Elaine Heiby

• PhD Univ.of Illinois Chicago
• Professor Emeritus at University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa

Although research on the psychological correlates of ocean surfing is scarce, substantial anecdotal evidence suggests that the sport offers a uniquely positive experience. Prior research has demonstrated that surfers report fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety than normative groups, but no explanation has been identified. Greater spirituality h...

Since the mid 1980s, clinical psychology has been debating whether to expand its scope of practice to include the functions of independently prescribing physicians throughout the United States and of advanced nurse practitioners in 14 states. The debate has focused primarily on what constitutes adequate medical training for licensed psychologists g...

This study aimed to examine the temporal patterning of pain acceptance-based coping, activity, and mood in patients with complex regional pain syndrome Type I (CRPS-I), by using a daily diary method. A total of 30 patients with CRPS-I seeking treatment in a tertiary pain management center located in Seoul, Korea participated in the study. Multileve...

Accepting pain rather than trying to control it has been the focus of recent pain management research. Pain acceptance often has been assessed using the chronic pain acceptance questionnaire (CPAQ). This study aimed to evaluate the factor structure and other psychometric properties of a Korean language version of the CPAQ (KCPAQ). This study used t...

Background: Self-management or self-control interventions are considered to have strong support as effective treatments for disorders related to volition and emotion management, and five self-report instruments have been designed to measure self-management skills to aid in assessment and treatment. Aim: The current study was designed to provide gui...

Preference of types of social support may vary across recipients, and social support that is less than the amount preferred may be associated with depressed mood. This study aimed to investigate the interaction effects between pain controllability and discrepancy in social support and the additive utility of discrepancy in social support over perce...

Sixty-seven clients with severe and persistent mental illnesses (SPMI) recruited from community mental health centers were interviewed to assess their subjective quality of life, self-efficacy, importance of ethnic matching and level of working alliance (WA) with their clinicians. Results revealed that clients in the ethnically matched group report...

This study aimed to evaluate processes from the mutual maintenance model in relation to daily functioning in patients with both chronic pain and a history of a traumatic experience. The mechanism illustrated the structural relations for daily functioning among pain intensity, hyperarousal, re-experiencing, trauma avoidance, and pain avoidance. Arch...

Unlabelled: Mindfulness involves reducing potential influences from aversive cognitions, sensations, and emotions on behavior. Mindfulness may influence the experience of pain-related anxiety, and thereby enhance other aspects of physical and psychosocial functioning. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate a potential mediating role of...

The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS-20) consists of 20 items designed to assess four aspects of pain-related anxiety: cognitive anxiety, escape-avoidance behaviors, fear of pain, and physiological symptoms of anxiety. Although the PASS-20 is a well-established measure of pain-related anxiety in Western samples, different cultures may yield a diff...

Mood disorders refer to conditions involving maladaptive expression of any of three basic emotions—sadness, happiness, and anger—and their corresponding thoughts and actions. These three emotions are usually considered to be naturally adaptive reactions to changes that involve loss, gain, or obstruction, respectively. Adaptive reactions to such cha...

This study explored whether elite artistic roller skaters grouped as low or high self-efficacy differed in terms of competition success. Correlates of self-efficacy, the emotional state delight, trait self-esteem, and sensory-motor skills were also inspected. Self-report measures were obtained from 29 athletes before an Artistic Roller Skating Worl...

This Commentary on the Muse and McGrath study (this issue, pp. 96-103) refutes its conclusion that the amount of training for prescription privileges for psychologists (RxP) is equal to or greater than that for psychiatric nurse practitioners and physicians. First, the sample failed to include only training programs for nurses and psychologists tha...

There is evidence to suggest that individuals with high level of neurotic personality traits tend to underestimate social support that they receive. In addition, a few studies have demonstrated that pain catastrophizing (PC) mediates the relations between neuroticism and pain-related dependent variables (e.g., depression, pain intensity). To better...

At least three types of social support have been identified: informational, instrumental, and emotional. Considerable evidence suggests that social support helps individuals reduce and cope with psychological distress. However, preference of specific types of social support varies across recipients, and inadequate social support could elicit lower...

This study is a preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Korean language version of the Health Behavior Schedule-II as a predictor of compliance or adherence to 12 health related habits. The 12 habits are (1) performing breast self-exams; (2) obtaining pap smear screens; (3) taking medication as prescribed; (4) not smoking cigarettes; (5) wearing...

The test-retest reliability and content and construct validity of the Health Behavior Schedule II were examined. The Health Behavior Schedule II is a self-report intended to assess 45 potential predictors of compliance for 12 mainstream health practices: (1) eating a healthy diet, (2) exercising regularly, (3) flossing teeth daily, (4) protecting s...

