Edgard Michel-Crosato

• Professor (Associate) at Faculty of Dentistry, University of São Paulo

Introduction Pulp stones (PS), whose origins remain unclear, present a challenge for clinical practice in Endodontics. Similar to other calcifications, a relationship with parathyroid hormone is hypothesized. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the presence of PS and kidney stones (KS) and single nucleotide pol...

Objectives: For health professionals, pandemic conditions impacted all societal aspects, including economic, wellness, and mental health. This study analysed sociodemographic factors, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD), and depression levels caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in orthodontists. Materials and Metho...

Introduction: Pulp stones (PS) are calcifications commonly found in the pulp tissue that may be associated with systemic diseases. Objective: To evaluate the association between PS and systemic diseases. Methods: A case-control study with the inclusion of individuals from 18 to 65 years of age, of both sexes. Analysis was made of 1047 digital panor...

Medicinal plants and herbal medicines are used as integrative and complementary practices to provide comprehensive care, disease prevention, health promotion, and to improve quality of life (QoL). This scoping review aimed to identify and describe the use of phytotherapy in oral health care by adults and their outcomes, with a focus on perceptions...

Introduction: forensic anthropology currently serves as a potent tool in primary and secondary identification, especially in mass disasters, increasingly common in our society. Objective: Verify the reproducibility of measured measurements. proposes methods of personal identification. Method: to verify the reliability of the method, 25 radiographs...

Introdução: A Identificação Comparativa por Radiografias Panorâmicas em Odontologia é um método de investigação forense que utiliza imagens radiográficas para comparar características dentárias entre diferentes indivíduos. Objetivo: Propor um processo de automação simplificado para auxiliar na identificação comparativa de pacientes em odontologia....

This observational study aimed to describe and analyze data from two external evaluations of the National Program for Improving Access to and Quality of Dental Specialty Centers (PMAQ CEO), held in 2014 and 2018 in Brazil, which evaluated Dental Specialty Centers (CEO) using a national and census approach. We selected questions through a search in...

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and extent of bleeding on probing and calculus in 12-year-old schoolchildren of Quito, Ecuador, and evaluate the associated factors. We conducted an epidemiological survey with a representative sample of 1,100 12-year-old schoolchildren from public schools in the urban area of Quito, Ecuador. We assessed...

Herbal medicine is widely used as an integrative complementary treatment for common chronic diseases, yet potential risks include adverse effects and coprescription Aim This exploratory survey assessed Brazilian dentists’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding phytotherapy Material and Method This study used a consecutive sample of registe...

Objectives The primary aim of this study was to evaluate if children's oral health and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) were associated with school performance. Moreover, the study aimed to examine whether school environment factors influenced this association. Methods This cross‐sectional study was based on a population‐based sample o...

Objective This study aims to evaluate the correlation between religiosity and spirituality in dental students in the state of Bahia. Methods Cross-sectional study carried out with 266 dental students from the state of Bahia. To measure religious involvement, the Duke Religious Index (DUREL) was used, while the Spirituality Self Rating Scale (SSRS)...

Objective: To estimate the discrepancies between global ratings of oral health and general health and investigate the factors associated with self-rated oral health (SROH) and self-rated general health (SRGH). Methods: Data were collected from 502 participants aged 18 to 81 years. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data regarding soci...

The aim of this study was to measure the satisfaction of patients treated in a dental hospital using a validated questionnaire on patient-dentist communication and investigate factors associated with satisfaction. Patients in the dental clinic answered 2 questionnaires: Dental Patient Feedback on Consultation (DPFC) and another regarding their oral...

Oral mucositis is a side effect of cancer treatments, a limiting condition and of great impact on quality of life (QOL). The objective was to develop an instrument to evaluate QoL related to oral mucositis. Research through mixed methods, starting with qualitative interviews analyzed by the Bardin method and Reinert method, with the IRaMuTeQ softwa...

