Elvira Astafyeva

Paris Institute of Earth Physics

The ionosphere is characterized by a large number of disturbances generated in response to a wide range of phenomena, including natural hazards, space weather and man‐made events. Identification of the origin of ionospheric disturbances (ID), especially in real or near‐real‐time (NRT), is an extremely difficult task, and it is one of the most inter...

Supporting Information for https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JA032664 Also available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385879770_Near-Real-Time_Identification_of_the_Source_of_Ionospheric_Disturbances

Plain Language Summary On 18 November 2023, SpaceX launched the Starship, the tallest and the most powerful rocket ever built. About 2 min and 40 s after the liftoff, the Super Heavy engine separated from the Starship spacecraft and exploded at an altitude of 90 km. The main core Starship continued to rise to 149 km and exploded as well. The rocket...

On 14 October 2023, an annular eclipse took place between 1503 UT and 2055 UT. It affected both North and South America. In this study, we used multiple ground-based and space-borne instruments, and we analysed ionospheric, thermospheric, magnetic and electrodynamic responses to this eclipse. In the vertical total electron content (VTEC) maps, at m...

The ionosphere is characterised by a large number of disturbances generated in response to a wide range of phenomena, including natural hazards, space weather and man-made events. Such disturbances are known as travelling ionospheric disturbances (TID). Identification of the origin of TID, especially in real or near-real-time (NRT), is an extremely...

The ionosphere hosts co-seismic ionospheric disturbances (CID or ionoquakes) during earthquakes due to Seismo-Atmosphere-Ionosphere (SAI) coupling. This phenomenon involves seismic vibrations at the Earth's surface triggering coupled energetics into the atmosphere and ionosphere in the form of various atmospheric/plasma waves. Ionoquake detection f...

The recovery of thermosphere mass density following geomagnetic storms is a result of competing heating and cooling processes. Simulations often underestimate the speed of the recovery. In this study, for the first time, we report that assimilating the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broad...

On 3 February 2022, at 18:13 UTC, SpaceX launched and a short time later deployed 49 Starlink satellites at an orbit altitude between 210 and 320 km. The satellites were meant to be further raised to 550 km. However, the deployment took place during the main phase of a moderate geomagnetic storm, and another moderate storm occurred on the next day....

Co‐seismic Ionospheric disturbances (CID, or “ionoquakes”) are disturbances in the electron density or total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere, produced by the ground motion due to earthquakes. Usually, ionoquakes are detected in the near‐epicentral region within 8–10 min after an earthquake onset time. In this work, we present a new methodo...

On 6 February 2023, a series of large earthquakes struck Turkey and Northern Syria. The main earthquake of Mw 7.8 occurred at 01:17:34 UTC and was followed by the three notable (Mw > 5.5) aftershocks within the next 18 min. Then, ∼9 hr later, the biggest aftershock with magnitude Mw 7.5 and a Mw 6.0 earthquake occurred to the north‐east from the fi...

On 30 October 2020 at 11:51 UT, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred in the Dodecanese sea (37.84°N, 26.81°E, 10 km depth) and generated a tsunami with an observed run-up of more than 1 meter on the Turkish coasts. Both the earthquake and the tsunami produced acoustic and gravity waves that propagated upward, triggering coseismic and co-tsunamic ion...

Plain Language Summary The eruption of Hunga‐Tonga volcano produced a variety of atmospheric and tsunami waves recorded all over the world. We study the impacts of the eruption together on the oceans and in the ionosphere in New Caledonia‐New Zealand (near the volcano) and Chile‐Argentina (far from the volcano). At the sea surface, we observe two p...

The 15 January 2022 Tonga eruption seemed to have caused a strong depletion in the ionospheric electron density. However, the eruption occurred during a moderate geomagnetic storm, so that the depletion could be a local negative effect of the storm. In this work, for the first time, we analyze this depletion and discuss relative contributions of th...

The long‐term accurate specification of the Earth's ionospheric states is crucial to scientific research and applications in the space weather community. In the current work, a global monthly mean three‐dimensional (3‐D) ionospheric electron density product has been obtained during one solar cycle from 2006 to 2016. Specifically, an accurate 3‐D pr...

We present a near‐real‐time (NRT) scenario of analysis of ionospheric response to the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption by using Global Navigation Satellite Systems data in the near‐field (in the vicinity of the volcano), and in the far‐field (Japan, North America, and South America). We introduce a new method to determine instanta...