In an extension of maladaptive behavior determinism (MBD) theory, which states that ordered behavior patterns over time are suggestive of disease states, we examined the relation between leisure activity and health behavior over time. MBD is derived from complexity or chaos theory. It was hypothesized that, over time, increased activity levels woul...

The Health Behavior Schedule -II for Diabetes (HBS-IID) is a 27-item questionnaire that was evaluated as a predictor of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). The HBS-IID was completed by 96 adults with Type 2 diabetes. Recent glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c and fasting blood glucose results were taken from participants’ medical records. Only 31.3%...

The Health Compliance Model-II (HCM-II) is posited to address the multivariate, dynamic, and idiosyncratic nature of predicting adherence to health behaviors. The HCM-II advances upon the original Model (E.M. Heiby & J.C. Carlson, 1986) by emphasizing emotional causal variables indicated by a psychological behaviorism framework (A.W. Staats, 1996)....

This study compares the psychometric characteristics of four questionnaires designed to assess self-control skills: the Self-Control Questionnaire, the Frequency of Self-Reinforcement Questionnaire, the Cognitive Self-Management Test, and the Lifestyle Approaches Inventory. Content validity was judged to be fairly comparable by three raters in Stud...

This study explored whether elite artistic skating athletes differ from elite inline speed skating athletes in terms of mood as assessed before and after competi-tion. Its secondary purpose was to determine whether mood states in athletes generally differ before competition, as compared to after. Thirty-nine athletes in artistic and inline speed sk...

This article presents the comments of Elaine M. Heiby and Patrick H. DeLeon during a debate on prescription privileges for psychologists held at the August 2002 convention of the American Psychological Association (APA). The debate began with DeLeon presenting arguments in favor of the APA logical policy on this issue, followed by Heiby presenting...

Behavioral Assessment, one of four volumes in the Comprehensive Handbook of Psychological Assessment, presents the history, conceptual foundations, methods, applications, and future directions of behavioral assessment. In the first chapter of Section One, we present an overview of behavioral assessment and discuss the definition and distinguishing...

This study inspected the deterministic structure of unipolar depression. Two women self-monitored sadness hourly 10 times a day for 6 months. One woman had a recurrent history of unipolar depression, and the other did not. Data were analyzed by visual inspection, examination of the Fourier transforms of the time plots, and the correlation dimension...

This entry presents a definition of major depression and the prevalence of this mood disorder among older adults. While dozens of theories of depression have been proposed over the past century, the two most significant ones in terms of generating research, treatment, and prevention approaches will be noted: an organic theory and a psychosocial the...

This study explored the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by degree of use (nonuse, light, moderate, and heavy) by patients with cancer as it relates to sociodemographic and disease characteristics, subjective well-being, and dissatisfaction with the health care system. Design and participants: One hundred and forty-three (143) pa...

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a multidimensional, culture-specific acculturation measure, the Khmer acculturation scale (KAS), for use with Cambodians living in the United States. The KAS development was guided by Berry's [W. H. Holtzman, T. Z. Bornemann (Eds.), (1990) Mental health of immigrants and refugees, Hogg Foundation for...

The Elder Life Adjustment Interview Schedule (ELAIS) was developed as an age- and culture-sensitive assessment device for depression and 9 environmental, behavioral, and health correlates (Schlatter et al., 1993, J. MARC Res. 1: 27–42). The psychometric adequacy of the ELAIS has been demonstrated with samples of elder Americans of Asian, Caucasian,...

The prescription privileges proposal may be one of the most widely debated and divisive issues organized psychology has ever faced. I argue that the concerns raised and evidence presented by Robiner et al. in this issue's article opposing prescription privileges justify an immediate review of American Psychological Association (APA) policy on presc...

The prescription privileges proposal may be one of the most widely debated and divisive issues organized psychology has ever faced. I argue that the concerns raised and evidence presented by Robiner et al. in this issue's article opposing prescription privileges justify an immediate review of American Psychological Association (APA) policy on presc...

This article summarizes the six primary arguments for and against prescription privileges for psychologists (PPP or RxP) that were presented in this special issue. Four articles addressed points made in the testimony in favor of PPP by the American Psychological Association. Six articles addressed points in the testimony against PPP by the American...

This article introduces papers addressing reasons to oppose prescription privileges for psychologists. The articles are organized in terms of six topics that appear in the testimony presented to state legislatures by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Association of Applied and Preventive Psychology (AAAPP). The six topic...

The self-control theory of psychopathology has contributed to the understanding and treatment of unipolar depression. This paper explores the relationship between self-control skills as measured by the Frequency of Self-reinforcement Questionnaire and other negative emotional states, with a focus on hostility. In Study 1, scores on the Brief Sympto...