Sex estimation is an important procedure in forensic anthropology for human identification. The development of new technologies, such as three-dimensional computed tomography (CT), has provided excellent alternatives for this purpose. This study examined and compared a morphological method for sex estimation using two different approaches - direct...

Objectives: Schizophrenia is a disabling mental disorder associated with severe social dysfunction. Individuals with long-term mental conditions have poorer Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) compared to the general population, but little is known about the measurement properties of OHRQoL instruments in this group of patients. This stud...

Devido à dificuldade de diferenciação entre gêmeos monozigóticos (GM) e as limitações existentes nos métodos, decorrentes das influências e similaridades genéticas, ambientais e faciais, a busca por métodos confiáveis que possam distinguir esses indivíduos geneticamente idênticos torna-se de grande importância para o campo forense. O objetivo deste...

Introduction Quality of life (QoL) for health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic, including orthodontists, is of paramount concern. Social distancing and new professional and personal recommendations could be complex factors influencing QoL. Objective This study analysed the sociodemographic factors that influenced the QoL(QoL) of orthodon...

Purpose: Evaluate the impact of gingivitis on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) amongst 12-year-old schoolchildren from Quito, Ecuador. Methods: We evaluated 998 school children using the Community Periodontal Index for gingival bleeding and calculus. OHRQoL was assessed with the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 (CPQ11-14) questi...

Objetivo: Avaliar o enfrentamento do câncer após a inclusão da espiritualidade do paciente no tratamento quimioterápico. Método: ensaio clínico randomizado, realizado com 30 pacientes portadores de câncer em tratamento quimioterápico em uma Unidade de Assistência de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia. A intervenção que incluiu a dimensão espiritual do...

Background: Plaque quantification indices are frequently used to evaluate personal oral hygiene. Education in self-care and self-diagnosis is effective in prevention and control of both dental and periodontal disease. Mobile technology has become a ubiquitous technology and can be particularly useful in the self-monitoring of health promotion. To e...

Introdução: A relação entre pacientes e profissionais, vista como contratação de prestação serviços, em conjunto com o advento do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, traz como consequência o maior conhecimento sobre direitos por parte dos consumidores, os quais passaram, com mais frequência, a reclamar e a buscar ressarcimentos pelos possíveis danos ca...

The objective of the investigation was to test a technique originating in the United States to verify the accuracy of the ancestry estimate in a sample of Brazilian skulls. The sample consisted of 120 skulls of Brazilian adults from the collection of the Institute of Education and Research in Forensic Sciences (IEPCF), Guarulhos-SP, Brazil, with an...

Background: to determine the prevalence of periodontitis and if poor glycemic control is associated with increasing prevalence of the disease. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. A questionnaire related to oral health care history and oral health behaviors was administered to each pa...

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess whether favorable factors related to school characteristics have a positive effect on the impact of traumatic dental injury (TDI) on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). An epidemiological survey of oral health was conducted with 12-year-old schoolchildren from Quito, Ecuador. Children we...

Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with a dysbiotic biofilm and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. This systematic review aimed to establish the quantitative association between dental plaque index and plaque-induced periodontal outcomes, as well as, clinical plaque ind...

Third molar teeth(3M) position can lead to periodontal disease(PD), caries and may also a significant impact on the oral health related quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to verify possible associations between QoL, PD, caries lesions and the position of the lower 3M. An observational cross-sectional study was performed in 116 patient...

PurposeThe objective of this study was to assess the impact on diagnostic accuracy and Kappa values improvement during the three-phase training and calibration process for MIH/HSPM.Methods Thirty dentists were calibrated as examiners for diagnosis of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) using Ghanim’s index. The whole process was divided into thr...

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de tutores, monitores e estudantes sobre o processo ensinoaprendizagem no modelo remoto emergencial durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Metodologia: A partir de um relato de experiência, tutores, monitores e estudantes de uma disciplina de Odontologia foram convidados a responder um questionário on-line, sobre a cadeira,...

