Emanuela Cristiani

Emanuela Cristiani
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Emanuela verified their affiliation via an institutional email.
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Emanuela verified their affiliation via an institutional email.
  • PhD
  • Professor (Associate) at Sapienza University of Rome

About

128
Publications
78,450
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Introduction
I am an archaeologist and Associate Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at Sapienza University of Rome. I direct the DANTE - Diet and Ancient Technology Laboratory, an ERC-funded interdisciplinary facility for bioarchaeological studies. My research focuses on prehistoric dietary strategies, health, and technology, particularly plant foods, culinary practices, and medical knowledge. As PI of ROMAN CALCULUS, I analyse ancient materia medica and therapeutic substances through dental calculus.
Current institution
Sapienza University of Rome
Current position
  • Professor (Associate)
Additional affiliations
July 2015 - June 2020
University of Cambridge
Position
  • ERC Senior Research Associate
October 2013 - December 2013
Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University
Position
  • Research Associate
September 2007 - September 2009
University of Trento
Position
  • Research Associate

Publications

Publications (128)
Data
a b s t r a c t The authors discuss Late Mesolithic ornament suspension techniques on the basis of their analysis of 288 cyprinid fish pharyngeal teeth appliqués found in an infant burial at the site of Vlasac in the Danube Gorges region of the north-central Balkans. Our interdisciplinary approach includes archaeozoological and taphonomic analyses...
Data
The site of Riparo Dalmeri yielded numerous flint, bone, and shell artifacts, as well as faunal and botanical remains, which are evidence of the Late Upper Palaeolithic (or Late Epigravettian culture, ca. 16,000– 12,000 CAL B.P.) occupation of the Alps region. The importance of the site is related to the discovery of 267 stones painted with anthrop...
Article
Full-text available
This paper presents results of contextual, technological, use-wear and residue analyses of body ornaments from two Late Mesolithic burials recently excavated at the site of Vlasac in the Danube Gorges of the central Balkans. Common to both burials are ornaments made from modified and unmodified carp (Cyprinidae sp.) pharyngeal ‘teeth’ along with Cy...
Article
Full-text available
The Neolithisation of the Northern Italy is particularly interesting since archaeological data show dynamics of interaction between the last hunters and the early farmers of the region. In this paper the authors present the results of use-wear and residues analyses carried out on an assemblage of trapezes from one of the key-sites of the Neolithisa...
Article
Full-text available
Ground stone tools are frequently found in archaeological contexts from early to late prehistoric times. These tools are key evidence for reconstructing past societies’ lifeways, technology and know-how, given their role in different tasks, including subsistence and craft activities. In recent years, the field of use-wear studies on ground stone to...
Article
Full-text available
This research explores the modes of exploitation of marine molluscs at Riparo Bombrini (Ventimiglia, north-west Italy) during the Protoaurignacian and the Early Aurignacian. Our results prove that Early Modern Humans who inhabited the rockshelter extensively exploited marine malacofauna for both dietary purposes and ornament production, offering ne...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
This short article, published in the Bulletin of the "Museo del Hombre" in Santo Domingo, presents the initial archaeological data from the excavation of 'El Pozito' (Las Galeras-Samanà). The site is noteworthy for its scientific significance within the context of Caribbean archaeology, as it consists in a proto-Ceramic and proto-Taino archaic sett...
Article
Full-text available
Plants and plant-based foods played a crucial role in human evolution, and the interaction between plants and humans is a highly debated topic in archaeology. Ground stone tools are considered particularly valuable evidence due to their direct involvement in various plant processing tasks. This paper investigates the use of sandstone ground stone t...
Article
Full-text available
During excavations at the Mesolithic site Paliwodzizna 29 (central Poland), in addition to the flint artefacts typical for this period and region, a collection of 175 non-flint stone artefacts was discovered. This collection included various “macro-lithic tools” displaying visible intentional modifications and usage traces. This observation prompte...
Article
Full-text available
During excavations at the Mesolithic site Paliwodzizna 29 (central Poland), in addition to the flint artefacts typical for this period and region, a collection of 175 non-flint stone artefacts was discovered. This collection included various “macro-lithic tools” displaying visible intentional modifications and usage traces. This observation prompte...
