Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale

• University of Windsor

Rates of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are higher in urban slums than in other types of human settlements. Although the mitigation of both urban slums and IPVAW fall under the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, there is a paucity of work addressing the interconnection between the two. Using survey and interview data, this study e...

This article uses survey data from 131 women living in urban slums in Kenya to explore associations between stigma, stigma challenges, empowerment, and disclosure of intimate partner violence (IPV). A total of 81.7% of women reported informal or formal disclosure of IPV. A bystander offering help and experiencing stigma were associated with signifi...

HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) communities in Canada. ACB women are overrepresented in new HIV infections compared with Canada’s general population. Sexual concurrent relationships and multiple sex partners are factors that may spread HIV and other sexually transmitted infections more rapidly among this grou...

Socio-environmental factors such as neighborhood quality are increasingly recognized drivers of HIV disparities. Additionally, HIV- related stigma heightens HIV vulnerability among youth in the African Diaspora. However, little research examines the intersection of neighborhood quality and HIV- related stigma. This study uses survey data (N=495) fr...

Racialized diasporic communities in Canada experience disproportionate burden of HIV infection. Their increased vulnerabilities are associated with interlocking challenges, including barriers in accessing resources, migration and settlement stress, and systemic exclusion. Further, people living with HIV (PLHIV) in these diasporic communities face s...

The disproportionate HIV burden shared by African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) populations in Canada has not been explained by unique sexual behaviors in this population. This study investigates partner selection and sexual networking as potential contributors to HIV vulnerability. The study examines variations in the characteristics of sexual partn...

As in other parts of sub-Saharan Africa, youth in Kenya report low rates of condom use. Although several studies have explored reasons for the low condom use among Kenyan youth, not many have established linkages between lack of use and normative beliefs and attitudes around condoms. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this article examined...

Recent deaths of African-Americans at the hands of police and the creation of the protest movement Black Lives Matter has brought public attention to claims of racial profiling and police discrimination in the United States. In Canada, concerns about racial profiling centre on the disproportionate number of visible minority, particularly African-di...

Academic entitlement, a term that defines students’ expectations of academic success independent of performance, has been linked with a number of maladaptive behaviors. This study examined the potential relationship between academic entitlement and prospective workplace entitlement in a sample of Canadian students (N=1024) using an online survey. M...

A poverty-HIV narrative has dominated many HIV prevention strategies in Africa despite epidemiological data showing higher prevalence of infection among educated and wealthier women in several African countries. This paper examines the perspectives of professional and entrepreneurial women on HIV risk and vulnerability based on their knowledge and...

The stigma associated with gender-based violence (GBV) exacerbates its physical and mental health impacts, as well as the chances of experiencing additional violence. We extend understanding of this stigma and its effects by demonstrating how stigma operates as a mechanism of social control at both interactional and structural levels to preserve th...

Bronfenbrenner's social ecology model was used to examine macro-, micro-, individual-, situational-, and chrono-levels of influence on condom use among unmarried African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) Canadian youth. Gender-segregated bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify social-ecological levels of influence on c...

HIV-related stigma has been shown to undermine prevention, care, treatment, and the well-being of people living with HIV. A disproportion burden of HIV infection, as well as elevated levels of HIV-related stigma, is evidenced in sub-Saharan African (SSA) and African-diasporic populations. This study explores factors that influence HIV-related stigm...

Canadian studies have examined patterns of sexual behaviour and health based on age, gender, and geographical regions, but typically ignored the increasing ethnic diversity in Canada's population. In large part this is because sampling techniques tend to produce insufficient numbers of youth in specific ethnic groups for detailed analysis. This pap...

Context: The increasing prevalence of autism since the 1990s has led to growing demand for sex education that meets the needs of persons on the autism spectrum. Yet there is a dearth of research documenting the firsthand experiences and perspectives of autistic individuals. Methods: A thematic analysis was conducted of in-depth, Internet-facilit...

Context: Delaying sexual debut is an important HIV prevention strategy, yet few studies have examined associations between both community- and individual-level characteristics and sexual debut among youth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: Cross-sectional survey data collected from 8,183 youth aged 11-17 in 160 schools in Nyanza, Kenya, were used t...

Objectives: This study examined the timing of sexual debut among youth in Edo state, Nigeria given the role that sexual abstinence plays in HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: Survey data were collected from rural youth aged 11 to 17 years old enrolled in Junior Secondary Schools in Edo State, Nigeria. Discrete-time hazard techniques wer...

