Edmond Rock

• French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment (INRAE)

La alimentación preventiva tiene por finalidad que la gente viva por mucho tiempo y con más tiempo en buena salud, lo que ya no es el caso en nuestros días. Con el fin de lograr este objetivo es importante definir qué es un alimento (parte 3) y qué es la alimentación (parte 1) dentro de un marco científico más holístico. En nuestros días, el exceso...

Aging is a major risk factor for metabolic impairment that may lead to age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease. Different mechanisms that may explain the interplay between aging and lipoproteins, and between aging and low-molecular-weight metabolites (LMWMs), in the metabolic dysregulation associated with age-related diseases have been...

In France, hypermarkets are the main shopping sites for food products. Therefore, the food-purchasing profiles of their regular customers may be a relevant indicator of the sustainability and health potentials of consumed diets. Knowing this information can be a step to address the issue of global health. The main objective of this study was to ass...

Face aux enjeux environnementaux, il n'est plus suffisant de manger sain pour soi, mais aussi pour protéger la santé globale (humaine et planétaire). Dans cette étude nous nous sommes focalisés sur la durabilité potentielle du régime alimentaire de la population française âgée de plus de 65 ans, et dont environ les deux-tiers sont atteints de malad...

In France, the evolution of dietary pattern relative to sustainability and global health remains insufficiently studied. The objective of this study was to assess dietary changes during 1998–2015 through three generic metrics potentially related to sustainability. Food consumption data were collected from three French National Individual Study of F...

Exclusive reductionism in nutritional science consists of viewing foods as only the sum of nutrients. This position paper argues that the extreme application of this paradigm since 1950 has greatly contributed to confusion about a healthy diet among consumers and to the development of chronic diseases worldwide. First, history of nutritional scienc...

Global food systems are no longer sustainable for health, the environment, animal biodiversity and wellbeing, culinary traditions, socioeconomics, or small farmers. The increasing massive consumption of animal foods has been identified as a major determinant of unsustainability. However, today, the increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods (U...

Global food systems are no longer sustainable for health, the environment, animal biodiversity and wellbeing, culinary traditions, socioeconomics, or small farmers. The increasing massive consumption of animal foods has been identified as a major determinant of unsustainability. However, today, the increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods (U...

Global food systems are no longer sustainable for health, the environment, animal biodiversity and wellbeing, culinary traditions, socioeconomics, or small farmers. The increasing massive consumption of animal foods has been identified as a major determinant of unsustainability. However, today, the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is als...

Objective: To define a generic diet to protect human health and food system sustainability based on three dimensions: animal/plant ratio, degree of food processing, and food diversity. Design/Setting: The percentages of maximum animal and ultra-processed calories were evaluated from scientific papers (Web of Science database) and reports (websites...

Si grâce aux mesures d’hygiène, aux vaccins et aux antibiotiques, la mortalité liée aux infections n’a cessé de diminuer ces dernières années, les maladies chroniques non transmissibles, elles, ont vu leur incidence augmenter. Or parmi les principaux accusés, est pointée du doigt la « malbouffe » qui génère surpoids, obésité et pathologies associée...

Background LDL‐C lowering is the main measure in cardiovascular disease prevention but a residual risk of ischemic events still remains. Alterations of lipoproteins, specially, increase in small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles are related to this risk. Objective To investigate the potential use of sdLDL cholesterol concentration (sdLDL‐C) isolated by...

Background/Objectives Given their role in female reproduction, the effects of progesterone on arginine and related amino acids, polyamines and NF-κB p65 activation were studied across the menstrual cycle. Methods Arginine, ornithine and citrulline as well as putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and N-acetyl-putrescine were determined in plasma, NF-κB...

Today, it seems that nutrition is in a state of great confusion, especially for the general public. For decades, some nutrients (e.g., cholesterol, saturated fats, sugars, gluten, salt) and food groups (e.g., dairy, cereals, meats) are regularly denigrated. In this position paper, we hypothesized that such a state of confusion is mainly the result...

Force est de constater que si, à son origine, la technologie était au service de l’aliment, progressivement c’est l’aliment qui est devenu au service de la technologie. En effet, au tout début la technologie a servi l’aliment pour le rendre sûr, comestible et palatable. Difficile de manger des grains de céréales non transformés ! La fermentation a...

Force est de constater que si, à son origine, la technologie était au service de l’aliment, progressivement c’est l’aliment qui est devenu au service de la technologie. En effet, au tout début la technologie a servi l’aliment pour le rendre sûr, comestible et palatable. Difficile de manger des grains de céréales non transformés ! La fermentation a...