Plain Language Summary On 15 January 2022, the giant explosion of the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha’apai volcano shook the atmosphere of the Earth and generated a tsunami. The exact mechanism and timing of the eruption are not well understood yet, nor is the series of events that occurred directly following the first event. Many scientists are trying to und...

The 15 January 2022 climactic eruption of Hunga volcano, Tonga, produced an explosion in the atmosphere of a size that has not been documented in the modern geophysical record. The event generated a broad range of atmospheric waves observed globally by various ground-based and spaceborne instrumentation networks. Most prominent is the surface-guide...

Tsunamis generated by large earthquake-induced displacements of the ocean floor can lead to tragic consequences for coastal communities. Ionospheric measurements of Co-Seismic Disturbances (CIDs) offer a unique solution to characterize an earthquake’s tsunami potential in Near-Real-Time (NRT) since CIDs can be detected within 15 min of a seismic ev...

The auroral oval is a region of footprints where configuration of the Earth’s magnetic field lines is such as energetic particles could penetrate into the denser part of the ionosphere. The auroral oval features the most complex ionospheric processes. In this region intensive small-scale ionospheric irregularities exist during calm and disturbed ge...

We use ground‐based (GNSS, SuperDARN, and ionosondes) and space‐borne (Swarm, CSES, and DMSP) instruments to study ionospheric disturbances due to the 25–26 August 2018 geomagnetic storm. The strongest large‐scale storm‐time enhancements were detected over the Asian and Pacific regions during the main and early recovery phases of the storm. In the...

Earthquakes are known to generate disturbances in the ionosphere. Such disturbances, referred to as co-seismic ionospheric disturbances, or ionoquakes, were previously reported for large earthquakes with magnitudes Mw≥ 6.6. This paper reports ionoquakes associated with the Ridgecrest earthquakes of magnitude (Mw=6.4), that occurred on 4 July 2019 i...

Tsunamis generated by large earthquake-induced displacements of the ocean floor can lead to tragic consequences for coastal communities. Ionospheric measurements of Co-Seismic Disturbances (CIDs) offer a unique solution to characterize an earthquake's tsunami potential in Near-Real-Time (NRT) since CIDs can be detected within 15 min of a seismic ev...

The ionosphere is a highly dynamic and variable medium. It is characterized by a large number of disturbances generated in response to a wide range of phenomena, including natural hazards, space weather events, etc. Such disturbances, known as travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs), are often present in large numbers, and it is extremely diffic...

Earthquakes are known to generate ionospheric disturbances that are commonly referred to as co-seismic travelling ionospheric disturbances (CTID). In this work, for the first time, we present a novel method that enables to automatically detect CTID in ionospheric GNSS-data, and to determine their spatio-temporal characteristics (velocity and azimut...

A Solar Radio Burst (SRB) is one of the most severe natural hazards affecting the performance of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Considering the influence of different threat factors, the GNSS developers upgrade the systems to amend the accuracy and noise-proof features of the systems. In particular, GPS gradually replaces “old” sat...

Signals in the ionosphere contain information about the source and scale of natural hazards occurring on Earth’s surface that could be used for monitoring and mitigation.

Using the specific satellite line of sight geometry and station location with respect to the source, Thomas et al. [Scientific Reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30476-9] developed a method to infer the detection altitude of co-seismic ionospheric perturbations observed in Global Positioning System (GPS) – Total Electron Content (TEC) meas...

The geomagnetic storm occurred on 25–26 August 2018 as a surprise to forecasters. The arrival of a weak coronal mass ejection did not show a sudden impulse in the magnetic data; however, when the Interplanetary magnetic field Bz turned southward, it intensified and further remained unchangeably negative for the next 9 hr, causing a major storm with...

Natural hazards (NH), such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and severe tropospheric weather events, generate acoustic and gravity waves that propagate upward and cause perturbations in the atmosphere and ionosphere. The first NH‐related ionospheric disturbances were detected after the great 1964 Alaskan earthquake by ionosondes and Dop...

On the 21 August 2017 the eclipse shadow drastically changed the state of the ionosphere over the United States. This effect on the ionosphere is visible in the total electron content measured by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The shadow moved with the supersonic speed of ~1,000 m/s over Oregon to ~650 m/s over South Carolina. In order...

On 21–22 June 2015, three consecutive interplanetary shocks slammed into the Earth's magnetosphere. Immediately after the third shock at 18:36 UT on 22 June, marked by an exceptional sudden storm commencement with an amplitude of ΔSYM‐H = ∼106 nT, a major geomagnetic storm commenced. In the present study, a multi‐instrument approach comprising obse...

