Eduardo Molina-Piernas

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• PhD
• Associate Professor at Universidad de Cádiz

This study investigates the deterioration of granite graffiti at the Philae Archaeological Site on Bigeh Island (Aswan, Egypt), attributed to Khaemwaset (1281–1225 BCE, 19th Dynasty). These graffiti, despite being carved into durable Aswan granite, are experiencing progressive degradation due to environmental and hydrological factors. This research...

Although it is practically impossible to find locations without a massive flux of tourists, few beach destinations present a great attraction due to their privileged natural characteristics. This is often the case for sites that show splendid beach sands. To maintain their tourist attraction and related economic income, it is essential to know sedi...

The Karnak Temples complex, a monumental site dating back to approximately 1970 BC, faces significant preservation challenges due to a confluence of mechanical, environmental, and anthropogenic factors impacting its stone blocks. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the deterioration affecting the northeast corner of the complex, revea...

The aim of this work is to develop low-concentration carbonate phosphate from the Sra Ouertane region. Indeed, the Sra Ouertane low-grade phosphate ore needs an efficient process to remove the impurities, such as carbonates, silicates as well as clay minerals, to meet the requirements of the phosphate industries. Froth flotation is considered as th...

La decimotercera edición del Geolodía en la provincia de Cádiz se centra en el islote de Sancti Petri y su entorno, donde el patrimonio geológico, histórico y natural se unen para dar lugar a uno de los principales hitos paisajísticos del Parque Natural Bahía de Cádiz. Durante la jornada, que se desarrollará en el citado islote, previo desplazamien...

The increase in demand for natural resources due to the growth of the world population is generating an unprecedented increase in waste, and the unsustainability of this situation has induced the change towards a more environmentally friendly economy, the so-called “Green Economy”. Through the new policies for waste management, its reuse in other i...

Archaeological traditional lime mortars are susceptible to many environmental conditions such as the impact of water (rain, humidity, groundwater, etc.), variation of temperatures' degrees, wind and/or pollution. Accordingly, this research aims to provide newly assessed multifunctional Nano-coating for the purpose of archaeological lime mortar prot...

https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-023-00986-5

The pyramids of Meroe are a signifcant archaeological place at the Al Bagrawiya archaeological site (Sudan) with hundreds of pyramids dating back to the kingdom of Kush (1070 BC–550 AD). In this area, winds, heavy rains, and fooding events are the main geohazards that need assessments and solutions because pyramids are subjected to an accumulati...

Molluscs used as personal adornment in Gravettian context are scarce in the Iberian Peninsula.Less than 200 pieces have been barely found along the Mediterranean, and most of them incoastal sites. This article presents thirteen new items–in the majority of marine origin–found by a Spanish-German team during a joint research project in Cueva de Arda...

En esta duodécima edición del Geolodía, recorreremos uno de los enclaves más pintorescos de la provincia de Cádiz, la comarca de la Janda. Durante la jornada, mostraremos los principales rasgos geológicos de la zona, así como las significativas transformaciones que esta ha sufrido especialmente desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Además, podremos...

The ancient Osiris Temple at Philae/Aswan, also known as Abaton, was considered one of the most sacred and mysterious temples in Egypt. In 1960, UNESCO rescued Philae temples because the rise of the water level after the construction of the Old and New Dam of Aswan caused the submergence of all temples underwater. Rescue camping was performed to pr...

The only example and reference of Ptolemaic Alexandrian tombs, with clear integrations of Egyptian-style scenes and decorations, is considered an endangered archaeological site due to different coastal environmental risks in Alexandria and the absence of maintenance. Anfushi's Ne-cropolis is located near the western harbour (Island of Pharos) and d...

We combined geoelectric and seismic ambient noise methods to image the shallow depth (<30 m) distribution of thermal waters in two fault-controlled hydrothermal systems located in southern Chile. The bedrock depth was constrained with seismics, while hotsprings and mapped faults were imaged by low-electrical-resistivity domains (<160 Ωm) defined wi...

Nero’s Temple at El-Ashmonein archaeological site, in Minia (middle of Egypt), is considered one of the most impor‑ tant of all temples of Nero. This temple dates back to 1520 BC–1075 BC in the New Kingdom and was reused in the era of Nero (the Fifth Emperor of Rome). The temple construction materials are severely decayed from surrounding environ...

The excavations undertaken at the Campo de Hockey site in 2008 led to the identification of a major Neolithic necropolis in the former Island of San Fernando (Bay of Cádiz). This work presents the results of the latest studies, which indicate that the site stands as one of the oldest megalithic necropolises in the Iberian Peninsula. The main aim of...

Abusir is the name of an elaborate burial area in Egypt, dotted with 19 pyramids and other temples, stretching on the western side of the Nile from the south of the Giza Plateau to the northern rim of Saqqara. It seems to have been created as the resting site for the Pharaohs dated from 2494 to 2345 BC. The name Abusir, originally spoken as Busiri,...