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de tutores, monitores e estudantes sobre o processo ensino-aprendizagem no modelo remoto emergencial durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Metodologia: A partir de um relato de experiência, tutores, monitores e estudantes de uma disciplina de Odontologia foram convidados a responder um questionário on-line, sobre a cadeira,...

This study assessed the accuracy of fractal analysis (FA) to estimate chronological age and sex in Brazilian adults for forensic investigations. The gender-balanced sample comprised lateral cephalometric radiographs of 120 individuals, stratified according to age (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 years) and sex (female and male). A trained calibrated exa...

Oral cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in Brazil. An understanding of how public policies are implemented to address this problem can contribute to the construction of solutions. The "Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade" (PMAQ-AB and PMAQ-CEO) at the level of primary and secondary care are evaluations that also collect data on p...

Studies demonstrate that there is a lack of effective ergonomic principles for adopting a neutral posture during the execution of dental procedures. ISO 11.226:2000 Standard, Corr. 1:2006 has been thoroughly evaluated and adapted to the way that dentists work by the European Society of Dental Ergonomics (ESDE). However, after 15 years, no studies t...

This study aimed to estimate the number of excess deaths among Indigenous Peoples associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and to assess the disparities in excess mortality between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Brazilians. A time series analysis of weekly mortality data including all deaths from January 2015 to December 2020 was conducted. The...

This study characterized and related yeasts of the genus Candida isolated from vaginal mucous membranes of women with lesions caused by high-risk HPV for cervical cancer. Forty-two women treated at the Lower Genital Tract Pathology Clinic of the University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital of Clinics were examined, with 30 high-grade (G1) uterin...

The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of cranial measurements for estimation of sex in the Brazilian population and develop discriminant formulas with a reference table to be used as a reference on Brazilian Forensic Anthropology studies. The total sample was comprised of 100 skulls from an osteological collection and 200 computed tomogr...

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar a percepção dos estudantes de graduação do último ano do Curso de Odontologia da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (FOUSP) em relação ao processo de mentoring. A amostra foi de 122 estudantes que estavam matriculados na disciplina de Gestão e Planejamento da FOUSP, os quais foram divi...

Background The eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) has become a standard tool for the evaluation of digital health literacy. Objectives This study aims to examine the validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the eHEALS in a sample of patients from a dental clinic setting. Material and methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a de...

Este estudo teve como proposição realizar a tradução e a adaptação transcultural do questionário Dental Patient Feedback on Consultation (DPFC) para o português e no contexto cultural brasileiro. Para o processo de tradução e adaptação, foram seguidas diretrizes internacionais propostas na literatura estruturadas em cinco fases: autorização dos aut...

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the usefulness of machine learning and automation techniques to match pairs of panoramic radiographs for personal identification. Materials and methods: Two hundred panoramic radiographs from 100 patients (50 males and 50 females) were randomly selected from a private radiological service database. Initially,...

Objectives Network analysis is an innovative, analytic approach that enables visual representation of variables as nodes and their corresponding statistical associations as edges. It also provides a new way of framing oral health-related questions as complex systems of variables. We aimed to generate networks of oral health variables using epidemio...

Após o surgimento do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, a Odontologia passou por modificações jurídicas, fornecendo condições aos pacientes para cobrarem do profissional o cumprimento de suas obrigações. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as decisões em primeira instância de processos julgados na área de Odontologia no ano de 2019 no Tribunal de Justiç...

Introdução: A COVID-19 é uma doença de etiologia viral associada à infecção causada pelo novo coronavírus. Devido ao seu padrão de transmissão, foram estabelecidas novas medidas de biossegurança. O uso dos equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI) é fundamental para controle da disseminação da doença, inclusive durante a realização de exames perici...

