Edward J. Calabrese

University of Massachusetts Amherst | UMass Amherst · Department of Environmental Sciences

An increasing number of studies have reported stimulation of various organisms in the presence of environmental contaminants. This has created a need to critically evaluate sublethal stimulation and hormetic responses of arthropod parasitoids and parasites following exposure to pesticides and other contaminants. Examining this phenomenon with a foc...

Sublethal stimulation and hormetic responses are increasingly identified and acknowledged in scientific research. However, the occurrence and characteristics of such responses in insect vectors of pathogens are little explored and poorly understood. Here, we collate significant evidence from the scientific literature showing that sublethal doses of...

Moringa oleifera, a traditional Indian herb, is widely known for its capacity to induce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other chemoprotective effects in a broad range of biomedical models. These perspectives have led to an extensive number of studies using various Moringa extracts to evaluate its capacity to protect biological systems from oxida...

The present paper highlights numerous publications of Hermann J. Muller with a focus on his opinions concerning the validity of the linear no-threshold dose response model for hereditary and cancer risk assessment. These comments reflect a very consistent and powerfully supporting position for the LNT model. However, newly discovered correspondence...

This paper assesses judgements of leading radiation geneticists and cancer risk assessment scientists from the mid-1950s to mid-1970s that background radiation has a significant effect on human genetic disease and cancer incidence. This assumption was adopted by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation (BEAR) I...

Significance: The stria vascularis (SV), located in the inner ear, consists of three layers, one of which is the blood-labyrinthic barrier (BLB). It is formed by endothelial cells, sealed together to prevent the passage of toxic substances from the blood to the inner ear, by pericytes and perivascular-resident macrophage-like melanocyte. Recent a...

The present paper identifies a critical factor that leads to false negative results (i.e., failing to indicate efficacy when beneficial results did occur) in randomized human drug trials. The paper demonstrates that human performance can only be enhanced by a maximum of 30-60% as described by the hormetic dose response which defines the limits of b...

The biological effects of Rhodiola rosea extracts and one of its major constituents, Salidroside, were evaluated for their capacity to induce hormesis/hormetic effects. The findings indicate that the Rhodiola rosea extracts and Salidroside commonly induce hormetic dose responses within a broad range of biological models, cell types and across a bro...

In the current radiation protection system, preventive measures and occupational exposure limits for controlling occupational exposure to ionizing radiation are based on the linear no-threshold extrapolation model. However, currently an increasing body of evidence indicates that this paradigm predicts very poorly biological responses in the low-dos...

This paper identifies the occurrence of six major conceptual scientific errors of Hermann Muller and describes how these errors led to the creation of the linear no-threshold (LNT) dose response historically used worldwide for cancer risk assessments for chemical carcinogens and ionizing radiation. The paper demonstrates the significant role that M...

The endogenous and dietary agent, alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is evaluated for its capacity to induce a broad spectrum of adaptive responses via hormetic dose responses and their underlying mechanisms. ALA was shown to induce hormetic effects in a wide range of experimental models within in vitro and in vivo experimental settings which included direct...

This paper clarifies scientific contributions and deceptive/self-serving decisions of William L. Russell and Liane Russell that led to the adoption of the linear non-threshold (LNT) model for cancer risk assessment by the US EPA. By deliberately failing to report an extremely large cluster of mutations in the control group of their first experiment...

Pesticide resistance increases and threatens crop production sustainability. Chemical contamination contributes to the development of pest resistance to pesticides, in part by causing stimulatory effects on pests at low sub-toxic doses and facilitating the spread of resistance genes. This article discusses hormesis and low-dose biological stimulati...

The present paper provides the first integrative assessment of the capacity of naringin and its metabolite, naringenin, to induce hormetic dose responses with in a broad range of experimental biomedical models. The findings indicate that these agents commonly induced protective effects that are typically mediated via hormetic mechanisms leading to...

Boron is shown in the present review to induce hormetic dose responses in a broad range biological models, organ systems and endpoints. Of particular importance is that numerous hormetic findings have been reported with whole animal studies, with extensive dose response evaluations with the optimal dosing being similar across multiple organ systems...

