Elodie Richalot

Université Gustave Eiffel · Institut d'électronique et d’'informatique Gaspard Monge (IGM)

Caractérisation des propriétés diélectriques d'échantillons liquides et solides par une structure RF à double résonateur en anneau fendu à 1,35 GHz Résumé-Cet article présente un capteur radio-fréquence dédié à la caractérisation des propriétés diélec-triques de matériaux liquides ou solides. Ce travail vise à apporter un outil pour l'aide au diagn...

Reverberation chambers (RCs) were recently reported as a low-cost alternative to anechoic chambers (ACs) to perform radar cross-section (RCS) pattern measurements. The method consists of using transmitting and receiving antennas pointing towards a target under test placed on a rotating mast. As a classical RCS characterization, the echo signal is a...

Passive mode-locking in quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) remains one of the huge challenges because of the fast relaxation time of the excited carriers which is typically in the range of sub-picoseconds. The use of conventional techniques such as the semiconductor saturable absorber mirror is inefficient because the spatial hole burning effect dominat...

This paper deals with the contactless measurement of the radiation pattern of a log-periodic antenna within a reverberation chamber (RC). This method relies on backscattering measurement, i.e., avoiding to connect the antenna under test (AUT) to any analyzer, for two distinct AUT load conditions. The post-processing is based on a sinusoidal regress...

This paper discusses the sensitivity improvement of a contactless antenna radiation efficiency measurement method within reverberation chambers (RCs). The method does not need to connect the antenna under test to an analyzer through cables, which are known to disturb antenna impedance and radiation characteristics when placed in the reactive field...

Passive mode-locking in quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) remains one of the huge challenges because of the fast relaxation time of the excited carriers which is typically in the range of sub-picoseconds. The use of conventional techniques such as the semiconductor saturable absorber mirror is inefficient because the spatial hole burning effect dominat...

The active mode-locking technique of quantum cascade lasers is highly affected by the bias current level and the magnitude of the modulated signal because of the spatial hole burning effect. The laser generates a stable pulse train near the threshold current and for a high modulation magnitude. We show in this paper an improvement of these conditio...

Reverberation chambers (RCs) are now a reliable alternative to anechoic chambers to perform antenna radiation ef- ficiency measurements. Most methods, including the two-antenna one used in this paper, are based on the evaluation of the stirred components of the scattering parameters. They are obtained by subtracting the average scattering parameter...

In this paper, we discuss the passive modelocking of the Quantum Cascade Laser incorporating two thin absorbing layers over the gain medium. Based on self-induced transparency (SIT) effect in such structure, it has been demonstrated a potential modelocking by interleaving gain and absorbing layers. We propose here a simplified structure designed by...

This paper reports the design, simulation and experimental validation of an accurate liquid sensing technique in the nano-liter range. It is suitable for the detection and quantification of very small contents of liquid samples containing biological cells. The biosensor is based on an open-ended interdigitated capacitor (IDC) within a microfluidic...

This article presents a contactless measurement method for antenna radiation efficiency estimation within reverberation chambers (RCs). This method does not require to connect any analyzer to the antenna under test (AUT). The AUT radiation efficiency is obtained from the differential measurement of the RC composite ${Q}$ -factor estimated for two...

This paper presents a contactless measurement method for antenna radiation efficiency estimation within reverberation chambers (RCs). This method does not require to connect any analyzer to the antenna under test (AUT). The AUT radiation efficiency is obtained from the differential measurement of the RC composite $Q$-factor estimated for two AUT lo...

The passive estimation of impulse responses from ambient noise correlations arouses increasing interest in seismology, acoustics, optics, and electromagnetism. Assuming the equipartition of the noise field, the cross-correlation function measured with noninvasive receiving probes converges towards the difference of the causal and anticausal Green's...

The passive estimation of impulse responses from ambient noise correlations arouses increasing interest in seismology, acoustics, optics and electromagnetism. Assuming the equipartition of the noise field, the cross-correlation function measured with non-invasive receiving probes converges towards the difference of the causal and anti-causal Green'...