La migration des Asiatiques du Sud d’un pays à un autre devient de plus en plus commune. Ce mouvement soulève les enjeux post migratoires qui affectent la seconde génération des Asiatiques du Sud, qui doivent négocier une socialisation assez conflictuelle entre les deux générations, en s’adaptant aux valeurs, aux croyances, aux attitudes et pratiqu...

School-based programmes to combat the spread of HIV have been demonstrated to be effective over the short-term when delivered on a small scale. The question addressed here is whether results obtained with small-scale delivery are replicable in large-scale roll-out. Primary School Action for Better Health (PSABH), a programme to train teachers to de...

The policy framework guiding Kenya's response to the AIDS epidemic identifies voluntary counseling and testing as crucial to risk reduction and HIV-preventive activities. Yet in Kenya, as in most sub-Saharan countries, voluntary testing rates are low, especially among young people. Using hierarchical linear models, we identify both individual- and...

Being and belonging to a South Asian family in Canada does not come without struggles. One theme that has consistently dominated the literature on South Asian immigrant families is the competing cultural value systems that exist between the East (heritage country) and the West (host country). The two cultural scripts adhere to contradictory lifesty...

Background: Endocrine disrupting chemicals and carcinogens, some of which may not yet have been classified as such, are present in many occupational environments and could increase breast cancer risk. Prior research has identified associations with breast cancer and work in agricultural and industrial settings. The purpose of this study was to fur...

FACILITATING PEER RESEARCH ASSOCIATES TO BE HIV CHAMPIONS: EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE CHAMP STUDY Christian Hui 1; Henry Luyombya 1; Alan Li 1; Josephine Wong 1; Kenneth Poon 1; Ciro Bisignano 1; Dale Maitland 1; Francisco Corroy 1; Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale 5; Kenneth Fung 5; 1 Committee for Accessible AIDS Treatment; 2 Regent Park Comm...

This research explores how South Asian youth in Canada use computer-mediated communication (CMC) such as social networking sites, cell phones and instant messaging in their cross-gender intimate relationships. Using 42 qualitative interviews conducted with second-generation South Asian Canadians living in the Greater Toronto Area and Durham region,...

The negative impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic has been a major challenge to sub-Saharan Africa. Although the rate of new HIV infections in sub-continent has decreased, the total number of people living with HIV continues to rise. Most of the people infected with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa are within the age bracket of 15 to 35 years. It has been...

Thirty years into combating the spread of HIV through behaviour change interventions experience has grown in the application of multiple approaches from one-for-one counseling and small group workshops, information sessions, and activities to large-scale rallies and mass media campaigns with reducing the spread of HIV. These approaches have been va...

This paper is based on an international study, HIV Prevention for Rural Youth (HP4RY) 2008-2012, designed to examine the state of, and teach about, sexual health and HIV/AIDS in Edo State, Nigeria. The paper focuses on the mixed methods used in this study, paying attention to the meaning of collaboration and participation in research in a cross-con...

This paper focuses on the community component of a larger action research project on HIV Prevention for Rural Youth (HP4RY), funded by the Global Health Research Initiative (Canada). It began with ethnographic research in 10 communities selected using geographic representative sampling and random assignment to one of three research arms. Using the...

This study examined the impact of two interventions delivered in rural communities and schools in Edo State, Nigeria designed to decrease youth vulnerability to HIV infection. The Ministry of Education approved Family Life and HIV Education (FLHE) programme delivered in Junior Secondary Schools and a community-based initiative to raise AIDS Compete...

Despite the significant contributions of the various North-South research partnerships during the past five decades to enhancing research capacity in the South, they have faced a number of challenges associated with the various partnerships. There have been limited attempts to critically examine the successes and challenges associated with these pa...

Keywords Reflexivity and acknowledging the role of the researcher in the research is a well-established practice in post-positivist research. In this paper we use reflexivity to examine our personal experiences in conducting qualitative research. We use reflexivity to understand how our intersecting identities and resulting insider/outsider status...

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the region with the world’s highest rates of HIV and other sexually transmissible infections (STIs), yet numerous studies show that condom use is generally rare. This suggests a need for a better understanding of how condoms fit within sexual practices and relationships in SSA. This paper seeks to address this need by re...

