Eduard Isenmann

IST University of Applied Sciences

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized across various domains, including the generation of training plans. However, the reproducibility and quality of training plans produced by different LLMs have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to: 1) investigate and compare the quality of muscle hypertrophy-related resistance train...

The side effects and safety of cannabidiol (CBD) products are currently discussed in different contexts. Of all adverse effects, hepatotoxic effects have been reported most frequently in previous studies. However, the threshold for liver toxicity of CBD in humans is uncertain due to the lack of adequately designed studies in humans below the lowest...

Purpose High-intensity functional interval training (HIFT) is predominantly composed of high exercise training intensities (HiT) and loads. Both have been linked to a higher risk of overtraining and injuries in inexperienced populations. A polarized training approach is characterized by high amounts of low-intensity training (LiT) and only approxim...

Objective The influence of the menstrual cycle on practical power performance such as barbell back squats and jumping performance in women has not yet been fully investigated. In addition, the performance level of athletes has not been considered in previous studies. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different cycle phases on acute b...

Background: Dietary supplements (DS) are very popular with the general population, physically active people and professional athletes are often taken without professional advice. Adverse effects on consumer health are increasingly being reported and there are concerns about overdoses of certain nutrients. There are initial indications that some gro...

An increasing number of people, including recreational trained individuals, choose not to consume animal products and follow a vegan diet. Young women in particular are switching to a vegan diet. Studies have shown no difference in performance and muscle adaptations between a balanced vegan and an omnivorous diet. However, there are hardly any stud...

Plant steroids such as ecdysterone (ECDY) or diosgenin (DIO) have been associated with anabolic and performance-enhancing effects for years. However, the molecular mechanisms have not yet been extensively studied in skeletal muscle cells. Consequently, the anabolic activity and associated molecular mechanisms of ECDY and DIO alone and in combinatio...

Background: Menopause has a significant impact on the endocrine system of middle-aged women, resulting in a loss of skeletal muscle mass (SMM), changes in fat mass (FM) and a reduction in strength capacity. Resistance training (RT) and a high-protein diet (HPD) are effective methods for maintaining or increasing SMM. This study aims to determine th...

Aim:To investigate the effects of combined diet-and-exercise interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Data synthesis: A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and BISp Surf databases (latest update in June 2024). A total of 14706 records was identified. After screening procedures, 1...

Background: Various nutritional strategies are increasingly used in sports to reduce oxidative stress and promote recovery. Chokeberry is rich in polyphenols and can reduce oxidative stress. Consequently, chokeberry juices and mixed juices with chokeberry content are increasingly used in sports. However, the data are very limited. Therefore, this s...

Introduction: Demographic changes are resulting in a continual increase in the proportion of individuals over 65 years old. Simultaneously, muscle mass (MM) tends to decrease with age, with a decline noticeable from the middle of the fourth decade of life. While physical activity is considered a modulator for maintaining MM, the interaction with nu...

Background: Rapid regeneration after intense exercise is essential for competitive athletes. Based on this assumption, supplementa-tion strategies, focusing on food supplements, are increasing to improve the recovery processes. One such supplement is cannabi-diol (CBD) which is gaining more attention in competitive sports. However, the evidence is...

The phytosteroid ecdysterone is classified as an anabolic agent and has been included on the monitoring list of the World Anti‐Doping Agency since 2020. Therefore, the consumption of food rich in ecdysterone, such as quinoa and spinach, is the focus of a lively debate. Thus, the urinary excretion of ecdysterone and its metabolites in humans was inv...

Background: The consumption of dietary supplements (DS) is widespread among the general population and competitive athletes. However, only a few competitive athletes seek information from experts about the effects and use of DS. Furthermore, it is currently unknown whether certain sports have a higher affinity for DS than others. Methods: This stud...

The purpose was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the Hang Power Clean (HPC) and Hang Power Snatch (HPS) with the Hang Clean Pull (HCP) and Hang Snatch Pull (HSP). Additionally, the influence of weightlifting expertise (beginner, advanced and elite) on EMG activity was analyzed. Twenty-seven weightlifters (beginner: n = 11, age: 23...

The phytosteroid ecdysterone is included on the monitoring list of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Therefore, the consumption of food rich in ecdysterone is the focus of a lively debate. Thus, urinary excretion of ecdysterone and its metabolites in humans was investigated following quinoa consumption alone and in combination with spinach. After intak...

INTRODUCTION: Menopause has a massive impact on the endocrine system of middle-aged women resulting in a loss of bone and muscle mass. Systematic strength training is an effective method to maintain or increase skeletal muscle mass. However, data on the effectiveness of strength training in postmenopausal women is limited. Preliminary data suggests...