This review addresses the etiology of bipolar disorder andpresents the literature within a psychological behaviorismframework (Staats, 1996; Staats & Heiby, 1985). The proposedtheory attempts to provide an integrative developmental approachthat is grounded in established behavioral principles. The bipolartheory posits 15 hypotheses based on past an...

The bi-directional nature of the neurovegetative symptoms of depression, as well as the differential response to antidepressant medications, underscore the existence of possible subtypes of this disorder. This study surveyed 56 physicians practicing psychiatry in Hawaii for opinions regarding the most effective antidepressant medication for the fol...

The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the 49-item Diabetes Time Management Questionnaire (DTMQ) in individuals with diabetes. The DTMQ was designed to assess general time management skills and those specifically relevant to compliance to a diabetes healthcare regimen. Participants completed the DTMQ; the Habits, Attit...

This study investigated the role of perceived control and self-reinforcement in depression among community-dwelling elders from different ethnic backgrounds. The first purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the behavioral competencies of self-reinforcement and perceived control covary with and predict depression scores among 205...

This study examined assessment of differences in self-reported cognitive-behavioral skills among 64 female prison inmates reporting either high or low levels of depressive symptomatology. This population was chosen for its exposure to negative life events inherent to a prison environment. Sixty-six percent of the sample could be classified as at le...

Five contextual factors give rise to the proposal that psychologists secure prescription privileges: (a) the historical overattachment of applied psychology to psychotherapy; (b) the oversupply of psychotherapists; (c) the rise of managed care; (d) the hegemony of syndromal classification; and (e) the weakening of the medical guild and rise of drug...

Correlatos múltiples de la depresión unipolar: contribuciones desde la teoría conductual paradigmática. Este estudio basado en el análisis conductista paradigmático de la depresión unipolar (Staats y Heiby, 1985) predice numerosos déficits e inadecuaciones comportamentales como correlatos y determinantes de dicho trastorno. Los sujetos fueron 74 de...

This article is the first in a special section on chaos theory and psychological assessment. This introductory article provides the basic definitions, measurement approaches, and data analytic techniques that are collectively referred to as chaos theory (T. Y. Li & J. A. Yorke, 1975). Chaos refers to certain unstable transitional phenomena that her...

This article is the second of three in a special section on chaos theory and psychological assessment. The purpose of this article is to address implications for the measurement of some unstable, transitional human behaviors. One early hallmark of behavioral assessment is the idiographic measurement of temporal, causal, and target factors (e.g., M....

This article is the first in a special section on chaos theory and psychological assessment. This introductory article provides the basic definitions, measurement approaches, and data analytic techniques that are collectively referred to as chaos theory (T. Y. Li & J. A. Yorke, 1975). Chaos refers to certain unstable transitional phenomena that her...

This article is the second of three in a special section on chaos theory and psychological assessment. The purpose of this article is to address implications for the measurement of some unstable, transitional human behaviors. One early hallmark of behavioral assessment is the idiographic measurement of temporal, causal, and target factors (e.g., M....

It is important to examine the concomitants of depressive symptoms reported by battered women because of the high frequency and potentially vulnerability-enhancing effects of these symptoms within battering relationships. In the present study, 10 environmental and behavioral skills correlates of depressive symptoms were examined in 136 battered wom...

Patients with minor psychiatric disorders, including neuroses, situational adjustment reaction or acute emotional reaction, were investigated using symptom questionnaires at five research sites in Asia including: Chiang-Mai, Thailand; Bali, Indonesia; Kao-Hsiung, Taiwan, China; Shanghai, China; and Tokyo, Japan. The results revealed that the sympto...

This study involves the description of the presence or absence of several theoretically relevant skill deficits in 35 cases of depression. Until recently, most research and theory about depression has been based on the assumption that this is a homogeneous disorder with one determinant common to all incidences. Theories proposed by Beck (1967), Lew...

144 diabetics (aged 15–79 yrs) completed a 67-item self-report questionnaire designed to evaluate how Ss differed in situational factors and behavioral skills. Compliance was related to the following emotional-motivating skills: (1) engaging in self-reinforcement for adhering to diet, exercise, blood/urine monitoring, and medication administration;...

Studied data from 194 adult outpatients in a private medical center to determine whether the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) or a utilization prediction scale (UPS) predicted decrease in outpatient medical utilization following psychotherapy. Although none of the 13 MMPI scales discriminated differences, a UPS cutoff score correc...

Neuroendocrine dysfunction and self-reinforcement deficits were evaluated in 45 individuals exhibiting symptoms of major depression. The dexamethasone suppression test (DST), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Frequency of Self-Reinforcement Questionnaire (FSRQ) were administered to subjects who also were participating in a comparative antidepres...

Neuroendocrine dysfunction and self-reinforcement deficits were evaluated in 45 individuals exhibiting symptoms of major depression. The dexamethasone suppression test (DST), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Frequency of Self-Reinforcement Questionnaire (FSRQ) were administered to subjects who also were participating in a comparative antidepres...