Immigration presents a major life challenge, especially when the move is both geographical and across wide cultural divides. One of the areas of greatest challenge is in adjustments in gender and marital roles, perhaps because both of these are so close to the core of identity, self esteem, and sense of place in the world. This paper reports on res...

This article examines the practice of directly exchanging goods for sexual intercourse using data from 36 focus-group discussions with youth living in rural southern Nigeria. Conceptualizing this practice as a sexual script, the authors conduct a deductive thematic analysis framed by the broader context in which sexual exchange occurs. Combining sc...

Belief in superstition and witchcraft is central to many African conceptions of illness, disease causation and etiology. While a number of anthropological studies have alluded to a theoretical link between such beliefs and HIV prevention in particular, there is limited empirical assessment of the association. Using data from the 2008 Ghana Demograp...

En septembre 2010, trois dispositions du Code criminel relatives à la prostitution ont été jugées inconstitutionnelles parce qu'elles contribuent à mettre en danger les personnes qui travaillent dans l'industrie du sexe (PTIS). En utilisant des données provenant d'études effectuées auprès de PTIS et d'informateurs clés dans plusieurs villes canadie...

Various studies have underscored the relevance of community-level factors to sexual behavior and HIV/AIDS prevention efforts in Africa. However, there is a paucity of research and theorizing in this area compared to the preponderance of prevention models that focus solely on individual-level factors. Using data from the Cape Area Panel Survey and h...

Despite knowledge of the effectiveness of condoms in preventing HIV transmission, condoms continue to be reported in only a minority of sexual encounters even with nonpermanent partners. This study used focus-group discussions with youth and interviews with community leaders from 22 communities in the Nyanza and Rift Valley provinces, Kenya, to exa...

Although several studies have emphasized the relevance of community level variables to AIDS prevention among young people in sub-Saharan Africa, few have tested the empirical connections between such variables and sexual behaviors. Using data from 3645 sexually experienced grade 6 and 7 students from 160 schools, modeled on Fisher and Fisher's info...

School-based programmes to combat the spread of HIV have been demonstrated to be effective over the short-term (i.e. 6–24 months), but few studies have addressed the sustainability of such interventions. Primary School Action for Better Health (PSABH) is an intervention delivered in upper primary-school grades in Kenya using regular classroom subje...

One approach in HIV prevention programming targeting youth is to use peer leaders in what is referred to as peer education programming. This paper critically reviews and synthesizes the results and lessons learned from 24 evaluated peer-led programs with an HIV/AIDS risk reduction component that target youth in the communities where they live and a...

The question addressed in this paper is whether the beneficial effects of Primary School Action for Better Health (PSABH), an HIV prevention programme delivered in Kenyan primary schools, continue once students move on to secondary schools. Questionnaires were completed in December 2005 and January 2006 by all form 1-3 students in 154 randomly sele...

Despite the relevance of the timing of first intercourse for the risk of HIV infection, few studies have examined postponement of first sex as a strategy to prevent infection. Survey data collected in October 2003 from 8,183 standard six and standard seven students aged 11-17 in 160 schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya, were used in logit and log-norm...

The 'Health Belief Model' (HBM) identifies perception of HIV/AIDS risks, recognition of its seriousness, and knowledge about prevention as predictors of safer sexual activity. Using data from the Cape Area Panel Survey (CAPS) and hazard models, this study examines the impact of risk perception, considered the first step in HIV prevention, set withi...

Sexual rights, the first of the eight Montreal Declarations adopted by the World Association for Sexual Health (WAS), are grounded within existing international human rights treaties, covenants and conventions and contribute to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (United Nations, 2005114. United Nations. 2005. The Millennium Development Goal...

Despite a comprehensive reproductive health program there is little sex education available in Iran. In this article we present results of a study conducted to identify content area for a proposed sex education program for married Iranian women. Twenty-one married female clients (23–45years) and 18 reproductive health providers, recruited from urba...

A profile of the sexual health and behaviours of contemporary Canadian adolescents is developed based on current research and compared to adolescents in the latter half of the 20th century. While notable changes occurred in the sexual lives of youth between the late 1950s and the early 1990s, the patterns of behaviour established in the latter part...

This paper examined the everyday challenges, Stressors and coping strategies of orphans affected by HIV/AIDS in Nyanza, Kenya. A thematic analysis of six focus group discussions with orphans was guided by Stress and Coping Theoretical Framework. The orphans reported intense stress at the time of their parents' death with their immediate concern bei...