Contaminants of emerging concern and other chemicals are widespread in the environment. While their effects are ambiguous, a wealth of literature now illustrates their ability to induce various effects at concentrations/doses smaller than the toxicological threshold, leading to hormetic biphasic responses. Such responses are increasingly understood...

This present paper provides an assessment of the occurrence of nitric oxide (NO)-induced hormetic-biphasic dose/concentration relationships in biomedical research. A substantial reporting of such NO-induced hormetic effects was identified with particular focus on wound healing, tumor promotion, and sperm biology, including mechanistic assessment an...

The present paper provides the first integrative assessment of the occurrence of nitric oxide (NO) induced hormetic effects in plant biology. Hormetic dose responses were commonly reported for NO donors on numerous plant species of agricultural and other commercial value. The NO donors were also shown to protect plants from a wide range of chemical...

Biomedical and consumer interest in the health-promoting properties of pure single entities of known or unknown chemical constituents and mixtures has never been greater. Since its “rediscovery” in the 1950s, lithium is an example of such a constituent that represents an array of scientific and public health challenges and medical potentials that m...

Hormesis refers to positive biological effects caused by exposure to low doses of a stressor known to be toxic at higher doses. These effects include an enhanced defense system and stimulated plant/microorganism growth and reproduction. Hormesis has emerged as a fundamental concept with broad relevance to the field of soil and environmental health....

This paper reexamines the technical report (∼ one page) of Uphoff and Stern (1949) in Science that was highly relied upon by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation (BEAR) I Genetics Panel to support a linearity dose response for radiation risk assessment. The present paper demonstrates that research of Upho...

Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has become an accepted and general wound healing approach with an extremely wide range of applications. Despite considerable diversity in the composition of platelet‐rich plasma products that are applied in specific wound healing usage, it is widely recognized that such diverse platelet‐rich plasma complex mixtures routin...

Transgenerationally acquired information equip offspring with tools essential for enhancing their physiological functioning, reproduction, survival, and tolerance to a plethora of environmental stressors. To provide a perspective for better understanding the effects of contaminants, organismal stress biology, and their implications to environmental...

In recognition of the importance of low-dose stimulation for environmental science and health, an issue of the Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health (COESH) was dedicated to address low-dose stimulation (https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current-opinion-in-environmental-science-and-health/special-issue/10HVW65XK81). This journal iss...

Hormetic dose responses are reported here to occur commonly in the dermal wound healing process, with the particular focus on cell viability, proliferation, migration and collagen deposition of human and murine fibroblasts with in vitro studies. Hormetic responses were induced by a wide range of substances, including endogenous agents, pharmaceutic...

The present paper reports the discovery of an October 26, 1927 letter of Hermann J. Muller concerning the owner and editor of the journal Science that suggests an agreement that could have led to Muller's publication in Science – absent any data - which was contributory to both his professional reputation, and perhaps his being considered for and a...

This paper provides an assessment of hormetic dose responses in epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) in animal models and humans, with emphasis on cell proliferation and differentiation and application to wound healing and aging processes. Hormetic dose responses were induced by several agents, including dietary supplements (eg, luteolin, quercetin), pharm...

The present paper indicates that the origin of the LNT concept for ionizing radiation was based on insufficient understanding of evolution, which precluded the possibility of repair of gene mutation. The denial of such repair processes had important implications, leading to a belief in a linear dose response and thus in Hermann J Muller's proclamat...

Hormetic dose responses (i.e., a biphasic dose/concentration response characterized by a low dose stimulation and a high dose inhibition) are shown herein to be commonly reported in the dermal wound healing process, with the particular focus on cell viability, proliferation, and migration of human keratinocytes in in vitro studies. Hormetic respons...

A widespread increase in intense phytoplankton blooms has been noted in lakes worldwide since the 1980s, with the summertime peak intensity amplifying in most lakes. Such blooms cause annual economic losses of multibillion USD and present a major challenge, affecting 11 out of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Here, we evaluate r...

In this Guest Editorial, Calabrese and Agathokleous discuss the linear no threshold (LNT) dose-response model within the context of evolution. Is LNT anti-evolution dose response model?