This paper presents the antenna gain pattern estimation from backscattering coefficient measurement performed within a reverberation chamber (RC). The antenna backscattering coefficient is measured for two load conditions, namely an open circuit and a 50Ω load, enabling to distinguish the radiation and structural modes from the total backscattered...

Cette communication s'interesse à une technique passive d'estimation de la fonction de transfert entre an-tennes en chambre réverbérante à brassage de modes. En exploitant l'inter-corrélation du champ électromagnétique diffus généré par une unique antenne en émission, nous démontrons que la réponse impulsionnelle entre deux antennes en réception pe...

The impulse response between two receiving antennas can be retrieved via cross-correlation techniques leveraging field uniformity within a reverberation chamber (RC). Exploiting the diffuse wave field generated by rotation of a mechanical mode stirrer inside an RC excited by a single transmitting antenna, we demonstrate the convergence of the cross...

This paper deals with the ability to perform radar cross-section (RCS) pattern measurements within reverberation chambers (RCs). The characterization principle is based on the estimation of the back-scattered field from the target at a far-field distance and takes advantage of the diffuse field within the RC. A frequency sweep of scattering paramet...

A plane electromagnetic (em) wave, amplitude- and frequency-modulated as a linear chirp, is incident on a dielectric sphere that hosts an eccentric, spherical, pec (perfect electric conductor) inclusion. This radiation problem is solved in the frequency domain by use of symmetry-dependent, spherical eigenvectors, the end-result being a set of linea...

In this paper, we investigate the impact of the periodicity along three orthogonal axes of the blue wing scales of Morpho butterflies, whereas most of the previous studies modeled the scale structure only considering one or two photonic crystal dimensions. Moreover, the previous optical studies of these scales focused on the light reflected by the...

Research works done in the last years have shown a growing interest for antenna characterization measurements within Reverberation Chambers (RCs). Several studies on antenna characterization within RCs have led to interesting results for gain, radiation pattern and efficiency. In this work, a similar study is conducted at frequencies close to the L...

The cross-correlation between diffuse field at two receiving antennas is very nearly equal to the direct response of one antenna to an impulse applied at the other one. Exploiting the diffuse wave field generated by rotation of a mechanical mode stirrer inside a reverberation chamber (RC) excited by a single transmitting antenna, we outline the con...

This article reports an open-ended coplanar waveguide line (OE-CPW) allowing the characterization of a liquid medium by dielectric spectroscopy within the 0.4-6 GHz frequency range. This proposed technology allows characterization of a medium placed in an integrated microfluidic channel located at the end of the CPW line. The medium under test occu...

Scattering of a corrugated plane wave (cpw) by a sphere is formulated by a pair-of-waves (pow) approach, whereby the incident wavefront is considered as a continuum of sinusoidal wavefronts and any such constituent is considered as a pair of equal-amplitude, plane, electromagnetic (em) waves which may be in- or out-of-phase and may assume either of...

This paper presents the evaluation of the Radar Cross Section (RCS) of a metallic object by measurements accomplished within the diffuse-field environment produced by a Reverberation Chamber (RC). The method is based on the extraction of the ballistic wave between the antenna and the target that is mixed with the backscattering response of the RC....

Antenna characterization using reverberation chamber (RC) has become the new trend in RC measurements. In this work, we compare three antenna characterization methods in RC. These methods are applied in order to determine the radiation efficiency of a patch and a log-periodic antenna. Results are compared and show good coherence. The accuracy of th...

This paper presents the evaluation of the Radar Cross Section (RCS) of a metallic object by measurements accomplished within the diffuse-field environment produced by a Reverberation Chamber (RC). The method is based on the extraction of the ballistic wave between the antenna and the target that is mixed with the backscattering response of the RC....