Plain Language Summary Ionosphere is a layer of charged particles of the Earth's atmosphere located at altitudes ~60–800 km. However, despite being high above the Earth's surface, the ionosphere is sensible to numerous near‐ground geophysical events (earthquakes, tsunamis, volcano eruptions, etc). Acoustic and gravity waves emitted by these events...

Supporting Information S1

Description for Supplimentary materials for "The 6 September 2017 X-class solar flares and their impacts on the ionosphere, GNSS and HF radio wave propagation".

Supplimentary materials for "The 6 September 2017 X-class solar flares and their impacts on the ionosphere, GNSS and HF radio wave propagation". 2-20 min TEC variations based on GNSS data during X-class solar flares.

Supplimentary materials for "The 6 September 2017 X-class solar flares and their impacts on the ionosphere, GNSS and HF radio wave propagation". Vertical TEC and DTEC based on Madrigal data during solar flares.

Supporting Information S1

On 6 September 2017, the Sun emitted two significant solar flares (SFs). The first SF, classified X2.2, peaked at 09:10 UT. The second one, X9.3, which is the most intensive SF in the current solar cycle, peaked at 12:02 UT and was accompanied by solar radio emission. In this work, we study ionospheric response to the two X-class SFs and their impa...

We use a set of ground-based instruments (GPS-receivers, ionosondes, magnetometers) along with data of multiple satellite missions (Swarm, C/NOFS, DMSP, GUVI) to analyze the equatorial and low-latitude electrodynamic and ionospheric disturbances caused by the geomagnetic storm of 22-23 June 2015, which is the second largest storm in the current sol...

Supporting Information S1

Supporting Information S1

By using data from multiple instruments, we investigate ionospheric/thermospheric behavior during the period from 21 to 23 June 2015, when three interplanetary shocks (IS) of different intensities arrived at Earth. The first IS was registered at 16:45UT on 21 June and caused ~50nT increase in the SYM-H index. The second IS arrived at 5:45UT on 22 J...

Here we study the global distribution of the plasma density irregularities in the topside ionosphere by using the concurrent GPS and Langmuir probe measurements onboard the Swarm satellites. We analyze 18 months (from August 2014 till January 2016) of data from Swarm A and B satellites that flew at 460 and 510 km altitude, respectively. To identify...

Using data from the three Swarm satellites, we study the ionospheric response to the intense geomagnetic storm of June 22–23, 2015. With the minimum SYM-H excursion of −207 nT, this storm is so far the second strongest geomagnetic storm in the current 24th solar cycle. A specific configuration of the Swarm satellites allowed investigation of the ev...

Using a comprehensive database of ~5300 ground-based GNSS stations we have investigated large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) during 17-18 March 2015 (St. Patrick's Day storm). For the first time, the high resolution two-dimensional maps of the total electron content (TEC) perturbation were made using not only GPS but also GLONASS...

Using data from ground-based GNSS-receivers located in southern Chile, we study the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) response to two eruptions of the Calbuco volcano that occurred on 22-23 April 2015. In both cases, the TEC response showed quasi-periodic signals with several consecutive wave-trains. The averaged amplitude of the observed co...

In this work, we discuss the occurrence of the dayside three-peak electron density structure in the ionosphere. We first use a set of ground-based and satellite-borne instruments to demonstrate the development of a large-amplitude electron density perturbation at the recovery phase of a moderate storm of 11 October 2008. The perturbation developed...

Using data of worldwide network of GPS receivers we investigated losses of GPS phase lock (LoL) during two strong magnetic storms. At fundamental L1 frequency, LoL density is found to increase up to 0.25 % and at L2 frequency the increase is up to 3 %. This is several times as much compared with the background level. During the 2003 November 20 mag...

We present the first observations of the supersonic updrafting plasma drifts in the predawn sector. Two DMSP satellites quasi-simultaneously detected two fast-speed events: one of ~385km spatial extension and with the maximum upward velocity of 1683m/s appeared at ~3 LT, and the other of ~1500km large with maximum speed of 1770m/s occurred at ~5 LT...

We present observations of the equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB) in the topside ionosphere at early morning hours (05–08 LT) in the recovery phase of the 18–19 February 2014 geomagnetic storm. This rare type of irregularities was detected in the Pacific sector using GPS-measurements onboard several Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellites. We use a multi-sat...

We present the first multi-instrumental results on the ionospheric response to the geomagnetic storm of 17-18 March 2015 (the St. Patrick's Day storm) that was up to now the strongest in the 24th solar cycle (minimum SYM-H value of -233 nT). The storm caused complex effects around the globe. The most dramatic positive ionospheric storm occurred at...