The antioxidant potential (AP) is an important nutritional property of foods, as increased oxidative stress is involved in most diet-related chronic diseases. In dairy products, the protein fraction contains antioxidant activity, especially casein. Other antioxidants include antioxidant enzymes; lactoferrin; conjugated linoleic acid; coenzyme Q10;...

To date, observational studies in nutrition have categorized foods into groups such as dairy, cereals, fruits, and vegetables. However, the strength of the association between food groups and chronic diseases is far from convincing. In most international expert surveys, risks are most commonly scored as probable, limited, or insufficient rather tha...

L’approche réductionniste est prédominante dans la recherche en nutrition, expliquant les mécanismes à la base de l’action des nutriments et augmentant l’espérance de vie. Pourtant, les pathologies associées à l’alimentation, épidémies d’obésité et de diabète, croissent chaque année, conduisant à une réduction de l’espérance de vie en bonne santé....

This concept paper intends to define four new paradigms for improving nutrition research. First, the consequences of applying a reductionist versus a holistic approach to nutrition science will be discussed. The need for a more focused preventive nutrition approach, as opposed to a curative one, will then be presented on the basis of the ‘healthy c...

Objective: To establish a relationship between body mass index (BMI), lipid, and lipoprotein parameters among nonobese, normoglycemic, and normolipidemic healthy men without any cardiovascular, metabolic, or chronic diseases. Methods: A total of 297 healthy, nonsmoking males between 20 and 75 years were recruited. Exclusion criteria included fam...

Research in preventive nutrition aims at elucidating mechanism by which our diet helps us to remain in good health through optimal physiological functions. However, despite decades of accumulated data in human nutrition and regular subsequent nutritional recommendations, obesity and type 2 diabetes epidemics continue to progress worldwide each year...

Determination of lipoprotein particle size and number using advanced lipoprotein tests (ALTs) is of particular importance to improve cardiovascular risk prediction. Here we present the Liposcale test, a novel ALT based on 2D diffusion-ordered (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Our method uses diffusion coefficients to provide a direct measure of the mean parti...

The reductionist approach has been predominant to date y in human nutrition research, unraveling some of the fundamental mechanisms at the basis of food nutrients, e.g., those that involve deficiency diseases. In Western countries, along with progress in medicine and pharmacology, the reductionist approach helped to increase life expectancy. Howeve...

Citrus fruits are widely consumed in the world. From a nutritional point of view, like many fruits, they provide organic and inorganic compounds known to play important biological roles. Organic antioxidants are the subject of this review mainly centered on studies in humans. The aim is to show that the antioxidant property is clearly established b...

Export Date: 18 October 2014

As the European population is getting older, there is growing need in scientific data on how to achieve healthy and successful aging. A decline in immune function with age is unanimously supported by many epidemiological and clinical observations, with a decrease in T-cell mediated function encompassing a large part of this alteration. In the EU-fu...

Prospective studies have indicated an age-related impairment of the immune response. Carotenoids have been hypothesised to enhance immune cell function. The aim of the present study was to describe the age-related effects and the impact of in vivo dietary carotenoid depletion and repletion on specific and non-specific immunity. A total of ninety-ei...

We present the results of the first study on the impact of thermal processing and lyophilisation on three major micronutrient families: carotenoids, total polyphenols and vitamin C in two different tomato cultivars: a red tomato (RT) and a yellow one (VT). Micronutrients were analysed in fresh tomatoes, tomato pur e and lyophilised tomatoes. YT con...

In search of a general membrane defect hypothesis for malignant hyperthermia syndrome, we analysed the lipid profiles of heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes isolated from normal and malignant hyperthermia longissimus dorsi pig muscle. Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility was assessed by halothane challenge of pigs. Sarcoplasmic reticulum membra...

The immune system gradually deteriorates with age and nutritional status is a major factor in immunosenescence. Of the many nutritional factors implicated in age-related immune dysfunction, vitamin A may be a good candidate, since vitamin A concentrations classically decrease during aging whereas it may possess important immunomodulatory properties...

Prospective studies indicate that tomato consumers are protected against prostate cancer. Lycopene has been hypothesized to be responsible for tomato health benefits. Our aim was to differentiate the effects of tomato matrix from those of lycopene by using lycopene-rich red tomatoes, lycopene-free yellow tomatoes, and purified lycopene. Thirty heal...

Magnesium (Mg) intake is inadequate in the western diet and metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in populations around the world. Epidemiological studies suggest that high Mg intake may reduce the risk but the possibility of confounding factors exists, given the strong association between Mg and other beneficial nutriments (vegetables, fibers, ce...

