Einat Shneor

• PhD, B.Opt
• Principle investigator at Hadassah Academic College

Background Uncorrected refractive error is reported to be the most common cause globally of vision impairment in school age children. However, little is known about the extent of uncorrected refractive error in Israel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of vision impairment in schoolchildren recruited for the Israel Refract...

Keratoconus is a progressive corneal disorder that can lead to irreversible visual impairment if not detected early. Despite its high prevalence, early diagnosis is often delayed, especially in low-to-middle-income countries due to limited awareness and restricted access to advanced diagnostic tools such as corneal topography, tomography, optical c...

Purpose Fusional vergence ranges (FVR) quantify the oculomotor system’s ability to overcome heterophoria, playing a critical role in diagnosis and treatment. This study investigated the effect of prism order on near vertical FVR using the smooth and step methods. Methods Normal participants were randomly assigned to either the smooth or step testi...

Purpose To describe the performance of the Actiwatch Spectrum Plus (Philips, Respironics) for determining real world indoor and outdoor environments and physical activity in children. Methods Children wore the device while performing 10 different activities, ranging from sedentary to vigorous physical-activity, and under different indoor and outdo...

Purpose: Stereotesting booklets vary in their mode of interocular separation, range of disparities, inter-element separation, target size, and whether or not they contain monocular depth cues. This study compared the effects of simulated anisometropia and asymmetric cataract on stereothresholds measured with TNO, Random-Dot, Randot3, and Titmus Ste...

The purpose of this study is to present baseline data from a longitudinal study assessing behavioral factors in three groups of boys in Israel with varying myopia prevalence. Ultra-Orthodox (N = 57), religious (N = 67), and secular (N = 44) Jewish boys (age 8.6 ± 1.4 years) underwent cycloplegic autorefraction and axial-length measurement. Time-out...

Purpose: Ultra-Orthodox Jewish men are known to have a high prevalence of myopia, which may be due to intense near-work from an early age. This study objectively assessed near-viewing behaviours in ultra-Orthodox and non-ultra-Orthodox men in Israel for different tasks. Methods: Ultra-Orthodox (n = 30) and non-ultra-Orthodox (n = 38) men aged 18...

Purpose: An annular dark shadow (ADS) reflex has been observed while performing direct ophthalmoscopy on subjects with keratoconus. This study describes a method that may serve as a diagnostic technique for early keratoconus and may be used as a quantitative measure of severity. Methods: Healthy keratoconic subjects and keratoconus suspects unde...

Purpose To determine the prevalence of refractive errors in Jewish and Arab college students in Israel and associations with ethnicity and sex. Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study, first-year college students underwent non-cycloplegic autorefraction and answered a questionnaire to assess age, sex, and self-identified ethnicity. Sph...

Studies using questionnaires report that COVID-19 restrictions resulted in children spending significantly less time outdoors. This study used objective measures to assess the impact of pandemic-related restrictions on children’s behavior. A total of 19 healthy 8–12-year-old boys were observed before and during social restriction periods. Of these,...

Significance: Evidence supporting the contributions of near work in myopia is equivocal. Findings from this pilot study suggest that a high prevalence of myopia in ultra-Orthodox boys may be attributed to intense near work at school and learning to read in preschool at an early age. Purpose: This study aimed to assess factors that may influence...

This study analyzes the relationship between contrast-sensitivity and higher-order aberrations (HOA) in mild and subclinical-keratoconus in subjects with good visual-acuity (VA). Keratoconus group (including subclinical-keratoconus) and controls underwent autokeratometry, corneal-tomography, autorefraction and HOA measurement. Contrast-sensitivity...

Background Interpupillary distance (IPD) is important in developmental anatomy, genetics, design of optical instrumentation, ocular diagnostics, and optical prescribing. IPD frequently is measured on different days, and by either automatic pupillometers (physiological measurement) or manual ruler (anatomical measurement). Therefore, there is import...