INTRODUCTION: The number of people who completely renounce animal products and live vegan is continuously increasing. Young women between the ages of 15 and 29 are the most frequently represented population. However, there is hardly any data available for this population. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the influence of a change to a vegan d...

Background Resistance training (RT) is effective in counteracting the age- and menopause-related loss of muscle mass (MM) and strength in middle-aged women (40–60 years). Research on RT with free weights is limited in pre- and post-menopausal women. Based on this, a 20-week training intervention was conducted with this population to investigate the...

› Problem: To cope with the increasing pressure to perform, more and more amateur athletes are turning to performance- enhancing substances. Although the use of dietary supplements, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and alcohol does not fall into the category of ‘doping’, it nevertheless harbors risks and side effects during sporting activity....

Background: The variation of sex hormones determines menstrual cycle (MC). This variation in hormones appears to affect women's exercise performance and their recovery during a MC. Speed endurance plays a crucial role in water polo. To date, no scientific study has examined the effect of the menstrual cvcle on speed endurance in water polo. Meticul...

Einleitung: Eine bedarfsangepasste Ernährung ist eine bedeutende, leistungsbestimmende Variable im Leistungssport. Verschiedene Kostformen, für die gesundheits- und regenerationsfördernde Effek-teangenommen werden, werden vermehrt von Sportler*innen umgesetzt. Die vegane Ernährungsweise besitzt dabei einen zunehmenden Anteil und wird besonders von...

The use of plant steroids to improve physical health and performance is becoming increasingly popular. One of these plant steroids is diosgenin, which is mainly available in fenugreek. As a result, some studies have been conducted to improve physical health. Fenugreek extracts are also becoming increasingly popular in the context of athletic perfor...

Scope: The phytosteroid ecdysterone is present in spinach. In this study, the urinary elimination of ecdysterone and its metabolites in humans was investigated following spinach consumption of two different culinary preparations. Methods and results: Eight participants (4 male, 4 female) ingested 950 (27.1) g sautéed spinach (average (±SD)) and...

Background: Resistance training (RT) is effective in counteracting the age- and menopause-related loss of muscle mass (MM) and strength in middle-aged women (40-60 years). Research on RT with free weights in this population is limited in pre- and postmenopausal women. Based on this, a 20-week training intervention was conducted with middle-aged wom...

Background Women are underrepresented in resistance exercise-related studies. To date only one meta-analysis provides concrete training recommendations for muscle strength gains through resistance training in eumenorrhoeic women. Objective This review aims to identify research gaps to advance future study in this area to expand the knowledge conce...

Over the past few years, the number of people who have avoided animal products has been rising steadily. A plant-based diet is associated with a healthier lifestyle and has positive effects on various diseases. More and more healthy active people and performance-orientated athletes are giving up animal products for various reasons, such as for an i...

Problems: Hypothyroidism is associated with increased cardi- ovascular events and a reduced quality of life. The goal of this sys- tematic review is to identify additive treatment strategies besides hormone replacement through diet and exercise intervention and to point out research gaps. › Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted i...

Introduction Physical training can improve several health variables in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A growing body of studies also finds a positive influence of dietary supplement (DS) intake. The aim of this review is to shed light on the possible effects of training interventions combined with DS intake in T2DM patients. Method...

High-intensity functional training (HIFT) integrates different modes of exercise into training sessions performed at a relatively high intensity. Although HIFT is becoming more popular in youth strength and conditioning programs, research comparing the effects of HIFT with traditional forms of training, such as strength training (ST) or endurance t...

Background: Hormones like testosterone play a crucial role in performance enhancement and muscle growth. Therefore, various attempts to increase testosterone release and testosterone concentration have been made, especially in the context of resistance training. Among practitioners, sexual activity (coitus and masturbation) a few hours before train...

The number of people suffering from being overweight or obese has risen steadily in recent years. Consequently, new forms of nutrition and diets were developed as potential solutions. In the last years, the time-restricted feeding and continuous energy restriction via macronutrient-based diets were increasingly popular. Both diets were exclusively...

Cannabidiol supplements (CBD) are increasingly consumed by athletes to improve regeneration. However, the evidence for the pro-regenerative effects of CBD in sports is quite limited. There-fore, our aim was to investigate the effects of a single CBD supplementation in a six-arm place-bo-controlled crossover study after resistance training on perfor...

Ecdysterone is a phytosteroid widely discussed for its various pharmacological, growth-promoting, and anabolic effects, mediated by the activation of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta). Performance-enhancement in sports was demonstrated recently, and ecdysterone was consequently included in the Monitoring Program, to detect potential patterns of misus...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an 8‑week powerlifting-type bench press (BP) resistance training (RT) program, either without (RAW) or with using a supportive elastic bench press device (EBD) on one-repetition maximum (1-RM), body weight (BW), mid-upper arm and chest circumference, as well as visual analogue pain scale (VAS)...