The question of whether primary schools in Kenya can take on community-based activities beyond their day-to-day functioning, emerged from a larger HIV/AIDS education and prevention program—Primary School Action for Better Health (PSABH). The methodology involved both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative component was based on 1...

This study examined the impact of a primary-school HIV education initiative on the knowledge, self-efficacy and sexual and condom use activities of upper primary-school pupils in Kenya. A quasi-experimental mixed qualitative-quantitative pre- and 18-month post-design using 40 intervention and 40 matched control schools demonstrated significant prog...

Sexual health is increasingly understood as an integral part of health. In Canada, education for sexual health is delivered predominantly in middle and secondary school. What of adults who immigrate to Canada from countries where sex education is not delivered to youth? This paper explores the needs and experiences of one such group of Canadian imm...

This paper examined the everyday challenges, stressors and coping strategies of orphans affected by HIV/AIDS in Nyanza, Kenya. A thematic analysis of six focus group discussions with orphans was guided by Stress and Coping Theoretical Framework. The orphans reported intense stress at the time of their parents' death with their immediate concern bei...

Iran is a country with an established coherence of Islamic teachings and laws (Shari'a) with state laws and government policies. Iran has contributed growing numbers of immigrants to the Canadian population. Iranian immigrants bring to Canada ways of thinking about sexual relationships rooted in understandings of human nature and social order that...

A local collaborative process was launched in Windsor, Ontario, Canada to explore the role of occupation as a risk factor for cancer. An initial hypothesis-generating study found an increased risk for breast cancer among women aged 55 years or younger who had ever worked in farming. On the basis of this result, a 2-year case-control study was under...

Triandis' theory of interpersonal behavior was used to analyze factors related to condom use among Canadian spring-break vacationers in Daytona Beach, Florida, who had engaged in coital activity with existing relationship partners (N= 46) or casual partners (N= 121). Intention to use condoms explained 36% of the variance in condom use with relation...

To identify successful HIV/AIDS prevention interventions targeting youths and delivered in geographically bounded communities (for example, rural villages, urban settlements or neighbourhoods) in developing countries. A systematic review and synthesis of studies evaluating interventions that were published between January 1990 and December 2004 was...

Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened potential for risk-taking behaviours that have important implications for health and well-being. This study uses social capital to understand social influences on adolescent risk-taking in the Canadian context. Using data from the National Population Health Survey (NPHS), the paper c...

This paper reports results from a study of sex work occupations conducted in a large city in Canada that included women, men, and transsexual/transgender (TS/TG) sex workers. Descriptions of work provided by participants (escorts, exotic dancers, masseuses, and street workers) were used to examine how risk and safety were experienced and managed wi...

The paper reports the findings of a qualitative study using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews about the challenges faced by widows as they confront the direct and indirect impacts of HIV/AIDS in Nyanza, Kenya. Two focus groups were conducted with widows from two community-based organizations. This was followed by in-depth interviews w...

This case study focused on the steps taken by a Canadian city bordering the United States to manage the commercial sex component of an adult entertainment package that draws many American visitors. It explored how the city dealt with the potential of community stigmatization resulting from its growing reputation as a place for easily accessible sex...

The scripting of sexual encounters among young people in Kenyan is described using results of 28 focus group discussions conducted with young people attending primary school standard 7, from four different ethnic groups and living in 22 different communities. Sexual encounters were described as both mundane and inevitable and followed a predetermin...

Community-based action research has received increased attention in health research as an important vehicle for both knowledge creation and community capacity-building. This approach to research is value-driven, attuned to power issues, committed to stakeholder participation, and action-oriented. Efforts to build capacity within the health research...

The high rate of HIV infection among youth in Africa has prompted both national and international attention. Education and prevention programmes are seen as the primary way of decreasing this rate. This paper reviews 11 published and evaluated school-based HIV/AIDS risk reduction programmes for youth in Africa. Most evaluations were quasi-experimen...

There is a need to widen the practice of health psychologists to include the theories and methods of community psychology and an awareness of contemporary issues in community health. The aim of such a community health psychology would be both to deepen our understanding of the aetiology of health and illness in society and to develop strategies tha...

The sexuality of women at midlife has received insufficient attention in social scientific inquiry. This is troubling given the number of women in this age group and the tendency to emphasize biomedical over social factors in research on the sexual health issues that may affect women at midlife. This paper reviews the literature on female sexuality...