Purpose Although there is a high prevalence of keratoconus in the Middle East including Israel, limited data is available describing first‐degree relatives of patients with sporadic keratoconus (KC) using Scheimpflug imaging. The purpose of this study is to accurately phenotype first‐degree relatives of patients with sporadic KC in Israel using cor...

Purpose: Conjunctivitis is the most common ocular condition diagnosed at emergency departments (ED) in the USA, although it is generally not an emergent condition. Treatment of conjunctivitis at Urgent Care Centres (UCC) could offer lower cost than ED. This study describes the demographics and outcomes of a cohort presenting with conjunctivitis to...

The purpose of this study is to assess the concentration-response relations between conjunctivitis and exposure to ambient ozone. This retrospective study includes emergency department (ED) visits for conjunctivitis in Edmonton, Canada, for the period April 1992–March 2002. Daily average levels of ozone (range: 1.2–50.9, ppb), of temperature, and o...

The purpose of this study is to assess the concentration-response relations between conjunctivitis and exposure to ambient ozone. This retrospective study includes emergency department (ED) visits for conjunctivitis in Edmonton, Canada, for the period April 1992 – March 2002. Daily average levels of ozone, of temperature and relative humidity were...

Purpose Corneal and conjunctival injuries (CCI) comprise a large portion of the cases presenting to hospital‐based emergency departments (ED) with ocular involvement. Urgent Care Centres (UCC) offer community based emergency care at lower cost than hospital‐based emergency departments (ED) and with greater temporal convenience than primary care off...

Background: The VX120 (Visionix Luneau, France) is a novel multi-diagnostic platform that combines Hartmann-Shack based autorefraction, Placido-disk based corneal-topography and anterior segment measurements made with a stationary-Scheimpflug camera. We investigate the agreement between different parameters measured by the VX120 with accepted or g...

Questionnaire: The questionnaire included demographic and professional questions in addition to questions regarding prescribing philosophies for different refractive errors in the presence and absence of symptoms and for varying age group ranges.

Purpose: This research investigated the reported optometric prescribing criteria of Israeli optometrists. Methods: An online questionnaire based on previous studies was distributed via email and social networking sites to optometrists in Israel. The questionnaire surveyed the level of refractive error at which respondents would prescribe for dif...

PurposeKeratoconus (KC) is a progressive corneal thinning disorder with an uncertain aetiology. Environmental and genetic factors, including consanguinity, eye rubbing and possibly sun exposure, play a role in the aetiology of KC. Here we test for risk factors for KC in an Israeli population with particular emphasis on sun exposure.Methods This cas...

Keratoconus (KC) is the most common cornea ectatic disorder. It is characterized by a cone-shaped thin cornea leading to myopia, irregular astigmatism, and vision impairment. It affects all ethnic groups and both genders. Both environmental and genetic factors may contribute to its pathogenesis. This review is to summarize the current research deve...

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of choroidal naevi in a healthy population using an ultra-wide scanning laser ophthalmoscope which can capture up to a 200° field of view of the retina, without pupil dilation. Methods: Subjects were recruited from a college population. Each subject underwent an eye examination that included retinal and choroida...

Purpose: to determine the prevalence of keratoconus (KC) in an Arab population in Israel. Materials and methods: Videokeratography was performed on volunteer students from the Academic Arab College Of Education, in Haifa, Israel. All participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire to evaluate possible risk factors for KC. Univariate and m...

To determine the prevalence of choroidal naevi in a healthy population using an ultra-wide scanning laser ophthalmoscope which can capture up to a 200° field of view of the retina, without pupil dilation. Subjects were recruited from a college population. Each subject underwent an eye examination that included retinal and choroidal imaging using th...

Purpose: To determine whether consanguinity is a risk factor for keratoconus (KC). Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to all patients presenting to St. John Eye Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. Questionnaire included data on demographic characteristics and potential risk factors. Patients were divided into two groups: cases with KC, in at leas...

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of keratoconic patients seen in a specialised contact lens practice from a general population with a high prevalence of the disease. Methods: Patients attending a contact lens practice for management of keratoconus were asked to complete a questionnaire. Data were collecte...

