Duane Victor Knudson

• PhD. University of Wisconsin
• Regents' and Universtiy Distinguished Professor at Texas State University

Stretching in the warm-up has been shown to decrease several muscular performance variables, but the dose-response of this effect is unknown. This study documented the change in isometric grip strength over ten trials in a convenience sample of young adults randomly assigned to control (n=22) or repeated bouts of 10-s static stretches of the wrist...

To help instructors in evaluating innovations in biomechanics instruction, a standardised test of the key concepts taught in the introductory biomechanics course was developed. The Biomechanics Concept Inventory (BCI) consists of 24 questions that test four prerequisite competencies and eight biomechanics competencies. Three hundred and sixty seven...

Errors in statistical analysis of multiple dependent variables and in documenting the size of effects are common in the scientific and biomechanical literature. In this paper, I review these errors and several solutions that can improve the validity of sports biomechanics research reports. Studies examining multiple dependent variables should eithe...

The application of advanced engineering to tennis racket design has influenced the nature of the sport. As a result, the International Tennis Federation has established rules to limit performance, with the aim of protecting the nature of the game. This paper illustrates how changes to the racket affect the player-racket system. The review integrate...

Purpose: Session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) is used to track internal training/competition load in athletes using a metric known as the acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR). Research reported on team sports have determined that if the acute load is higher than the chronic load athletes are likely to sustain injury. No studies, however, ha...

This study documented the indexing and citations to the first decade of articles published by the Athens Journal of Sports (AJSPO) in Google Scholar, with confirmatory secondary analysis of summary data from Dimensions and OpenAlex database services. A wide variety of articles have been published, with most focus on the business and behavioral/huma...

Author profiles in academic social media and database services are important research search, access, and promotion tools. This study documented the use and relevance of sports as research interest areas using the “label” function in Google Scholar Profiles. Profiles and citation metrics for the top twenty Google Scholar Citations Profiles were ext...

This study examined the hypothesis that the network of citation in biomechanics journals would change over the last decade, and specifically the centrality of the journal Sports Biomechanics. Top twenty cited biomechanics journals identified using the ‘Journal Citation Relationships’ feature from Journal Citation Reports were extracted for twelve ‘...

This study documented the associations and variability of four prestige metrics for kinesiology-related journals. Four prestige metrics for the year 2022 were collected from three database services for 334 kinesiology-related journals. The prestige measures were highly skewed and had large variability, with medical journals having the highest value...

Until recently, fitness and sport physical education lessons often began with stretching. Given the limited time of most physical education periods it is essential that stretching be implemented in an evidence-based fashion. The last thirty years have seen a revolution in knowledge on the acute and chronic effects of stretching, igniting dramatic...

There is a long history of kinesiology scholars advocating for an interdisciplinary, crossdisciplinary or transdisciplinary approach to the field. Despite these efforts kinesiology research and curricula are primarily subdisciplinary and multidisciplinary in nature, with limited integration of subdisciplinary knowledge to drive interdisciplinary, e...

Journals are often ranked by citation metrics to classify them into ordinal categories (e.g., quartiles or quintiles) of prestige. This study compared five journal metrics and their associations for the top and bottom quintile of a large sample kinesiology-related journals. Top and bottom quintiles (n = 70) based on SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) for 2...

This article reviews the physics education research (PER) and scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) on introductory biomechanics. Many sport and exercise science students fear and dislike biomechanics, so faculty have shared teaching ideas at many conferences, with a smaller number reporting research on the efficacy of these ideas. These is a...

The aim of this study was to investigate the trend in student's Biomechanics Concept Inventory (BCI) performance over the past two decades (2003-2023) in the United States. The mean pre-, post-tests of BCI performance, and normalised gain (g) were extracted from published studies for analysis. Eight studies with 937 participants were examined. The...

This study examined the most influential peer-reviewed journal articles and books in tennis medicine and science based on citations (C). Systematic searches were performed to extract authors, titles, year, journal, C, and research focus for the top cited publications indexed in Google Scholar (GS). The top 100 articles had high numbers of citations...