This is paper reports a new instrumented microdevice which allows the characterization of liquid media by dielectric spectroscopy. Coplanar waveguides (CPW) in an open-ended configuration are used within a microfluidic channel and compared according to the shape of the aperture: single open-end or interdigitated capacitor. These microdevices are us...

This is paper reports a new instrumented microdevice which allows the characterization of liquid media by dielectric spectroscopy. Coplanar waveguides (CPW) in an open-ended configuration are used within a microfluidic channel and compared according to the shape of the aperture: single open-end or interdigitated capacitor. These microdevices are us...

This presentation provides insights on the use of magnetic near-field measurements for current sources reconstruction in circuits carrying radiofrequency (RF) signals. A current network based approach allows the current sources values from a measured or simulated magnetic-field network by inverse problem resolution. Complex tangential magnetic fiel...

For the first time, we show that the density of nanostructures on Black Silicon obtained by wafer-level cryogenic plasma processing increases with a high level of doping, extending the spectral range of its very high absorptivity from near-infrared to far-infrared. We have found experimentally and confirmed by simulations that, for highly doped Bla...

In this paper, we aim at highlighting the specific roles of the geometry and loading in a mode-stirred reverberation chamber. A geometrical modification is achieved through the introduction of several metallic caps on the cavity walls, in order to fulfill chaoticity requirements. Loading modifications are achieved by putting absorbers on ground. Te...

Cet article présente la mesure de la Surface Équivalente Radar d'une plaque métallique en Chambre Réverbérante à Brassage de Modes. Les résultats montrent que la mesure dépend fortement de l'environnement et en particulier de la position du brasseur de modes. Une méthode fondée sur l'utilisation d'une valeur moyennée sur un tour de brasseur est dév...

Alors que les mesures en Chambre Réverbérante (CR) se sont focalisées dans les premiers temps sur les mesures de compatibilité électromagnétique, les travaux effectués ces dernières années montrent une extension des mesures en CR vers la caractérisation d'antennes ou systèmes antennaires. Plusieurs études se sont déjà intéressées à la caractérisati...

This paper presents a novel approach to accurately extract the resonant modes of a mode-stirred reverberation chamber (RC) from measured transmission coefficient. This approach neither requires measurements with a fine stirrer rotation step nor assumes the pole continuity over a stirrer rotation. First, the number of modes to be extracted by the ma...

This study presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of a square open-loop resonator (SOLR) on high resistivity silicon substrate feed with a planar Goubau line (PGL), which is a very low-loss transmission line around 60 GHz fabricated through a very simple and low-cost process. Electromagnetic simulations using ANSYS high frequency structu...

In this paper, a stable optofluidic Fabry-Pérot (FP) resonator consisting of silicon cylindrical Bragg mirrors combined with a central capillary-tube is investigated. The cylindrical Bragg mirrors provides an in-plane confinement of light while the central capillary tube full of fluid improves the out-of-plane light confinement. Through the Finite-...

Antenna characterization using reverberation chamber is being widely used and therefore several measurement techniques have been proposed. In this paper, the characterization technique based on two antennas is used in order to determine the radiation efficiency of a patch antenna. This work is conducted in two different configurations of a reverber...

The influence of the lateral scaling such as emitter width and length on the frequency behavior of SiGe bipolar transistor is experimentally studied. Electrical transistors of different emitter sizes are designed and fabricated by using a commercial bipolar transistor technology. The effect of peripheral current and collector current spreading on e...

Ce papier présente l’extraction des modes résonants d’une Chambre Réverbérante à Brassage de Modes à l’ aide de l’ algorithme Matrix Pencil (MP). Le nombre de modes extraits par MP étant généralement supérieur au nombre de résonances physiques, l’objectif est de trouver de nouveaux critères permettant de discriminer les modes physiques de la cavité...

Electromagnetic scattering of a Gaussian beam by an off-axis dielectric sphere is treated by the sum-of-waves formulation, which is inherent in Lorenz–Mie theory. Each “wave” is a spherical eigenvector, defined in the natural frame of the scatterer, and the coefficient of that wave is the “wave amplitude.” Decomposition of the beam into homogeneous...