Epidemiological and experimental studies underline the role of magnesium in inflammation. Several data indicate an enhanced response of phagocytes (granulocytes, macrophages) derived from magnesium-deficient animals or cultured under low magnesium conditions to the inflammatory mediators' stimulation. On the contrary, it was pointed out that high e...

It has been shown that the antioxidant status was altered by the "live high-train low" (LHTL) method, however, no information is available regarding the antioxidant restoration during the recovery period. We tested the hypothesis that the antioxidant status is impaired by 18 days LHTL in elite athletes and remained altered after 14 days of recovery...

The potential influence of magnesium (Mg) on inflammatory responses was assessed using an ex vivo model--human whole blood incubated with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Addition of LPS leads to higher levels of cytokines including TNF-alpha and IL-6. No significant effect of Mg was observed following LPS stimulation whereas high concentratio...

We investigated the impact of 13 days of "living high-training low" (LHTL) on the antioxidant/prooxidant balance in elite endurance swimmers. Eighteen elite swimmers from the French Swimming Federation were submitted to a 13-day endurance training and divided into two groups: one group trained at 1,200 m and lived in hypoxia (2,500-3,000 m simulate...

Epidemiological studies have suggested that high consumption of tomato products is associated with a lower risk for chronic diseases. To exert their health effect, the phytochemicals of tomatoes have to be bioavailable and therefore it implies their stability through the digestion process. Here, we assessed the digestive stability of the red-pigmen...

We investigated whether acute hypoxic exposures could modify the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance in elite endurance athletes, known to have efficient antioxidant status. Forty-one elite athletes were subjected to two hypoxic tests: one at an altitude of 4 800 m during 10-min of mild exercise (4 800 m test) and the second at rest for 3 h at an altit...

Hyporetinemia is observed in several pathological conditions including a primary deficiency of vitamin A and has also been reported to accompany inflammatory diseases. Experimental magnesium (Mg) deficiency in rodents is accompanied by an inflammatory syndrome. The present study was designed to determine whether the acute phase response in Mg-defic...

Due to the limited interest in carotenoids in ruminant diets until recently, analyses of forages are often incomplete, focusing mainly on β-carotene and lutein. Carotenoid composition of green forage from middle mountain meadow was analyzed by HPLC after extraction and elimination of chlorophylls by mild saponification. This method of analysis uses...

There is strong epidemiological evidence that whole-grain cereals protect the body against age-related diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some cancers. This may be due to the fibre and micronutrients in the outer layer and germ fractions of the grain acting together to combat oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperglycaemia and ca...

Visible-near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to predict dry matter, fat, pH, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, xanthophylls, sodium chloride, calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, total antioxidant capacity, brightness, redness, and yellowness in both fresh and freeze-dried cheeses. A total of 445 cheeses of four cheese varieties...

Oxidative stress is implicated in the etiology of many diseases, but most of clinical trials failed to demonstrate beneficial effects of antioxidant supplementation. In the present experiment, we assessed the mean-term effect of wheat germ supplementation, as a dietary source of vitamin E, on antioxidant protection in rat. Feeding rats a 20% wheat...

We previously demonstrated that acute exposure to hypoxia (3 h at 3000 m) increased oxidative stress markers. Thus, by using the 'living high-training low' (LHTL) method, we further hypothesized that intermittent hypoxia associated with endurance training alters the prooxidant/antioxidant balance. Twelve elite athletes from the Athletic French Fede...

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the potential beneficial effect of supplementation with different inulin-type fructan fractions against common features of the metabolic syndrome in a rat model of this syndrome (fructose-fed rat). Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups and the animals received for 4 weeks either a semi-p...

Cancer is related not only to genetic backgrounds but also, more predominantly, to environmental factors. Plant-based foods, including fruit, have long been considered as providing protection. Epidemiological studies have shown that individuals who consumed the most fruit had a lower risk of cancer. However, data can significantly differ according...

Introduction The retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway regulates the transcription of target genes which control lipid metabolism mediated by the ligand of the nuclear receptors, retinoic X receptor and RA receptor, and the cofactor cellular RA binding protein-II. Interestingly, this signaling pathway has been associated with disorders of lipid meta...

Introduction. The retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway regulates the transcription of target genes which control lipid metabolism mediated by the ligand of the nuclear receptors, retinoic X receptor and RA receptor, and the cofactor cellular RA binding protein-II. Interestingly, this signaling pathway has been associated with disorders of lipid met...