Article
Full-text available
The studies presented in this paper constitute the first scientific attempt to interpret the manner whereby notched implements made of scapulae were made and used. These implements have been found at numerous European and non-European sites, usually dated to the Neolithic–Early Iron Age (predominantly the Early Bronze Age). Research has examined th...
Article
The application of backing techniques is a central element in the manufacturing process of Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic lithic projectile implements (e.g., backed points, backed bladelets, backed and truncated bladelets, geometrics, etc.). In recent years, different studies based on a low magnification analysis have been developed to provide a...
Article
Full-text available
This paper presents the richest prehistoric assemblage of ornaments in the Eastern Adriatic discovered to date, found in the Late Upper Palaeolithic layers of Vlakno cave, Croatia. The abundance and multiform of bead types indicate that the site was likely used as a workshop for ornaments, i.e. that production was performed on site. Technological a...
Article
Full-text available
This paper advances knowledge of human behavioural and adaptational strategies in coastal areas related to acquiring, producing and distributing ornaments, specifically, the omnipresent marine gastropod Columbella rustica. By applying quantitative and qualitative approaches to the most extensive collection of Columbella rustica shells in the Easter...
Presentation
The analysis of ancient dental calculus (mineralized dental plaque) has provided crucial insights concerning the lifeways of past human populations. Despite its potential to preserve diverse micro-debris, entrapped non-dietary particles are rarely discussed considering their potential to enlighten the health of past communities. This study aims to...
Article
Full-text available
The Neolithic communities of Eastern Sudan combined intensive pastoralism with plant exploitation as their main subsistence strategies. However, to date, it remains unclear which plant species were part of the human diet during the Neolithic. This contribution presents direct data on plant consumption in Eastern Sudan from the Early to Late Neolith...
Article
Full-text available
Leprosy was one of the most outwardly visible diseases in the European Middle Ages, a period during which leprosaria were founded to provide space for the sick. The extant documentary evidence for leprosy hospitals, especially in relation to diet, therapeutic, and medical care, is limited. However, human dental calculus stands to be an important so...
Article
This revised protocol will describe the extraction and analysis of human dental calculus using polarised light microscopy. This step-by-step procedure results from years of research and aims to guide scholars in sampling and decontaminating archaeological dental calculus as well as extracting microremains of organic and inorganic origin embedded wi...
Chapter
The strategic geographical position of the Balkan Peninsula, at the crossroads between southwest Asia and central and western Europe, make of this territory a key area for understanding the different human migrations into Europe during the Pleistocene. This long-time neglected area for the Palaeolithic research, last years has experienced a ‘blosso...
Article
Full-text available
Plant domestication represents a major turning point in human history, resulting in the shift from a hunting/gathering/fishing-based economy to food production. Combining the analysis of ground stone tools and dental calculus, the PATH project aims to investigate dynamics of plant consumption, and the knowledge and toolkits involved in their proces...
Chapter
The strategic geographical position of the Balkan Peninsula, at the crossroads between southwest Asia and central and western Europe, make of this territory a key area for understanding the different human migrations into Europe during the Pleistocene. This long-time neglected area for the Palaeolithic research, last years has experienced a ‘blosso...
Preprint
Full-text available
This protocol describes how to sample dental calculus from individual teeth for optical microscopy analysis. The primary use-case is for the analysis of dental micro-remains embedded in the matrix of the dental calculus (e.g. starches, phytoliths, pollens, fungi, fibers, etc.), though it can also be used for biomolecular analysis (DNA and proteomic...
Article
Full-text available
This article focuses on the Mesolithic record of northeastern Italy, one of the key European regions for studying the last prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups. Most specifically, it aims to compare the rich Early and Late Mesolithic evidence, trying to shed some light on the shift between these two periods. Such a topic is approached at a regional s...
Article
Full-text available
The Late Upper Palaeolithic (Epigravettian) sequence at Badanj has yielded an important dataset about the occupation of the hinterland of the Eastern Adriatic catchment zone in the late Pleniglacial. The site also harbors one of the rare occurrences of Upper Palaeolithic parietal “art” in southeastern Europe in the form of a large rock engraving. A...