This SI brought together scientists working in different research areas of environmental science and ecology in a call to honor Tony Stebbing, the father of environmental hormesis, the man who established the foundational basis of the field in a period of time when hormesis was even ridiculed. This collection of nearly 40 papers provides support to...

Worldwide regulatory agencies should (re)examine the consideration of: (i) sub-threshold responses, (ii) non-linear dose-response models able to detect sub-threshold responses of both a beneficial and detrimental nature, and (iii) abandoning the use of default dose-response models for their risk assessment. Mounting evidence for significant sub-thr...

This paper presents newly discovered evidence from the personal correspondence of four US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation (BEAR) Genetics Panelists that their 1956 report to the public was written by a third party and was neither reviewed nor approved by the Panel prior to its publication and release to the...

Current Opinion in Toxicology: This COTOX issue on Hormesis and Dose Response collated eighteen papers addressing hormesis and its broader implications in human health, ecotoxicology, and risk assessment from different angles. The collection offers a source of knowledge for all those who are interested to have a broader picture of hormesis and its...

This article argues that evolution and the concept of hormesis are biologically inseparable. It proposes that evolutionary processes led to the selection of inducible adaptive hormetic strategies that are necessary for wellbeing and survival. Hormesis has been demonstrated in essentially all organisms in which it has been studied from bacteria to h...

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are time honored gases that have direct bearing on almost all life forms, but over the past thirty years, and in large part due to the Nobel Prize Award in Medicine for the elucidation of nitric oxide (NO) as a bioactive gas, the research and medical communities now recognize other gases as critical for survival. In additi...

Increasing amounts of silver iodide (AgI) in the environment are expected because of the recent massive expansion of weather modification programs. Concurrently, pharmaceuticals, microplastics, hydrocarbons, and pesticides in terrestrial ecosystems continue contaminating forests and agroforests. Our review supports that AgI induces hormesis, a biph...

This paper illustrates how the acceptance of the linear non-threshold (LNT) dose response model was unethically advocated and advanced both by key scientists within the radiation genetics community, and by editorial practices in Science, a leading international scientific journal. Four key papers became the cornerstones in the acceptance of the LNT...

Recent evidence demonstrates that Crocus Sativus L. (saffron) counteracts oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation, closely linked to initiation and progression of major brain pathologies. Interestingly, saffron constituents such as crocin, crocetin and safranal can exert antioxidant or toxic effects depending on their endo...

This paper provides historical review and evaluation of the development, adoption, and advocacy of the linear non-threshold (LNT) dose response model for cancer risk assessment as applied in practices and policies worldwide. It extends previous historical assessments and provides novel insights regarding: 1) how LNT bias became institutionalized in...

Hormesis drives biological modifications from cells to higher levels of biological organization and emerges as a general basic principle of biology, integrating evolution, ecology, medicine, physiology, toxicology, and public health.

Sarcopenia is a significant public health and medical concern confronting the elderly. Considerable research is being directed to identify ways in which the onset and severity of sarcopenia may be delayed/minimized. This paper provides a detailed identification and assessment of hormetic dose responses in animal model muscle stem cells, with partic...

Current Opinion in Toxicology: Documented biphasic dose-responses date some 150 years back; however, massive evaluations of the occurrence of pollutant-induced hormesis, its quantitative characteristics, and the underlying mechanisms have been performed only in the recent years. One of the reasons why hormesis is not included in the ecological ris...

This paper provides an assessment of hormetic dose responses by stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAPs) from humans. Hormetic dose responses were induced in vitro by a broad range of agents, including dietary supplements (e.g., berberine, EGCG, resveratrol), pharmaceutical/commercial substances (e.g. fluoride, platelet rich plasma, lithium), and e...

Most chronic illnesses are caused by the biological reaction to an injury, rather than the initial injury or the injurious agent itselves as in neurodegeneration.With respect to this, notable attention is emerging on the therapeutic effects of dietary polyphenols for human health, able to counteract and neutralize oxidative stress and inflammatory...