Este Geolodía 2022 se localiza en la vertiente atlántica de Cádiz en torno al litoral de Cabo Roche. Visitaremos playas, acantilados y calas donde veremos geomorfologías tales como terrazas marinas, dunas, derrumbes, cárcavas y depósitos marinos emergidos de edades que van desde Mioceno superior (7,3 Ma) al inicio del Cuaternario (2,56 Ma). En la e...

We are celebrating the 10th anniversary of the Cadiz Geolodays, dedicating this edition to show various aspects of the geology of our capital. We begin with an introductory lecture about the geological setting and its evolution. After, at different stops a walk will take us to the few outcrops of the rocky substrate on which the city is located. Th...

Natural stone has long been used as a building material because of its physical-mechanical resistance and its esthetic appeal. However, over the last century increasing industrial activity has produced more acidic environments, such as polluted urban areas, that can cause serious damage to many buildings and historic monuments, and in particular th...

Fractures and faults in granitic rocks play an important role in geothermal systems because they permit the circulation of hot fluids. However, the thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of granitic rocks has predominantly been studied at temperatures exceeding 300 °C but many geothermal systems experience temperatures much lower than this. The aim of th...

Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) hosts numerous thermal springs (25–85 °C), related to Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault System (LOFS) and Andean Transverse Faults (ATFs), suggesting the feasibility of low- to high-enthalpy geothermal exploitation. However, the local understanding of processes and factors controlling the high-temperature groundwater circulation rema...

Fracture opening at low differential stress controls maximum sustainable fluid pressure (λ) within cohesive brittle crust. Standard Andersonian stress states occur when two conditions are met: (1) one of the principal stresses σ1≥σ2≥σ3 is vertical, and (2) failure occurs at optimal orientations so that stress tensor shape ratio ϕ=(σ2-σ3)/(σ1- σ3) i...

Field video-guide for the "Geolodía Cadiz 2020". A geological field trip video-guide to show the geological point of interest in the dawntown of Cadiz

The Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes has a high potential in terms of geothermal resources and is an exceptional and poorly explored natural laboratory to study the interplay between tectonic stresses, thermal damage, low-permeable crystalline rocks, and fluid flow. Permeability is mostly related to the damage zones associated with the faults co...

The limestone used at the Pasargadae World Heritage Site in Iran, an outstanding open-air architectural heritage site dating from the Achaemenid period (sixth century BC), has suffered weathering due to interaction with the environment. It was built out of beige limestone that today shows scaling and pitting decay patterns. Two inorganic consolidat...

The original version of this article, unfortunately, contained error. The replacement Figs. 3, 6 and 7 provided during correction stage were not carried out. Given in the article are the correct figures. The original article has been corrected.

در این پژوهش به‌لحاظ ارزش والای آثار معماری سنگی ایران و ضرورت حفظ و نگه‌داری آنها برای آیندگان، پژوهشی بر ارتقای خواص مکانیکی سنگ آهکی (سنگ آهک ماسه‌دار) به‌کاررفته در معماری پاسارگاد از طریق استفاده از مادۀ نانوسیلیکات (SiO2) به‌عنوان استحکام‌بخش برای بهبود خواص مکانیکی سنگ و درنتیجه افزایش عمر این نوع سنگ‌‌ها انجام گرفت. در این راستا خواص جذب آب...

Fractures and faults in granitic rocks allow the circulation of hot fluids and therefore play an important role in geothermal systems. The fractures are affected by extrinsic factors such as confining pressure and temperature. An example of a granitic geothermal reservoir is located in the Southern Volcanic Zone (Chile, 33-46 ºS) where the North Pa...

En los sistemas geotermales emplazados en granitoides de baja porosidad primaria, la circulación de fluidos calientes dependerá de la conexión de redes de fallas y fracturas (permeabilidad estructural) afectadas por factores extrínsecos (e.g. presión de confinamiento, presión de poros). En ese sentido, el basamento del arco volcánico de la Zona Vol...

Different pathologies may arise on a wall finish if this is applied on a hemp-based rammed wall that is not completely dry. By simulating uneven drying and early-rendering of load-bearing and non-load-bearing hemp concrete blocks (made with natural hydraulic lime only or a mix of lime with clay) and studying them by means of chromatic, microbiologi...

We performed a comparative study of the effectiveness of ethyl silicate (TEOS) and dibasic ammonium phosphate (DAP) on two varieties of natural stone used in the architectural heritage of Andalusia (Spain): Arenisca Ronda (calcarenite) and Molinaza Roja (arkose). The consolidants were applied on healthy samples with a paintbrush, a method frequentl...

The architectural remains at Pasargadae were built of three different stones classified according to their colors (beige, dark-gray, and green-gray). The stones show different macroscopic features, such as texture and decay patterns. The aim of this study is to identify the composition of the stones and to evaluate the main decay factors through pe...

Pasargadae Wolrd Heritage Site related to Achaemenid period in Iran (6th century BC). Pasargadae was built using three different types of limestone which differ in color. In this study, beige limestone has been chosen for consolidation treatment because of its decay, as in scaling and peeling. Two products; nano-lime and ammonium phosphate were con...

Chile’s location along an active subduction zone has endowed it with a high geothermal potential. However, a better understanding of the thermomechanical and fluid transport properties of rocks is required to assess the potential of geothermal systems and thereby enhance the possibilities for their use. We have focused in the area surrounding Liqu...