Article
Full-text available
The human microbiome has recently become a valuable source of information about host life and health. To date little is known about how it may have evolved during key phases along our history, such as the Neolithic transition towards agriculture. Here, we shed light on the evolution experienced by the oral microbiome during this transition, compari...
Article
Full-text available
The Quina Mousterian is one of the well-defined Middle Paleolithic techno-complexes. Despite the pivotal research carried out in south-western France, the presence of this techno-complex across the rest of Europe is still poorly documented. Here we apply a techno-functional approach, combining technological and use-wear analyses, for reconstructing...
Article
Full-text available
Despite being one of the most important crops in the recent prehistory of Eurasia, the arrival and exploitation of millets in the westernmost part of Europe are still largely underexplored. Here and for the first time, we report multipronged biomolecular evidence of millet consumption along the Atlantic façade of northern Iberia through a combinati...
Article
Full-text available
Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, peo...
Article
Full-text available
Unlabelled: Personal ornaments are widely viewed as indicators of social identity and personhood. Ornaments are ubiquitous from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene, but they are most often found as isolated objects within archaeological assemblages without direct evidence on how they were displayed. This article presents a detailed record of the...
Article
Several caves from Southern Italy and Sicily provided invaluable evidence, including several human burials, for reconstructing human adaptations and subsistence in the area during the Upper Palaeolithic. A wealth of information is available concerning the exploitation of animal resources as food. However, little is still known about the role of pla...
Chapter
Full-text available
This is the first book to present a comprehensive, up to date overview of archaeological and environmental data from the eastern Mediterranean world around 6000 BC. It brings together the research of an international team of scholars who have excavated at key Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites in Syria, Anatolia, Greece, and the Balkans. Collectively...
Conference Paper
Diachronically, the presence of an abrupt retouch opposed to a cutting edge is a recurrent feature within Upper Palaeolithic armatures. Besides their morphology, the ensemble of backing techniques and gestures applied for producing this retouch must also be considered as a key element to better understand technical traditions of hunter-gatherer gro...
Conference Paper
Medieval European people with leprosy had a special place in society. Historical sources indicate attitudes towards this disease could be contentious. Among other measures, leprosy hospitals were founded to segregate people (11th C onwards, England). Unfortunately, workings of leprosy hospitals are not well documented. While historical sources prov...
Article
Full-text available
Virtual histology is increasingly utilized to reconstruct the cell mechanisms underlying dental morphology for fragile fossils when physical thin sections are not permitted. Yet, the comparability of data derived from virtual and physical thin sections is rarely tested. Here, the results from archaeological human deciduous incisor physical sections...
Article
Early Holocene hunter-gatherer settlements are spread throughout Italy and testify to the exploitation of very different landscapes. Nonetheless, their preservation state is not always exceptional. This is not the case for Contrada Pace, an archaeolo-gical site recently discovered on a terrace of the Chienti river in central-eastern Italy. This pap...
Article
Full-text available
The evolution and development of human mortuary behaviors is of enormous cultural significance. Here we report a richly-decorated young infant burial (AVH-1) from Arma Veirana (Liguria, northwestern Italy) that is directly dated to 10,211–9910 cal BP (95.4% probability), placing it within the early Holocene and therefore attributable to the early M...
Article
Full-text available
Forager focus on wild cereal plants has been documented in the core zone of domestication in southwestern Asia, while evidence for forager use of wild grass grains remains sporadic elsewhere. In this paper, we present starch grain and phytolith analyses of dental calculus from 60 Mesolithic and Early Neolithic individuals from five sites in the Dan...
Article
Full-text available
Modern humans have a slow and extended period of childhood growth but to what extent this ontogenetic pathway was present in Neanderthals is debated. Dental development, linked to the duration of somatic growth across modern primates, is the main source for information about growth and development in a variety of fossil primates, including humans....
Article
Full-text available
Neanderthals collected unusual, sometimes colorful mineral materials from different sources. Several green serpentinite smooth pebbles with a flat shape and use modifications were unearthed at Fumane Cave in northern Italy. This study explores cognitive and functional criteria that influenced the selection and use of unique pebbles based on their r...