This paper represents the first assessment of agent-induced hormetic dose responses in induced pluripotent stem cells and their derived cells. The hormetic dose responses were induced by a broad range of chemicals, including pharmaceuticals (eg, metformin), dietary supplements/extracts from medicinal plants (eg, curcumin), and endogenous agents (eg...

The paper provides a comprehensive and foundational mechanistic framework of hormesis that establishes its centrality in medicine and public health. This hormetic framework is applied to the assessment of olive polyphenols with respect to their capacity to slow the onset and reduce the magnitude of a wide range of age-related disorders and neurodeg...

This article tells the story of hormesis from its conceptual and experimental origins, its dismissal by the scientific and medical communities in the first half of the 20th century, and its rediscovery over the past several decades to be a fundamental evolutionary adaptive strategy. The upregulation of hormetic adaptive mechanisms has the capacity...

Massive additional quantities of disinfectants have been applied during the COVID-19 pandemic as infection preventive and control measures. While the application of disinfectants plays a key role in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the effects of disinfectants applied during the ongoing pandemic on non-target organisms remain unknown....

Water Emerg Contam & Nanoplastics: Contaminants of emerging concern are widespread in the world’s waters, raising concerns regarding their effects on living organisms. To evaluate the effects of and predict risks associated with such chemicals, dose-response studies are needed, while the nature of the dose-response relationship is critical for the...

This paper represents the first assessment of hormetic dose responses by human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) with particular emphasis on cell renewal (proliferation) and differentiation. Hormetic dose responses were commonly reported in this model, encompassing a broad range of chemicals, including principally pharmaceuticals (e.g., metformin and...

The environmental contamination of antibiotics caused by their over or inappropriate use is a major issue for environmental and human health since it can adversely impact the ecosystems and promote the antimicrobial resistance. Indeed, considering that in the environmental matrices these drugs are present at low levels, the possibility that bacteri...

This paper provides a detailed identification and assessment of hormetic dose responses in neural stem cells (NSCs) as identified in a number of animal models and human tissues, with particular emphasis on cell proliferation and differentiation. Hormetic dose responses were commonly observed following administration of a number of agents, including...

The scientific community, recently, has focused notable attention on the chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of dietary polyphenols for human health. Emerging evidence demonstrates that polyphenols, flavonoids and vitamins counteract and neutralize genetic and environmental stressors, particularly oxidative stress and inflammatory process close...

This paper provides an identification and detailed assessment of hormetic dose responses of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with particular emphasis on cell renewal (proliferation) and differentiation, underlying mechanistic foundations and potential therapeutic implications. Hormetic dose responses were commonly reported, being induced by a broad rang...

The number of studies reporting hormetic responses is rapidly increasing, and quantitative evaluations are needed to improve the understanding of hormetic dose responses. However, there is no standardized methodology to estimate the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of hormetic dose-response relationships developed using data mined from the...

Hormesis is a biological phenomenon characterized by opposite effects between low and high doses of stresses that can result in stimulatory and adaptive benefits to individuals within a population. While evidence of hormesis is well established, two recent studies (Nogueira et al., Belz and Sinkkonen) suggest that hormesis can also offer transgener...

There is growing interest in finding ways to enhance longevity and the quality of life. This paper summarizes a vast scientific literature over the past two decades that has suggested approaches to enhancing biological resilience – and particularly neurological function - via hormetic and preconditioning processes. The employment of hormesis and pr...

Exploring molecular mechanisms of aging and determinants of lifespan will help reduce age-related morbidity, thus facilitating healthy brain aging. Recently, it has been demonstrated that nutritional polyphenols, the main constituents of the Mediterranean diet, maintain redox balance and neuroprotection through the activation of hormetic vitagene p...

Microplastics have become predominant contaminants, attracting much political and scientific attention. Despite the massively-increasing research on microplastics effects on organisms, the debate of whether environmental concentrations pose hazard and risk continues. This study critically reviews published literatures of microplastics effects on or...

Microplastics pollution is predicted to increase in the coming decades, raising concerns about its effects on living organisms. Although the effects of microplastics on individual organisms have been extensively studied, the effects on communities, biological diversity, and ecosystems remain underexplored. This paper reviews the published literatur...