Oblique subduction between the Nazca and South American plates produces the Southern Volcanic Zone (33-46°S) (SVZ), an active tectono-magmatic-hydrothermal setting. Tectonics of the SVZ is controlled by the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault System (LOFS) and the Andean Transverse Faults (ATF). The LOFS is an active intra-arc 1200-km-long fault system, with dextr...

We present the preliminary results about " gunstones " (cannonballs made of stone) from the collection of the Archaeological Museum of Baza-MAB-(Granada, Spain) and used in the conquest of the city of Baza in 1489 by the Catholic Kings. This study started when an anonymous neighbor brought to MAB some photographs showing natural stone samples (bloc...

Pasargadae is an archaeological site from Achaemenid period (550 BC) which is one of Iran’s UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It included: mausoleum of Cyrus the Great, two royal palaces, fortress and the remains of a temple. Three different types of limestones are distinguished on the basis of their color: beige, green-gray, and dark-gray. In naked eye...

Pasargadae archaeological complex is the first capital of Achaemenid period dated to about 550 BC and is located 135 Km north-east from Shiraz, in Fars province (South of Iran). There are different royal buildings in this archaeological site that ruined as the time goes on and only some stone parts of these buildings left standing. Pasargadae build...

The reaction between diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and calcite in the stone to form hydroxyapatite (HAP) had provided a new product to consolidate limestone or Ca-rich stones, for example sandstones with carbonatic cement. However, what does it happen with the stones without Ca-bearing compounds? Obviously, HAP cannot form. In the other hand,...

The reaction between diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and calcite in the stone to form hydroxyapatite (HAP) had provided a new product to consolidate Ca-rich stones (limestone, marbles, sandstones). However, what does it happen with the stones without Ca-bearing compounds or, in the other hand, in Ca-rich stone was previously altered? Obviously,...

This study gives an example of the steps that a repair work must include to be successful. It deals with a specific building, repair material (lime mortar) and application (render), but also with the study of the repair mortar in the laboratory and on site. Firstly, the original materials of the wall were characterized to ensure compatibility with...

Thirty-two ceramic fragments of Early Iberian Age were collected in the Canto Tortoso area, an archaeological site located about 100 km far from the city of Granada (Spain). The site is placed on a hill delimited by two rivers, Fardes and Guadiana Menor. Ceramics are equally divided into amphorae and vessels and half of them have black core. Sample...

Se ha evaluado la influencia de un consolidante fosfatado sobre el sistema poroso de cuatro tipos de rocas sedimentarias y la posible interacción entre el acabado superficial de corte de sierra (S), apomazado (P) y envejecido (J) aplicado sobre las probetas y el coeficiente de permeabilidad. La caracterización se ha realizado mediante porosimetría...

Realizar la caracterización de las policromías procedentes de artesonados del Monasterio de San Jerónimo de Baza (Granada, España) mediante la aplicación de microscopía Raman en combinación con las microscopías digital, petrográfica y electrónica de barrido y completando el estudio con la medición del color mediante espectrofotometría. Breve reseña...

There has been little research into domestic environments in the south and south-west of the Iberian Peninsula. This has led the material culture traditionally associated with such environments to be completely relegated in the historiography. Therefore, the basic objective of this paper is to show two aspects. The first is the lack of rigorous stu...

The durability of a rock when exposed to decay agents is an important criterion when assessing its quality as a building material. Our study focuses on six varieties of natural stone (two limestones, one dolostone, one travertine and two sandstones) that are widely used in both new and historical buildings. In order to assess their quality, we meas...

Porous sedimentary stones are frequently used in the construction of many different kinds of buildings. In order to assess the quality of each stone as a building material, it is important to analyse its particular petrographic characteristics and physical properties, as these affect its behaviour when exposed to agents of decay. We selected six st...

"Santa Pudia" calcarenite, extracted in quarries from Granada (Andalusia, Spain), is a very important ornamental stone used in some of the main historical buildings in Andalusia, and particularly in the city of Granada. It has been used mainly outdoors with structural purposes (ashlars, columns), but is also used as decorative element in façades, p...

caracterizar y comparar petrográfica y químicamente los litotipos “Arenisca de Ronda” y “Molinaza Roja”, extraído uno en Ronda (Málaga) y otro en Montoro (Córdoba), respectivamente. Este trabajo se enmarca dentro de un estudio más amplio de materiales de construcción que no admiten el pulido de sus superficies debido, sobre todo, a su sistema poros...

We studied the pore system of six different types of sedimentary stone (two limestones, two sandstones, one dolostone and one travertine). Techniques based on the direct observation of the pore system (optical and scanning electron microscopes, digital image analysis) were combined with others used for indirect characterization (mercury intrusion p...

Ceramic fragments from the archaeological excavation of the Iberian–Roman city of Basti (Spain) were studied from a geochemical point of view and by applying a statistical tool to X-ray fluorescence data to discover similarities between ceramic materials. The analysis of these samples was completed by performing a mineralogical analysis, textural o...