Food insecurity is a complex phenomenon that affects the health and wellbeing of vulnerable families. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between household food insecurity, dental caries, oral health-related quality of life, and social determinants of health among Indigenous adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted among...

Objetivou-se investigar a aplicabilidade de medidas mandibulares para estimativa do sexo em crânios secos humanos de duas coleções osteológicas brasileiras. Este foi um estudo do tipo diagnóstico, cego, com 471 mandíbulas de 215 mulheres e 256 homens. As variáveis consideradas foram: largura bigonial; largura bicondilar; largura do processo condila...

Aims To investigate the factors associated with poor oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) in a sample of Brazilian older adults. Methods and Results A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 535 non‐institutionalized elders aged 60 years or older from Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. OHRQoL was measured using the Geriatric Oral Health Asses...

Purpose: To assess whether favourable factors related to school characteristics have a positive effect on the impact on OHRQoL related to occurrence TDI. Methods: An epidemiological survey of oral health was conducted with 12-year-old scholars from Quito, Ecuador. Children were examined regarding TDI, dental caries, and malocclusion. Individual soc...

Background Population ageing in Brazil is rapid and is likely to place additional pressure over the Brazilian public health system. Objective This study aims to examine the factors associated with utilisation of dental services in the previous year among a representative sample of older adults from São Paulo, Brazil. Methods The sample included 5...

Background Centrality measures identify items that are central to a network, which may inform potential targets for oral interventions. Aim We tested whether centrality measures in a cross‐sectional network of mothers’ baseline factors are able to predict the association with children's dental outcomes at age 5 years. Design A network approach wa...

Introduction: Poor oral hygiene, regular use of mouthwash and absence of visits to the dentist could correspond to potential risk factors for the development of head and neck cancer. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether oral hygiene is associated with the occurrence of oral cavity and head and neck cancer in a Brazilia...

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the structural validity of the Oral Health Impact Profile–14 (OHIP-14) instrument in Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations from Australia and Brazil using a network analysis approach. Methods Cross-sectional data collected using OHIP-14 were obtained for Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations f...

The aim of this study was to analyze the saliva of patients with pulp stones, with sialometric and sialochemical tests. Eighty individuals, aged between18 and 65 years, of both sexes, were investigated. Patients were included in the pulp stone group when radiographic examination was suggestive of pulp stones in at least one permanent tooth, whereas...

The aim of this study was to verify the precision and applicability of two methods of age estimation, Kvaal’s and Cameriere’s methods, among Brazilian adults. A sample composed of periapical radiographs of canine teeth belonging to 320 Brazilian adults was analyzed, divided into groups according to sex (male and female) and age group (20–29 years,...

Background The study of oral health literacy (OHL) is likely to gain new and interesting insights with the use of network analysis, a powerful analytical tool that allows the investigation of complex systems of relationships. Our aim was to investigate the relationships between oral health literacy and oral health-related factors in a sample of Ind...

Background Visual inspection (VIS) with radiographic examination (RAD) is the recommended diagnostic strategy for detecting caries in children; however, this recommendation is based on accuracy studies. The authors conducted a clinical trial to compare the detection and subsequent treatment of carious lesions in primary molars performed with VIS al...

Blood glucose control, quit smoking, practice physical exercises, and decrease the plaque index through a rigorous daily oral hygiene program with brushing, flossing, interdental brushes and tongue cleaning after main meals, will represent in this delicate moment of the pandemic covid19(mainly in older individuals and comorbidities like diabetes, c...

Blood glucose control, quit smoking, practice physical exercises, and decrease the plaque index through a rigorous daily oral hygiene program with brushing, flossing, interdental brushes and tongue cleaning after main meals, will represent in this delicate moment of the pandemic(mainly in older individuals and comorbidities like diabetes, cardiovas...