With a rule published on 6 January 2021, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers for the first time sub-threshold responses, abandoning the use of default dose-response models. This may affect worldwide scientific research, in terms of research design and methodology, and regulatory actions in China and other countries.

The present paper provides the first systematic assessment of the capacity of ferulic acid to induce hormetic dose responses in biological systems. Ferulic acid induced hormetic effects in a broad range of animal models, affecting numerous biological endpoints, with particular focus on neuroprotective effects. Emerging evidence in multiple biomedic...

Melatonin is produced by plants, algae, and animals. Worldwide studies show diverse positive effects of exogenous melatonin on plants, edible plant products, and algae, but the potential of melatonin to enhance food and feed systems through these positive effects remains largely unexplored. Through a meta-analysis of about 25,000 observations, we s...

The present paper provides the first integrated assessment of the capacity of luteolin to induce hormetic dose responses. It was shown that luteolin induced hormetic responses in multiple biological systems, including enhancing neuroprotection in various experimental model disease systems, enhancing wounding healing, especially in experimental mode...

The present paper demonstrates that metformin (MF) induced a broad spectrum of hormetic biphasic dose response in a wide range of experimental studies, affecting multiple organ systems, cell types, and endpoints enhancing resilience to chemical stresses in preconditioning and co-current exposure protocols. Detailed mechanistic evaluations indicate...

This chapter discusses the threshold, linear-non-threshold (LNT), and hormesis dose-response models. It summarizes some major historical events that led to the (seemingly incorrect) worldwide adoption of the LNT model. Then, it focuses on hormesis and provides the current status of the general understandings of the occurrence, frequency, and quanti...

Formaldehyde (FA) is a naturally-occurring compound, produced endogenously in diverse living organisms. It also occurs widely in the environment due to anthropogenic (e.g. used as a chemical intermediate) and natural sources (e.g. a component of the volatile organic compounds blends emitted by plants). While FA is considered a potential carcinogen,...

Polyphenols are chemopreventive through the induction of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated proteins and anti-inflammatory pathways. These pathways, encoding cytoprotective vitagenes, include heat shock proteins, such as heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), as well as glutathione redox system to protec...

This paper provides a detailed assessment of the occurrence of hormetic dose responses in adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) of animal models and humans. While a broad range of endpoints has been considered, the predominant research focus in the literature has involved cell proliferation and differentiation. Hormetic dose responses have been common...

Coronavirus variants are gaining strongholds throughout the globe. Despite early signals that SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus case numbers are easing up in the United States and during the middle of a (not so easy) vaccination roll out, the country has passed a grim landmark of 600,000 deaths. We contend that these numbers would have been much lower if the...

Background Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common degenerative joint disease, is associated with severe functional limitation and impairment of quality of life. Numerous reports have documented the clinical efficacy of low-dose radiotherapy (LD-RT) in the management of various inflammatory disorders, including OA. In this paper, we assessed the clini...

In this paper, we want to shed light on the demand for chemical and toxicological data growing ever more faster than science can supply and other aspects of assessing chemical risks, including the demand for ‘ever greater safety’. The treatise that follows is on the one hand rooted in well-established toxicological theory and on the other hand util...

This paper describes evidence establishing that ultra-low doses of diverse chemical agents at concentrations from 10⁻¹⁸ to 10⁻²⁴ M (e.g., approaching and/or less than 1 atom or molecule of a substance/cell based on Avogadro’s constant - 6.022 ×10²³/mole) are capable of engaging receptor and intracellular signaling systems to elicit reproducible eff...

In this paper, we want to shed light on the tradeoffs of chemicals regulation. We will discuss two types of tradeoffs: the social-economic impacts of regulation such as cost-induced fatalities and the tradeoffs between ‘old’ and ‘new’ chemicals, that is the established chemicals in industry and society deemed in need of replacement with ‘new’ chemi...

A detailed evaluation was made of the literature concerning the dose response features of smoke-water extracts and other types of biological pyrolysis products on seed germination and plant growth. The evaluation was undertaken to extend our research on the occurrence and importance of hormesis in plant biology, as no similar assessment on smoke wa...