Uveal coloboma results from incomplete closure of the optic cup fissure. While conducting an evaluation of a new ultra-wide field retinal imaging camera (Optomap), which provides a view of the fundus up to 200° at one time without mydriasis, we discovered a case of bilateral chorioretinal coloboma in a 21-year-old student. The lesion was located in...

Purpose: A clinical evaluation of the L80 videokeratographer (Visionix Luneau, Chartres, France) was performed to assess its validity and repeatability compared with a traditional Bausch and Lomb (B & L) keratometer. Methods: 87 right eyes of 87 subjects, (mean age 23.72 ± 3.62 years old, 70 women and 17 men), participated in this study. Corneal cu...

Keratoconus is a noninflammatory disorder characterized by ectasia of the central or inferior portion of the cornea. This review presents the scant epidemiological information known to date and the factors believed to cause the development of the disease. They are the genetic factors for which evidence come from family studies, twin studies and gen...

This study was designed to compare higher order aberrations of the cornea and of the eye with inferior-superior (I-S) corneal topographic values in keratoconic eyes. We studied 92 eyes from 78 subjects: 21 eyes of 14 subjects with suspected keratoconus, 23 eyes of 16 subjects with manifest keratoconus, and 48 eyes of 48 subjects without keratoconus...

  A clinical evaluation of the L80 wave+ autorefractometer (Visionix Luneau, Chartres, France) was performed to evaluate its validity and repeatability compared with non-cycloplegic subjective refraction. The L80 wave+ autorefractometer is a new instrument based on the Hartmann-Shack principle that has a specific autorefraction function using the w...

To determine the prevalence and associated factors for keratoconus in a college student population sample in Jerusalem. Volunteers participated in this cross-sectional study. Videokeratography was performed on both eyes of each subject who also completed an anonymous questionnaire. Keratoconus was defined by cone apex ≥ 50D, inferior-superior diopt...

According to Reverse Hierarchy Theory (Hochstein & Ahissar, Neuron, 2002), high level cortical regions are responsible for pop-out - rapid detection of an element that differs greatly from surrounding elements in a single dimension such as color or orientation. With large-receptive field attention spread across the entire array, subjects detect pre...

While it is quite evident that we are not aware of all cortical activity, evidence is still sparse concerning what unconscious information is usable for task performance. The famous case of Blindsight underscores the importance of this issue - in brains with specific damage. We present three cases of the use of information of which (healthy) partic...

Behavioral Optometry as a school of thought views visual behavior and its various attributes as a reflection of general behavioral patterns and not as merely ocular phenomenon. As such, the heterophoria is not merely a position that the eyes assume when fusion is broken or a demand that must be overcome but an integral part of the person’s organiza...

Background: Historically two basic methods have been utilized for measuring accommodative amplitude, the push-up method (originated by Donders) and the minus lens method. The differences between the results are well established and therefore, the two methods have different normative data. In recent years there has been a movement towards a third me...

Introduction: When performing fusional vergence testing the most commonly accepted clinical technique is to first measure negative fusional vergence (NFV) followed by a measurement of positive fusional vergence (PFV). The reasoning behind this is the supposition that if one tested convergence first, significant vergence adaptation would take place...

We previously found a dominant eye perceptional advantage in feature search (Vision Research, 2006). We now ask if this advantage extends to difficult conjunction search, which requires focused attention and depends on different cortical hierarchy levels. We determined eye dominance by the Hole-in-the-Card test. Using red-green glasses, subjects vi...

We studied the role of eye dominance in non-rivalry conditions, testing dichoptic visual search and comparing performance with target presented to the dominant or non-dominant eye. Using red-green glasses, subjects viewed an array of green and red lines of uniform orientation, with a differently oriented target line present on half the trials. Perf...

While it is clear that one eye is visually dominant, the function of dominance, if any, is not fully understood. We looked for effects of eye dominance on visual feature search, the easy task of detecting an element that differs significantly in a single dimension from surrounding distractors. Thirteen subjects were tested, each with similar visual...