Preprint
Full-text available
Forager focus on wild cereal plants has been documented in the core zone of domestication in southwestern Asia, while evidence for forager use of wild grass grains remains sporadic elsewhere. In this paper, we present starch grain and phytolith analyses of dental calculus from 61 Mesolithic and Early Neolithic individuals from five sites in the Dan...
Article
Full-text available
Nineteen broken and complete bone fish hooks and six grooved stones recovered from the Epipaleolithic site of Jordan River Dureijat in the Hula Valley of Israel represent the largest collection of fishing technology from the Epipaleolithic and Paleolithic periods. Although Jordan River Dureijat was occupied throughout the Epipaleolithic (~20–10 kya...
Article
Full-text available
The article presents evidence about the Middle Palaeolithic and Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition interval in the karst area of the Danube Gorges in the Lower Danube Basin. We review the extant data and present new evidence from two recently investigated sites found on the Serbian side of the Danube River – Tabula Traiana and Dubočka-Kozja ca...
Article
Full-text available
Significance The oral microbial community living in symbiosis with humans is a rich and diverse driver of health and disease that is strongly influenced by our ecology and lifestyle. However, its evolution across human prehistory remains elusive. By analyzing the DNA entrapped in archaeological dental calculus, we characterize the oral microbiomes...
Article
Full-text available
Archaeological dental calculus, or mineralized plaque, is a key tool to track the evolution of oral microbiota across time in response to processes that impacted our culture and biology, such as the rise of farming during the Neolithic. However, the extent to which the human oral flora changed from prehistory until present has remained elusive due...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Description Aims: To provide necessary theoretical and practical knowledge about qualitative and quantitative analytical approaches currently applied to the study of Middle Palaeolithic organic and inorganic material culture. Description and outputs: The course will be held online. Students will learn about the most recent analytical trends in the...
Book
Full-text available
This article presents the results of the technological and functional analysis carried out on the exceptional repertoire of Columbella rustica and Cypraea sp. ornaments as well as on artefacts made on large Charonia lampas shells recovered at the Mesolithic burial site of S’Omu e S’Orku (Sardinia, Italy). Our study established the modalities of orn...
Article
Full-text available
Ground stone tool (GST) technology includes artefacts utilized in pounding or grinding activities and characterized by long life cycles and multiple uses. The introduction of such technology dates back to early prehistory, and for this reason, it is used as prime evidence for tackling a wide range of archaeological questions such as the origins of...
Article
Full-text available
A large quantity of archaeological material was excavated at the site of Vlasac in the Danube Gorges of the central Balkans in the course of the 1970–1971 excavation campaigns. There are close to 4000 artefacts or modified fragments of bone, antler, and wild boar tusk coming from the first excavations of Vlasac. In addition, over a hundred osseous...
Article
Full-text available
In: Borić D., Antonović D., Mihailović B., 2020. Foraging Assemblages, Vol. 2.
Article
Full-text available
The territory of present-day Montenegro, with its natural affordances, including mountainous, karst-dominated landscapes, the proximity of the Adriatic coast, deeply carved river valleys, and high plateaux, holds a significant promise for the study of prehistoric hunter-gatherers. To date, archaeological investigations in this region have revealed...
Article
Recent advances in the functional study of stone technology have highlighted how, since the early Paleolithic, non-flaked stone tools were employed in a wide range of tasks, from food processing to craft activities. Non-flaked tools are documented within the stone assemblages of various Mesolithic sites of Italy. However, these tools are still poor...
Article
Full-text available
This paper provides results from a suite of analyses made on human dental material from the Late Palaeolithic to Neolithic strata of the cave site of Grotta Continenza situated in the Fucino Basin of the Abruzzo region of central Italy. The available human remains from this site provide a unique possibility to study ways in which forager versus far...
Preprint
Full-text available
The Late Upper Palaeolithic (Epigravettian) sequence at Badanj has yielded an important dataset about the occupation of the hinterland of the Eastern Adriatic catchment zone in the late Pleniglacial. The site also harbors one of the rare occurrences of Upper Palaeolithic parietal “art” in southeastern Europe in the form of a large rock engraving. A...