In this Viewpoint, we collate evidence showing that fungicides induce hormesis in phytopathogenic fungi, with enhanced pathogenicity at low doses (from 2-3 to over 40 times smaller than the toxicological threshold). Hormesis is a biphasic dose-response phenomenon where low doses of chemicals induce stimulatory effects and high doses inhibitory effe...

Accumulation of metals by plants is an important area of investigation in plant ecology and evolution as well as in soil contamination/phytoremediation practices. This paper reports that hormetic-biphasic dose-response relationships were commonly observed for multiple agents (i.e. arsenic, cadmium, chromium, fluoride, lead, and zinc) and 20 species...

Current regulatory cancer risk assessment principles and practices assume a linear dose-response relationship—the linear no-threshold (LNT) model—that theoretically estimates cancer risks occurring following low doses of carcinogens by linearly extrapolating downward from experimentally determined risks at high doses. The two-year rodent bioassays...

Novel mechanistic insights are discussed herein that link a single, nontoxic, low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) treatment (0.5-1.0 Gy) to (1) beneficial subcellular effects mediated by the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related transcription factor (Nrf2) and to (2) favorable clinical outcomes for COVID-19 pneumonia patients displaying symptom...

This paper evaluated the occurrence of hormetic dose responses in pollen reported over the past eight decades. Hormetic doses responses were induced by a wide range of chemical and physical agents in 34 plant species for pollen germination and pollen tube growth/elongation. Agents inducing such hormetic dose/concentration responses in pollen includ...

A generalized mechanism for hormetic dose responses is proposed that is based on the redox-activated transcription factor (TF), Nrf2, and its upregulation of an integrative system of endogenous anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory adaptive responses. Nrf2 can be activated by numerous oxidative stressors (e.g., exercise, caloric restriction/intermitte...

The use of chloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 has received considerable attention. The recent intense focus on this application of chloroquine stimulated an investigation into the effects of chloroquine at low doses on highly biologically-diverse models and whether it may induce hormetic-biphasic dose response effects. The assessment revealed...

This paper provides evidence to support that riluzole, an FDA-approved treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), like many neuroprotective agents, displays and exerts hormetic biphasic dose responses. These findings have important implications for the experimental study and clinical treatment of ALS.

This paper addresses a novel putative mechanism by which atypical antipsychotic agents induce clinically significant neuroprotective effects that may be viable in the treatment of schizophrenia – and perhaps other neuropsychiatric disorders. Based upon experimental studies with multiple in vitro models (i.e., PC 12 cells, NSC-34 hybrid cells, SH-SY...

Acquired resilience in response to stress caused by environmental adverse changes and its role in medicine and public health is a central topic for the immediate e future. Along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is regarded as the third gasotransmitter and endogenous neuromodulator and plays multiple roles in t...

Emerging evidence indicates that the dysregulation of cellular redox homeostasis and chronic inflammatory processes are implicated in the pathogenesis of kidney and brain disorders. In this light, endogenous dipeptide carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exert cytoprotective actions through the modulation of redox-dependent r...

In numerous experimental models, sulforaphane (SFN) is shown herein to induce hormetic dose responses that are not only common but display endpoints of biomedical and clinical relevance. These hormetic responses are mediated via the activation of nuclear factor erythroid- derived 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response elements (AREs) and, as such, are chara...

Hydrocarbons are used worldwide for an array of purposes ranging from transportation to making plastics and synthetic fibers. Hydrocarbons pollution can occur from local to global scales, becoming a focus of regulatory authorities since a long time ago. While studies show numerous adverse effects on biota, such effects usually occur at very high do...

This chapter examines the concept of what may constitute a healthy environment. It discusses current understandings of adaptation and acquired resilience across both lifespan and generations. This analysis will be framed within an evolutionarily-based dose response evaluative setting of biological adaptation and its quantitative dose response featu...

Background and purpose To assess the feasibility of a treatment planning system in localizing, contouring, and targeting lung lesions along with an evaluation of volume indices of lung involvement in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods We evaluated 10 patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia. The CT images were imported into the ISOgra...