Blood glucose control, quit smoking, practice physical exercises, and decrease the plaque index through a rigorous daily oral hygiene program with brushing, flossing, interdental brushes and tongue cleaning after main meals, will represent in this delicate moment of the pandemic(mainly in older individuals and comorbidities like diabetes, cardiovas...

Blood glucose control, quit smoking, practice physical exercises, and decrease the plaque index through a rigorous daily oral hygiene program with brushing, flossing, interdental brushes and tongue cleaning after main meals, will represent in this delicate moment of the pandemic(mainly in older individuals and comorbidities like diabetes, cardiovas...

Background/Aim Since children spend most of their time in school, some environmental characteristics of the schools may influence the occurrence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI). Therefore, the aim of this cross‐sectional study was to assess the prevalence of TDI in 12 years old children in Quito, Ecuador, and its association with some school env...

Context Panoramic radiographs may aid in forensic practice and are commonly used tests in dental documentation. This study presents a new method of estimating sex through anatomical points visible on panoramic radiographs, using Machine Learning. Objective To verify the accuracy of the sex estimation from anatomical points in panoramic radiographs...

An indirect anthropometric study was conducted to find out whether neoclassical facial canons could be applied to the population of Brazilian white young adults. The study was based on standardized facial photographs of 689 women and 666 men aged 30 years ± 6 months. The findings were compared to those observed for the North American Caucasian popu...

Infrared thermography is a functional examination that can document physiological changes such as abnormal cutaneous vasomotor activity in inflammatory and neurogenic pictures related to nociceptive and neuropathic pain by mapping the thermal distribution on the surface of the skin. Objective: The aim of this study was to verify if there is a facia...

Aim: to analyze the prevalence of different definitions of functional dentition, prosthodontic status and associated factors, in an indigenous population from Brazil. Methods: a cross-sectional oral health survey was conducted with Indigenous adults aged 35-44 years. A single examiner collected clinical data through oral examinations and sociodemog...

Introduction: The epidemiological profile of dental caries for Indigenous Peoples is complex and heterogeneous. The oral health of the Kaingang people, third largest Indigenous population from Brazil, has not been investigated so far. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of dental caries, in addition to...

Background: There is a paucity of population-based surveys on oral health conditions in Ecuador. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct an epidemiological survey with a representative sample of children aged 12 years from public schools of Quito, Ecuador. The aim of this initial report was to describe the methodology used in the survey, as wel...

As a result of colonialism and globalization, many Indigenous groups have transitioned towards a Westernized diet, with significant implications for food security and oral health. This study investigated the experiences of the Kaingang and Guarani Indigenous peoples from the South of Brazil regarding the effects of cultural changes on their food sy...

Pesquisadores ao redor do mundo estudam as expectativas, em curto e longo prazo, dos estudantes de último ano de graduação, a fim de buscar evidências científicas que auxiliem gestores e formuladores de políticas públicas na tomada de decisão e no planejamento de suas ações no que diz respeito aos recursos humanos em saúde. O objetivo do presente e...

Introduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate the association between pulp stones and kidney stones. Methods: A search for observational studies was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, and the gray literature. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Risk of Bias criteria were used to...

Objetivos: verificar a relação entre frequência de escovação e fatores associados utilizando novas perspectivas de análise de dados em saúde. Materiais e métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal, com dados coletados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015 (PeNSE), foi utilizada a regressão de Poisson Multinível e Multivariada e técnica de...

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether the tooth crown sexual dimorphism pattern reported in previous small studies can be generalized for a broader range of populations. Literature review: A systematic literature review was performed by two independent examiners. The following databases were searched from October 2015 to July...

Introduction: Pericoronitis is a common disease in the eruption phase of third molars, sometimes debilitating, with an impact on the quality of life. The most indicated treatment in the initial phase is the irrigation for cleanliness of the region. In order to reduce the chances of systemic dissemination of the infection and antibiotics use, it is...