This study involves a crossover treatment design that describes four cases of depression with two cases exhibiting social skills deficits and the other two cases exhibiting deficits in self-control skills. The effects of treatment matched or unmatched to the presenting deficit were evaluated. It was found that matched treatment was more effective t...

Another model for integrating a wide diversity of evidence related to compliance is proposed, termed the Health Compliance (HC) model. The HC model incorporates situational-antecedent, consequence, and organismic factors, including cognitive processes, as they relate functionally to compliance behaviors. A selective review of the compliance literat...

Describes the development of a self-report instrument called the Frequency of Self-Reinforcement Questionnaire (FSRQ) designed to measure individual differences in self-reinforcement skills. Self-reinforcement is defined here as involving the skills of monitoring one's own behavior, realistically evaluating it, and self-administering overt or cover...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of training in the selfadministration of positive consequences within the context of a paradigmatic model of depression. Sixty-one nondepressed undergraduates were offered either self-reinforcement/reward or no training. Subsequent to the training period, subjects reported on the frequency of se...

A review of recent research on the non-medical control of auditory hallucinations is presented. It is suggested that the decreases in hallucinatory behavior obtained in studies using aversive contingencies may be attributable to the disruption of the chains of behavior involved. The results of several additional studies are interpreted as indicatin...

This study evaluated the hypothesis that one subtype of nonpsychotic depression is a function of the interaction of a low frequency of self-administered reinforcement and major reductions in environmentally controlled sources of reinforcement. Eighty-eight nondepressed undergraduates with a tendency to engage in either a high or low frequency of se...

Two experiments with 400 undergraduates supported the hypothesis that a low frequency of self-reinforcement is a generalized response pattern measurable by a self-report questionnaire. Preliminary reliability and validity data for the questionnaire are reported, and clinical and research applications of the questionnaire are offered. The role of dy...

This analogue study tested the hypothesis that depressed mood may be predicted from the effects of a response-defined variable, frequency of self-reinforcement, and the rate of environmentally controlled reinforcement. Eighty under-graduates identified as exhibiting either a high or low frequency of self-reinforcement performed a 20-item anagrams t...

The hypothesis that the tendency to engage in self-reinforcement behavior is measurable by a 30-item true-false questionnaire is supported using self-monitoring as the validity criterion. The use of the self-reinforcement questionnaire has been supported previously by correlating questionnaire scores with frequency of self-reinforcement during simp...

The hypothesis that a low frequency of self-reinforcement is a correlate of depression was evaluated. The study utilized a 2×2 ex post facto multivariate design. The independent variables were response-defined: depressed versus nondepressed undergraduates who indicated either high or low value of performance on the experimental task. The dependent...

Forty-eight female college students were asked to complete a sexual attitudes questionnaire in which a frequency of masturbation scale was embedded. Twenty-four of the women (the experimental group) then individually viewed an explicit modeling film involving female masturbation. One month later, all subjects again completed the same questionnaire....

The behavioral models of depression proposed by Ferster (1966, 1973), Lewinsohn (1974a, 1974b), and Seligman (1973, 1975, 1978) are summarized and the variables proposed in the models are evaluated. While no one variable has been related conclusively to onset of depression, there is sufficient evidence regarding the effects of these variables to ju...

Sixteen inner city children attending a pedodontic clinic were shown either a filmed demonstration of a child model cooperatively undergoing dental treatment or a film unrelated to dental activity. The group viewing the modeling film showed significantly fewer disruptive behaviors during restorative care and were rated as less fearful than the cont...

Some athletes repeatedly fail in competition in spite of good results during training (training champions). In contrast, some athletes are able not only to transfer their achievements from training to competition, but often surpass them and achieve even better competition results (competitor types). Other athletes are less consistent in the transfe...

The purpose of this case study was to investigate whether the use of self-regulation skills prior to a competition partly accounts for differences in performance between a successful elite roller skater classified as a "competitor type" and an unsuccessful elite roller skater classified as a "training champion". The two skaters completed a 56-item...

The purpose of this study was to assess the degree to which executive functioning performance may be associated with indices of attention, working memory, processing speed, and general in- telligence in 45 individuals with schizophrenia from a multicultural sample. It was hypothesized that relatively higher performances on measures of these cogniti...

Introduction: Individuals with chronic pain identify their primary concern as pain relief (Hazard, 1994) and struggle to minimize their physical discomfort (Dworkin, 1991). However, this effort oftentimes turns out to be unsuccessful (Turk et al., 1998), suggesting that pain treatment entails psychological strategies (Skevington, 1995). During the...

Thesis (M.A. in psychology)--University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Bibliography: leaves 72-76.