This paper presents the extraction of the modes resonating inside a mode-stirred reverberation chamber using the Matrix Pencil method. An increasing time-window technique is investigated as a process to discriminate the true modes and the spurious ones that appear due to the measurement noise.

This paper presents a fifth order stepped impedance low-pass filter using low loss Planar Goubau Line (PGL) technology on high resistivity Silicon substrate at millimeter-wave frequencies. The filter is simulated and optimized using 3D full-wave electromagnetic field simulations performed on HFSS (High Frequency Simulator Structure). On-wafer measu...

A method of studying energy localization effects in a reverberation chamber is proposed and applied to simulation results. Its application to field spatial distributions of a classical reverberation chamber equipped with a mode stirrer shows a strong energy localization phenomenon of damaging effect on the field homogeneity. From the energy distrib...

This paper demonstrates the experimental study of edge and top illuminated SiGe phototransistors (HPT) implemented using the existing industrial SiGe2RF Telefunken GmbH BiCMOS technology for opto-microwave (OM) applications using 850nm Multi-Mode Fibers (MMF). Its technology and structure are described. Two different optical window size HPTs with t...

This work reports a simple, miniaturized optical sensing module for liquid refractometry. It is based on a stable Fabry–Pérot resonator consisting of two silicon cylindrical mirrors with a cylindrical lens in between. The lens is formed by a capillary tube through which the analyte passes. This setup enables volume refractometry, where light propag...

A 10 × 10 μm 2 SiGe heterojunction bipolar photo-transistor (HPT) is fabricated using a commercial technological process of 80 GHz SiGe bipolar transistors (HBT). Its technology and structure are first briefly described. Its optimal opto-microwave dynamic performance is then analyzed versus voltage biasing conditions for opto-microwave continuous w...

The first edge illuminated SiGe phototransistor based on the available commercial SiGe/Si BiCMOS technology for a low-cost detector or mixer in radio-over-fibre applications. Its technology and structure are described. Edge mapping of the phototransistor performances, so as to observe the fastest and the highest sensitive areas of the structure, is...

This paper provides a study on the substrate effect on the opto-microwave behavior of Silicon-Germanium Heterojunction bipolar Photo-Transistors (HPT). An Opto-Microwave Scanning Near Field Optical Microscopy (OM-SNOM) is performed to observe the distribution of photocurrent and dynamic behavior over the structure of the phototransistor. The photoc...

An alternative approach to the International Standard criteria used to assess the well-operating of a reverberation chamber (RC) is proposed. The considered indicators, inspired from studies on chaotic cavities, rely on the properties of the cavity resonant frequencies. The new proposed approach aims to reduce the measurement duration and improve t...

This article presents a study of the intensity statistics of the electromagnetic response in a chaotic reverberation chamber (RC) in the presence of losses. Through an experimental investigation, intensity statistics of the response in a conventional mode-stirred RC are compared with those in a chaotic RC in the neighborhood of the Lowest Useable F...

Un phototransistor SiGe/Si de 10x10μm2 est intégré dans une technologie bipolaire 80GHz de Telefunken GmbH. L’effet du substrat est analysé pour la première fois en appliquant une technique de microscopie optique champ proche (SNOM) optique-microonde. Le substrat présente une responsivité de 0,307A/W. Le phototransistor possède une fréquence de cou...

In the present paper, the reduced spectral reflectance properties of silicon micro/nanostructures are studied. In the aim of implementing a predictive reflectance simulation model based on surface topography, an alternative design method of an equivalent unit cell is proposed, where the dimensions and shape are determined based on statistical param...

Using the knowledge gained from the wave chaos theory, we present simple shapes of resonant cavities obtained by inserting metallic hemispheres or caps on the walls of a parallelepiped-shaped cavity. The presented simulation results show a significant improvement of the field statistical properties when the number of hemispheres or caps increases,...