The objective of this study was to specify the relationships between animal species (cow versus goat) and the contents of fat-soluble constituents (fatty acids, carotenoids, retinol and α-tocopherol) in raw milk farmhouse cheeses. Four hundred and thirty-two farmhouse cheeses (74 farms×6–7 cheeses), including 306 cow's milk cheeses and 126 goat's m...

The aim of this correlational study was to (1) characterize the composition of Rocamadour goat's milk farmhouse cheese in terms of average contents and variability in fatty acids (FA), retinol, α-tocopherol, folate, β-carotene, xanthophylls, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, zinc, sodium chloride and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and (2...

In the last two decades, there has been an increasing use of isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid or 13-CRA) for treatment of severe, and recently mild and moderate, acne in Westernized populations. Recent human and animal studies emphasized alterations caused by 13-CRA administration on folate-dependent, one-carbon metabolism. Folate deficiency and...

Epidemiologic studies suggested a protective effect of tomatoes against prostate cancer brought by lycopene, a carotenoid conferring the red colour of tomatoes. However, intervention studies on patients have shown that the preventive effect of tomato was more potent than that of lycopene. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of red toma...

Cohort studies suggested that individuals with higher intake of tomatoes and tomato products have a lower risk of degenerative diseases. Lycopene, an antioxidant and antiproliferative carotenoid, has been hypothesized to be responsible for the health benefits of tomatoes. However, studies demonstrated a higher potential of tomatoes compared to lyco...

The regulation of cell growth and differentiation and also expression of a number of genes by retinoids are mediated by nuclear retinoid receptors (RARs and/or RXRs). In this study we investigated age-related alteration in both RAR and RXR receptor subtypes gene expression and tissue transglutaminase (tTG) activity before and after supplementation...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) 1131T>C gene variant on vitamin E status and lipid profile. The gene variant was determined in 297 healthy nonsmoking men aged 20-75 years and recruited in the VITAGE Project. Effects of the genotype on vitamin E in plasma, LDL, and buccal mucosa cells (BMC) as we...

Owing to the growing number of reports in the literature on ADMA as a possibly useful marker of endothelial health, its use in the clinical laboratory is of increasing interest. Age dependency and the small, but statistically significant differences between healthy subjects and disease groups are difficult to interpret. Additionally, levels of ADMA...

Oxidative stress likely constitutes an important contributing factor in the onset of degenerative diseases associated with folate deficiency. Direct, as well as homocysteine-linked, antioxidant properties of folate could explain its preventive effect on these pathologies. Our study aimed at determining the changes in the redox status of adult rats...

This study was conducted to determine whether olive fruits, rich in micronutrients, might improve bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats (an experimental model of postmenopausal osteoporosis) and in OVX rats with granulomatosis inflammation (a model of senile osteoporosis). Six-month-old Wistar female rats underwent ovariectomy and were then immedi...

The purpose of this review is to summarize experimental findings showing that magnesium modulates cellular events involved in inflammation. Experimental magnesium deficiency in the rat induces after a few days a clinical inflammatory syndrome characterized by leukocyte and macrophage activation, release of inflammatory cytokines and acute phase pro...

The cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II (CRABP-II), together with nuclear receptors such as the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR), is involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes that control lipid metabolism via the retinoid signaling pathway and, as such, may be associated with disorders of lipid metabolism....

The aim was to investigate the effects of acute exercise under hypoxic condition and the repetition of such exercise in a 'living low-training high' training on the antioxidant/prooxidant balance. Randomized, repeated measures design. Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France. Fourteen runners were randomly divided into two groups. A 6-week end...

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of common pathologies: abdominal obesity linked to an excess of visceral fat, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. This syndrome is occurring at epidemic rates, with dramatic consequences for human health worldwide, and appears to have emerged largely from changes in our diet and reduced physical ac...

Effects of different inulin-type fructan fractions were studied on atherosclerotic plaque formation in male apo E-deficient mice. Thirty-two mice were randomly divided into four groups and received either a semi-purified sucrose-based diet (control group), or diets in which sucrose was replaced in part by various inulin-type fructans (10 g/100 g):...

Vegetables and fruits are rich sources of a variety of nutrients, including vitamins (E and C), trace minerals, and dietary fibers, and many other classes of biologically active compounds such as carotenoids and polyphenols, which are often assumed to protect against degenerative pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases. Although potato is consi...

Lutein and its stereo-isomer zeaxanthin, are the major carotenoids of wheat grain and function as antioxidants in plants as well as in humans. Dietary intake and serum levels of these xanthophylls have been correlated with a beneficial impact on the development of cataracts, age-related maculopathy and other degenerative diseases. The objective of...