Context Tennis-specific musculoskeletal (MSK) screening can assess range of motion (ROM) and muscular imbalances. Identifying normative values before implementing a MSK screen is essential in contributing to athlete performance and injury risk profiles. Objective To review upper extremity MSK data in healthy tennis players across age, sex, and lev...

IJES) publishes research from numerous subdisciplines of exercise science and health. This study documented the scholarly influence of the initial 15-year history (2008-2022) of the IJES. Publication, indexing, from the IJES website and four database services: Dimensions, Google Scholar (GS), PubMed, and SCImago Journal & Rank. The IJES has publish...

https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/krj/aop/article-10.1123-kr.2023-0069/article-10.1123-kr.2023-0069.xml This report documents the fifth National Academy of Kinesiology Doctoral Program Evaluation (DPE) for U.S. doctoral programs in kinesiology. Three years (2020-2022) of data were collected and analyzed from doctoral programs at 35...

This report documents the fifth National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK) Doctoral Program Evaluation (DPE) for U.S. doctoral programs in Kinesiology. Three years (2020-2022) of data were collected and analyzed from doctoral programs at thirty-five institutions. Eleven faculty indices and six student indices were used to rank doctoral programs. Total T...

This study documented variation in publication metrics and research subject categories assigned to 14 biomechanics journals. Authors, citation, and citation rate (CR) were collected for the top 15 cited articles in the journals indexed by Google Scholar (GS). Research subject categories were also extracted for the journals from three databases (Dim...

Context: Tennis-specific musculoskeletal screening can be used to asses range of motion and muscular imbalances. Identifying normative values prior to implementing a musculoskeletal screen is essential in contributing to athlete performance and injury risk profiles. Objective: To review upper extremity musculoskeletal data in healthy tennis players...

This study documented the scholarly influence of the first 10 years (2012–2021) of Kinesiology Review ( KR ). Publication, indexing, and citation data were collected from Google Scholar , the KR editor and website, and two open services using Scopus bibliometric data. KR published 356 articles with recent acceptance rates and median initial review...

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated mitigation protocols on student learning and perceptions of learning in a biomechanics course. Students (n=31) enrolled in a three credit-hour biomechanics class in the Spring 2022 semester participated. Six questions related to the effects of mitigation pro...

Biomechanics provides essential knowledge about exercise and movement technique for the sport and exercise scientist. As important as technique is to effective and safe movement, many students have difficulties with this important subject. The purpose of this article is to discuss active learning in Biomechanics and tools that can be used to e...

Study aim : Scientific networking sites are increasingly popular in connecting researchers and providing influence metrics, however the research on measures like the ResearchGate Research Influence Score ( RG RIS) are limited. This study documented the associations between RG RIS, usage, and prestige metrics from Google Scholar ( GS ), RG , and Sco...

Faculty and student perception of engagement in two (mobile desks or mobile tables and chairs) low-tech active learning classroom (ALC) designs were compared. Student (n = 413) perceptions of engagement were measured with the Engaged Learning Index (ELI) and the Social Context and Learning Environments (SCALE) instruments at the beginning and end o...

Little is known about worldwide biomechanics instructors use of evidence-based teaching and introductory instruction format relative to the COVID-19 pandemic. International biomechanics instructors’ perspectives were surveyed on the introductory biomechanics instruction, active learning (AL), instructional quality standards, and instructional forma...

Keywords are important bibliometric tools for classifying, accessing, and summarizing research. Citations to the top 10 Google Scholar (GS) Profiles were retrieved for 20 kinesiology-related subject labels/keywords. Total citations to top scholars were largest for the disciplinary keywords “physical activity,” “exercise,” “physical education,” “spo...

Knudson. Keywords are important bibliometric tools for classifying, accessing, and summarizing research. Communication in and external recognition of kinesiology research may be limited by inconsistent use of terms. Citations to the top twenty Google Scholar (GS) Citations Profiles were retrieved for 20 kinesiology-related subject keywords used as...

Multidisciplinary electronic databases are increasingly relied upon to compile evidence for original research and systematic reviews; however, little is known about how these services influence the visibility of kinesiology research. Citation metrics, index coverage, and subject categories of 100 kinesiology-related journals was examined using the...