Chapter
Full-text available
This article presents the results of the technological and functional analysis carried out on the exceptional repertoire of Columbella rustica and Cypraea sp. ornaments as well as artefacts on large Charonia lampas shells recovered at the Late Mesolithic burial site of S’Omu e S’Orku (Sardinia, Italy). Our study established the modalities of orname...
Article
Significance The extent to which Neanderthals differ from us is the focus of many studies in human evolution. There is debate about their pace of growth and early-life metabolic constraints, both of which are still poorly understood. Here we use chemical and isotopic patterns in tandem with enamel growth rates of three Neanderthal milk teeth from n...
Article
Full-text available
Ground stone tool (GST) technology includes artefacts utilized in pounding or grinding activities and characterized by long life cycles and multiple uses. The introduction of such technology dates back to early prehistory, and for this reason, it is used as prime evidence for tackling a wide range of archaeological questions such as the origins of...
Article
Full-text available
Abstract In the last few years, the application of quantitative methods in the field of use wear analysis has grown considerably, involving the use of different techniques. A development in surface measurements approaches has become necessary as standard assessments based upon qualitative functional analysis are often affected by a degree of subjec...
Article
Full-text available
Employing an integrated approach to investigate the use of Late Lower Paleolithic flint tools found at the site of Qesem Cave (Israel), we revealed a particular trace pattern related to the employment of ashes at the site. Using a designated collection of replica items and combining use-wear and residue (morphological analysis, FTIR, SEM-EDX) analy...
Article
Full-text available
Objectives: The analysis of prehistoric human dietary habits is key for understanding the effects of paleoenvironmental changes on the evolution of cultural and social human behaviors. In this study, we compare results from zooarchaeological, stable isotope and dental calculus analyses as well as lower second molar macrowear patterns to gain a bro...
Article
Full-text available
The Late Mesolithic in Southern Europe is dated to the 7th and the first part of the 6th millennia BCE and is marked by profound changes which are mostly evident in the technical know-how and tool-kit of the last hunter-fisher-gatherer societies. The significance of this phase also relates to the fact that it precedes the Early Neolithic, another p...
Article
Full-text available
Dental trauma resulting in permanent tooth avulsion commonly affects the young population. The prognosis of replantation after avulsion depends on the natural history of inflammatory and replacement resorption. Several risk factors for type and onset of external resorption have been defined. This case study describes different resorptive patterns o...
Article
Full-text available
The presence of shaped stone balls at early Paleolithic sites has attracted scholarly attention since the pioneering work of the Leakeys in Olduvai, Tanzania. Despite the persistent presence of these items in the archaeological record over a period of two million years, their function is still debated. We present new results from Middle Pleistocene...
Article
Full-text available
Stone tools provide a unique window into the mode of adaptation and cognitive abilities of Lower Paleolithic early humans. The persistently produced large cutting tools (bifaces/handaxes) have long been an appealing focus of research in the reconstruction of Lower Paleolithic survival strategies, at the expenses of the small flake tools considered...
Article
Full-text available
In recent years, several works have proved the reliability of the application of 3D modeling and spatial analysis in the study of stone tool use. Monitoring surface morphometry resulting from the use of lithic tools has the potential to objectively quantify and identify patterns of modifications associated to specific activities and worked material...
Article
Full-text available
This article presents a summary of new evidence for the Mesolithic in the Dinaric Alps of Montenegro. The region is one of the best areas in southeastern Europe to study Early Holocene foragers and the nature of the transition to Neolithic lifeways at the end of the seventh and the beginning of the sixth millennium cal BC thanks to the existence of...
Article
Objective: To evaluate, via a multidisciplinary approach, a distinctive paleopathological condition believed to be fibrous dysplasia, found on a 19th/20th century skeleton from Certosa Monumental Cemetery, Bologna, Italy. Materials: A skeletonized cranium and mandible recovered from an ossuary in 2014. Methods: Pathological alterations were an...
Article
Full-text available
Ornaments are polysemic objects due to different meanings they convey in human societies-self-embellishment, means of exchange, markers of age and gender, indicators of social status, signs of power, non-verbal means of expression and communication. Beads have a privileged place in shedding light on the origins of modern cognition in human societie...