Liver fibrosis is characterized by an activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). During primary culture HSC evolve from a quiescent into an activated phenotype which is characterized by alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) up-regulation, increase in cell growth, and extracellular matrix secretion. HSC culture with trans-resveratrol can lead to de...

The aim of this correlational study was to: (1) characterize the composition of cow’s milk farmhouse cheeses in terms of average contents and variability in fatty acids, retinol, $\alpha$‑tocopherol, folate, $\beta$‑carotene, xanthophylls, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, zinc, sodium chloride and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and (2)...

The current study was undertaken to provide solutions to optimize the unsaponifiable antioxidants content of bread. We report a complete description of changes in wheat carotenoids and vitamin E content from grain to bread and highlight the most important processing steps affecting their level in wheat bread. Major carotenoids losses occurred durin...

Les relations entre les conditions de production du lait et les teneurs en composés d’intérêt nutritionnel de fromages fermiers au lait de vache ou de chèvre ont été étudiées en conditions réelles de production au sein de 4 filières fromagères (Abondance, Tomme de Savoie, Salers/Cantal et Rocamadour). Au total, 432 fromages, dont 306 au lait de vac...

In vitro evidence exists for the potential antioxidant benefits of procyanidin-rich extracts, but in vivo studies are scarce. We have evaluated the effects of selected procyanidin-rich extracts on oxidative stress in rats in condition of prolonged consumption of these compounds and also after single administration i.e. in postprandial conditions. R...

A vitamin E depletion/supplementation study was conducted in 100 healthy 20-75-year-old volunteers. The responses of vitamin E status to 3-week dietary vitamin E restriction to approximately 25% of recommended intake and 2-month unrestricted dietary intake plus 800 IU/d of RRR-α-tocopherol were studied as a function of age. Plasma α-tocopherol conc...

To assess the relationship between conditions of milk production and cheese contents of components of nutritional interest, it is necessary to know to what extent the compositional variability of cheese depends on that of milk. The respective effects of milk composition and the cheese-making process on cheese compositional variability in components...

Epidemiologic and experimental studies showed that folate deficiency is associated with increased risk of degenerative diseases by enhancing abnormal one-carbon metabolism. We studied the changes in the proteome of liver, the main tissue of folate storage and metabolism, in a rat model of dietary folate depletion. Four-month-old rats were fed for 4...

Western diets containing suboptimal Cu concentrations could be widespread. A link between marginal Cu deficiency and CVD has been suggested. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of Cu supplementation on both Cu status and CVD risk factors in healthy young women. Sixteen women with a mean age of 24 (sd 2) years participat...

Epidemiological studies have established that a low serum concentration of carotenoids was associated with risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD). The aim of this study was to determine carotenoid levels in serum and in different lipoprotein fractions in patients diagnosed for ARMD and in matched control group. Thirty-four ARMD patients an...

Workshops W6 Regulation and role of APOAV in lipoprotein metabolism : Workshop W06-P-005

The primary role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) is to destroy pathogenic microorganisms after phagocytosis by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and toxic molecules. However, PMNs produce sufficient amounts of ROS during an oxidative burst to be autotoxic and detrimental to their own functions and to possibly cause DNA damage, protein...

The effects of age on vitamin E metabolism were studied in 97 healthy 20-75-year-old male nonsmoking Austrian volunteers of the VITAGE project. After a single oral intake of 30 mg d(6)-RRR-alpha- and d(2)-RRR-gamma-tocopheryl acetate, blood and 24-hour urine was collected. Deuterated tocopherols in plasma and deuterated urinary metabolites were ana...

The effects on ex vivo LDL resistance to oxidation and biomarkers of in vivo oxidative stress in response to 3-month dietary vitamin E restriction to 25% of recommended intake and 2-month unrestricted dietary intake and supplementation with 800 IU/d were studied in 100 healthy, nonsmoking 20-75-year-old volunteers. Significant changes in vitamin E...

Several lines of evidence indicate that diet rich in fruit and vegetable can protect against cardiovascular diseases by acting on cholesterol metabolism and on oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess whether daily carrot consumption (provided as lyophilized powder) could differentially influence the consequences of cholesterol supplem...

The main phenolic compound in six studied lettuce cultivars (five green and one red) was identified as dicaffeoyl tartaric acid. Quantitative but not qualitative differences were found in the phenolic profiles among green cultivars. The red oak leaf cultivar contained twofold more dicaffeoyl tartaric acid and 10-fold more chlorogenic acid than the...