This study of the casual sexual partnering of 570 male and 776 female Australian high school students on a schoolies week vacation expands on earlier research on factors that influence the sexual activity of vacationing youth. Over 60% of the men and nearly 40% of the women who engaged in sexual intercourse during schoolies week did so with a casua...

This paper offers a critique of patient-deficit models of adherence by examining the articulation of dosing schedules and food prohibitions with the structure of everyday lives. Interviews with 31 men and 4 women taking HAART show that doses associated with regular daily life events are most consistently taken, but many individuals rework official...

The authors describe the labor force experiences of people living with HIV and AIDS (PHAs) who are taking combination therapies using information from in-depth interviews conducted in 1999 and 2000 in the Windsor and Essex County region of Canada with 35 PHAs. They analyze labor force experience contextually, setting it within the contexts of perso...

This paper describes the experiences with sexual intimacy in a sample of people living with HIV or AIDS (PHAs) and using combination anti-retroviral therapies (CTs). Results were based on semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 31 men and 4 women living in Canada, in 1999-2000. Struggles with persistent absence of libido, dealing with disclosure,...

This article addresses AIDS as a pandemic of changing social conditions. It reviews the form and consequences of several persistent responses to AIDS (denial, marginalization and urgency) both from within the context of the epidemic in North America and globally. Sociologists are called on to see AIDS as a rich environment for the application and t...

Context: Differences among developed countries in teenagers' patterns of sexual and reproductive behavior may partly reflect differences in the extent of disadvantage. However, to date, this potential contribution has received little attention. Methods: Researchers in Canada, France, Great Britain, Sweden and the United States used the most current...

Context: Adolescent pregnancy, birth, abortion and sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates are much higher in the United States than in most other developed countries. Methods: Government statistics or nationally representative survey data were supplemented with data collected by private organizations or for regional or local populations to conduc...

This paper assesses the current sexual health status of Canadian youth in relation to sexually transmitted infection, pregnancy rates and sexual practices. The paper begins with a discussion of the social and historical context of adolescence and adolescent sexuality in Canada. Of particular importance in understanding adolescent sexuality is that,...

This commentary examines and critiques a recent research report (DiCenso, Guyatt, Willan, & Griffith, 2002) and subsequent media coverage suggesting that adolescent sex education programs "don't work". Evidence supporting the efficacy of adolescent sexual health education programs is described and priority issues for the field are identified.

The population health promotion model directs our attention to the impact of public policy, and the interface between various levels of policy, on health and well-being. This model is applied in a case study of the effect of municipal licensing of the escort industry on the health and well-being of escorts in Windsor, Ontario. Attention to municipa...

The health and safety of women who work as exotic dancers are firmly embedded within the social organization of the strip club and the broader social, economic and political context of the work of exotic dancing. Exotic dancers in this study expressed health concerns associated with: the effects of costuming and appearance requirements; dirty work...

Canada has a reliable national data base on rates of teen pregnancy and reportable sexually transmitted infection (STI) and these measures are often used as indicators of trends in adolescent sexual health. In contrast, access to routinely-gathered, national-level information on the sexual health-related behaviour of adolescents and young adults is...

Triandis' theory of interpersonal behavior was used to analyze factors related to condom use among Canadian spring-break vacationers in Daytona Beach, Florida, who had engaged in coital activity with existing relationship partners (N = 46) or casual partners (N = 121). Intention to use condoms explained 36% of the variance in condom use with relati...

This article examines the social and cultural factors that influence the vulnerability of female exotic dancers to sexually transmitted infections. Results are based on a qualitative, exploratory study using observations in 10 clubs and in-depth interviews with 30 dancers in southern Ontario. The social and cultural context within which exotic danc...

In rural Northeast Thailand, risk of sexual transmission of HIV is popularly perceived to be site-specific. Risk of HIV transmission in local scenarios like cattle markets and village festivals has not been adequately addressed. This paper assesses the use of community consultation and formative research to overcome prevailing assumptions about HIV...

This paper describes a community-based HIV prevention program designed to improve confidence in condom use skills by giving community members ‘hands-on’ experience in using condoms correctly. A condom race activity which had been effective in increasing condom skills confidence among university students in the US was modified and implemented with t...

Using Triandis's theory of interpersonal behavior, we analyzed factors related to casual sex among Canadian university students on a spring break vacation. Two samples were obtained: 151 students completed a questionnaire before a spring break trip to Daytona Beach, Florida and 681 completed a questionnaire during or immediately following the vacat...