Ecdysterone is a phytosteroid widely discussed for its various pharmacological, growth-promoting and anabolic effects mediated by activation of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta). Performance-enhancement in sports was demonstrated recently, and ecdysterone was consequently included in the Monitoring Program to detect potential patterns of misuse in sp...

Nach intensivem Krafttraining spielt die Regenerationsfähigkeit eine entscheidende Rolle, um schnellstmöglich wieder maximale Leistung zu erbringen. Unterschiedliche Behandlungsmethoden sowie Wärme-und Kältetherapie sind in den letzten Jahren im Fokus der Sportler geblieben. Seit dem Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts erfreut sich die Infrarotbehandlung wac...

The breakdown of skeletal muscles increases with age and is further accelerated in today’s society due to lower physical activity. The skeletal muscles are primarily responsible for the transmission of force and thus for our everyday movement. With the reduction of muscle mass, the execution of everyday movement is continuously hampered and the qua...

Zusammenfassung CrossFit® (CF) bedient sich ständig variierender funktioneller Bewegungen in sogenannten „Workouts of the Day“ (WOD), die oft unter Zeitdruck ausgeführt werden. CF wird daher oft kritisiert, da es möglicherweise ein hohes Verletzungsrisiko birgt. Es existieren Studien zu Verletzungshäufigkeiten beim CF aus den USA, den Niederlanden...

Global consumption of dietary supplements has been rising steadily for more than a decade. Especially in competitive sports, dietary supplements are consumed by more than 75% of athletes. However, only a fraction part of the athletes take advantage of appropriate expert care. Apart from the lack of care for athletes, the data available on scientifi...

Background Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory activity and was tested as a drug for the treatment of various diseases. ALA is also frequently used as a nutrition supplement, in healthy individuals or in competitive athletes. However, information from intervention studies investigating physiological effects of an...

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a six-week, twice weekly resistance training (4 sets at 30% 1-RM until failure) with practical blood flow restriction (BFR) using 7cm wide cuffs with a twist lock placed below the patella is superior to training without BFR (NoBFR) concerning muscle mass and strength gains in calf muscles. A two-...

Objectives Nutrition is a key element in post-exercise regeneration. Various studies suggest that ingestion of combined carbohydrates and proteins after exercise result in a decrease of inflammatory processes and consequently in an increase of regeneration and physical performance. Recent studies compared the pro-regenerative effects of protein/car...

The medical qualities of cannabidiol (CBD) have been known for a long time. Especially in recent times increasingly more research is being conducted on this subject. Nevertheless, the direct effects of CBD on regeneration after physical activity are still unclear. Even though the anti-inflammatory effect of CBD is undisputed in medicine, the extent...

Recent studies suggest that the anabolic effect of ecdysterone, a naturally occurring steroid hormone claimed to enhance physical performance, is mediated by estrogen receptor (ER) binding. In comparison with the prohibited anabolic agents (e.g., metandienone and others), ecdysterone revealed to be even more effective in a recent study performed in...

Purpose Weight lifting training has gained much popularity in recent years and is frequently used in non-professional and professional settings. However, little is known about the acute effects of a highly intensive weight lifting exercise (clean and jerk) on the hemodynamic reaction. Methods 18 non-professional experienced weight lifters were rec...

Physical performance and regeneration after exercise is enhanced by the ingestion of proteins and carbohydrates. These nutrients are generally consumed by athletes via whey protein and glucose-based shakes. In this study, effects of protein and carbohydrate on skeletal muscle regeneration, given either by shake or by a meal, were compared. 35 subje...

Anabolic steroids have a long history of abuse in amateur and professional athletics. However, their interaction with training and the resulting effects on body composition and tissue adaptation, relying on a concert of factors and pathways, remain under investigation. This study aims at investigating the changes of body composition and the express...

Consumption of pre-workout supplements (PWS) has increased substan- tially in recent years. However, dosages of ingredients vary between man- ufacturers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze ingredients from various products and to survey past and present (4 weeks) consumption behavior. Analysis of ingredients was performed in 30 produ...

Consumption of pre-workout supplements (PWS) has increased substantially in recent years. However, dosages of ingredients vary between manufacturers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze ingredients from various products and to survey past and present (4 weeks) consumption behavior. Analysis of ingredients was performed in 30 products ac...

INTRODUCTION: Comparing individual strength performance in human studies has proven to be quite difficult as there are many influencing factors. Bodyweight has been identified to be a strong predictor of strength performance. However the influence of anthropomorphic variables, like length of leg or arm and age has only been margin ally investigated...