Article
Full-text available
The article presents an original analysis which combines use-wear, 3D modelling and spatial analyses to experimental archaeology in order to investigate Early Upper Palaeolithic flint-knapping gestures and techniques involving the use of macro-lithic tools. In particular, the methodological framework proposed in this paper was applied to the study...
Article
Full-text available
The article presents an original analysis which combines use-wear, 3D modelling and spatial analyses to experimental archaeology in order to investigate Early Upper Palaeolithic flint-knapping gestures and techniques involving the use of macro-lithic tools. In particular, the methodological framework proposed in this paper was applied to the study...
Article
We report here preliminary results from four seasons of excavation at the rockshelter of Riparo Bombrini (2002–2005). Three markedly separate horizons were uncovered: the deepest, comprising Levels M1-7, yielded abundant Mousterian lithics and faunal remains. A second macro-unit, corresponding to Levels MS1-2, is only a few decimeters thick and is...
Article
Full-text available
The archaeological site of Lepenski Vir is widely known after its remarkable stone art sculptures that represent a unique and unprecedented case of Holocene hunter-gatherer creativity. These artworks were found largely associated with equally unique trapezoidal limestone building floors around their centrally located rectangular stone-lined hearths...
Article
Full-text available
In this contribution we dismantle the perceived role of marine resources and plant foods in the subsistence economy of Holocene foragers of the Central Mediterranean using a combination of dental calculus and stable isotope analyses. The discovery of fish scales and flesh fragments, starch granules and other plant and animal micro-debris in the den...
Article
Full-text available
Objectives Exact symmetry and perfect balance between opposite jaw halves, as well as between antagonistic teeth, is not frequently observed in natural masticatory systems. Research results show that asymmetry in our body, skull, and jaws is often related to genetic, epigenetic, environmental and individual ontogenetic factors. Our study aims to pr...
Article
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Scientific Reports 6 : Article number: 37686; 10.1038/srep37686 published online: 25 November 2016 ; updated: 03 May 2017 . In the Supplementary Information file originally published with this Article, Figure S3 was elongated and of poor quality.
Article
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For a long while, the controversy surrounding several bone tools coming from pre-Upper Palaeolithic contexts favoured the view of Homo sapiens as the only species of the genus Homo capable of modifying animal bones into specialised tools. However, evidence such as South African Early Stone Age modified bones, European Lower Palaeolithic flaked bone...
Article
The authors present an early evidence for the use of complex fishing techniques for obtaining variable fish resources in prehistoric south-east Europe as recovered at the Neolithic site of Vin�ca e Belo Brdo in Serbia. In particular, a group of bone artefacts have been analysed through the application of an integrated approach combining technologic...
Article
Full-text available
The eastern Alpine region of Italy represents a well-known area with regards to the study of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene forager adaptations in the whole peninsula. Caves, shelters and open-air sites, which are numerous in this region, have yielded traces of human re-peopling from mountaineous environments since the Late Glacial and until t...
Article
Full-text available
Significance The starch record entrapped in dental calculus of Mesolithic human teeth from the site of Vlasac in the central Balkans provides direct evidence that complex Late Mesolithic foragers of this region consumed domesticated cereal grains. Our results challenge the established view of the Neolithization in Europe that domestic cereals were...
Article
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Outlines the aims, objectives and methods of a new research programme (The ‘Hidden Foods’ project) aimed at reconstructing the importance of plant foods in prehistoric forager subsistence in Southern Europe, with a particular focus on Italy and the Balkans.
Book
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This volume provides an insight into the current state of archaeological research in Southeast Europe and its adjacent regions, spanning chronologically from the Aurignacian to the beginning of the Neolithic period. In ten contributions by leading experts in this field, specific topics in regions ranging from the Aegean Sea, the Carpathians, and We...
Article
Full-text available
The (re-)appearance of harpoon technology during the Mesolithic in the southern Dinaric Alps is discussed by presenting the results of contextual, technological and use-wear analyses on the sample of 36 osseous harpoon specimens recovered in Mesolithic and Early Neolithic levels of the rockshelter of Odmut in western Montenegro. The assemblage of h...

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