The poor oral health of older adults, living in nursing homes (NH), affects their quality of life, requiring government protection in favor of the collectivity and to defend the social and individual rights of Brazilians. citizens This study reports a case investigated by the Department of Public Prosecution of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, which recei...

Imprisoned women represent a growing population worldwide with important health needs. In this study, we aimed to analyze the impact of oral health conditions on the quality of life of female inmates in a maximum security correctional facility. Participants were examined and answered the OHIP-14 questionnaire. A total of 305 inmates were included i...

Na Odontologia, a gestão e a liderança parecem desempenhar um papel cada vez mais importante no enfrentamento dos novos desafios do mercado odontológico. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o perfil pessoal para a prática profissional e a percepção de gestão e empreendedorismo de estudantes que cursavam o último ano da Faculdade de Odontologia...

Emergency situations that may lead to the death of an individual, even when there is no cause directly related to the treatment, occur with certain frequency in dental offices. The purpose of this study was to report a case that involved an inquiry and police investigation related to the death of a female patient after the injection of two ampoules...

Introdução: A Odontologia Legal ocupa importante espaço dentre as Ciências Forenses, oferecendo seus conhecimentos específicos da Odontologia em prol da resolução de casos de natureza cível, criminal, administrativa e trabalhista. O avanço da Odontologia Legal está diretamente ligado à busca pela identificação humana, o que tornou possível a cresce...

Objectives To determine the severity of dental caries in South American Indigenous peoples. Methods A systematic review was conducted regarding the severity of dental caries in South American Indigenous peoples using the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, SciELO, LILACS and grey literature up to March 2018. Literature search w...

In the identification process, the foramen magnum has shown controversial results in sex estimation. The present study aimed to analyze the morphometric variables of the foramen magnum in Brazilian adult cranium for sex estimation. The sample was composed of 100 craniums (53 males and 47 females) from the documented collection of the Institute of T...

The aim of the present study is to describe the simplified facial pattern of young Brazilian men and women using the facial index (FI), upper face index (UFI), and nasal index (NI) in indirect anthropometric measurements applied to frontal photographic images. The images were obtained from 660 adult white men and 689 adult white women aged 30 years...

Age estimation is guided by the evaluation of events that happen during the processes of bone and dental development. The purpose of this study was to validate the method of age estimation proposed by Lajolo et al. (2013) through oro-cervical radiographic indices in Brazilians. The study aimed to verify the effectiveness of age estimation equations...

This study evaluates the association of Non Carious Cervical Lesions (NCCLs), Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) and Work Ability Index (WAI) in a Brazilian population of Workers. One hundred workers were evaluated in a CEREST (Worker´s Health Reference Center). Participants were examined for oral disease following WHO recommendations, an...

Background: Scientific evidence on the benefits of fluoride was responsible for an important change in dental practice. Individual and collective actions have been planned to impact the epidemiology of oral health. However, questions around this topic persist, making discussions and researches still necessary. In this regard, the aim of this study...

Oral mucositis is a painful condition that occurs in patients who have undergone haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) and has a huge impact on their quality of life. The objective of this study was to examine the extent to which interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are associated with oral health quality of life...

The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of mandibular measurements for sex determination in a Brazilian population. The sample was composed of 100 mandibles, of which 53 were female and 47 were male, and the average age was 57.03 years. The mandible measurement protocol was composed of 15 measurements, of which six were bilateral and nine...

The present study aimed to analyze morphometric variables of the mastoid process using X-ray microtomography images for sex estimation. The sample was composed of 60 microtomography images from dried skulls. Three measurements were applied: asterion-porion, mastoideale-porion and asterion-mastoideale. The area of the triangle was calculated by two...

Aim: The present investigation intended to compare the craniometric variations of two samples of different nationalities (Brazilian and Scottish). Materials and methods: The Brazilian sample consisted of 100 modern complete skulls, including 53 female skulls and 47 male skulls, and the Scottish sample consisted of 100 historical skulls (61 males, 3...