedation quality and cardiorespiratory variables in dogs sedated using a target-controlled infusion of propofol or propofol-alfentanil admixture. Methods: A total of 60 dogs undergoing diagnostic imaging were randomly assigned to one of three sedation protocols: propofol alone; propofol with a low concentration of 12 µg o...