Four (Dimensions, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science) multi-disciplinary databases were searched for journal articles published by one scholar to document the coverage of exercise and sports biomechanics. Cleaned searches returned 65 to 93 articles in common between these databases from 116 journals articles published between 1989 and 2019. Cit...

This study examines students’ academic performance before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and associations with performance in introductory biomechanics. Two intact undergraduate biomechanics classes were retrospectively examined: One with in-person instruction (IPI) two semesters before the outbreak of the pandemic and one with onl...

The COVID-19 pandemic shifted kinesiology courses into more hybrid and online delivery, creating new challenges and opportunities for evaluating learning and online testing. Research using the Biomechanics Concept Inventory indicates that both high-tech and low-tech active learning experiences implemented in hybrid and online formats in biomechanic...

BackgroundA popular metric in the training load literature is the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR). In tennis players session rate of perceived exertion 7:28 day ACWR has been shown to be associated with injury; however, no study has examined whether this relationship is consistent with an external load variable using different ACWR time frames...

Biomechanical knowledge is essential for professional practice of physical education teachers, but it is still little applied by them. This study examined the effectiveness of a continuing education program based on meaningful learning theory to improve understanding of biomechanical principles and their application by physical education teachers....

I have compiled a bibliography of articles and research on teaching and learning of biomechanical concepts. Versions of this have also been posted on the American Society of Biomechanics Teaching Repository. I will try to keep this updated for interested biomechanics faculty.

Angular kinetics explains the causes of rotary motion and employs many variables similar to the ones discussed in the previous chapter on linear kinetics. In fact, Newton’s laws have angular analogs that explain how moments/torques tend to create rotation. The net moment acting on an object creates an angular acceleration inversely proportional to...

In order to understand any complex system like the human body, one must establish basic terms describing structure. Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body. Human anatomy provides essential labels for musculoskeletal structures and qualitative descriptions of joint motions relevant to human movement. Knowledge of anatomy also provides a c...

In the previous chapter, we learned that kinematic principles and measurements of motion could be used to provide knowledge for improving human movement. This chapter will summarize the important laws of kinetics that show how forces overcome inertia and how other forces create human motion. Studying the causes of linear motion is the branch of mec...

Many professionals interested in human movement function need information on how forces act on and within the tissues of the body. The deformations of muscles, tendons, and bones created by external forces, as well as the internal forces created by these same structures, are relevant to understanding human movement, growth, and injury. This chapter...

Professionals teaching motor skills (fitness instructors, physical educators, and coaches) teach a wide variety of human movement skills. Biomechanics concepts and principles provide a rationale key teaching points (critical features) and for qualitative diagnosis of technique. Biomechanics also allows educators to identify exercises and physical a...

Most people are quite skilled in many everyday movements like standing, walking, catching, grasping, or climbing stairs. By the time children are two, they are skilled walkers with little instruction from parents aside from emotional encouragement. Unfortunately, modern living does not require enough movement to prevent several chronic diseases, di...

Kinematics is the accurate description (measurement) of motion and is essential to understanding the biomechanics of human motion. Qualitative anatomical descriptions of joint rotations could be also considered kinematics, but biomechanics uses precise mathematical measurements of motions of living things. Recall from ► Chap. 3 that kinematics is s...

In ► Chaps. 1 and 2, we found that biomechanics provides tools that are needed to understand the causes of human motion and use that knowledge to improve performance and reduce the risk of injury. In order to facilitate the use of these biomechanical tools, this text will emphasize the qualitative understanding of mechanical Laws, concepts, and pri...

Strength and conditioning is a profession in which a great deal of biomechanical research has been conducted. The National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) and their Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research publish many studies on the biomechanics of exercise. Traditionally, strength and conditioning careers were limited to coachin...

External forces that have a major effect on most human movements are related to immersion in or flow of fluids past a body. This chapter reviews the mechanical effect of moving through air and water, the two most common fluids encountered in human movement. Fluid forces usually result in considerable resistance to high-velocity movements through fl...

Google Scholar (GS). GS was systematically searched for records using variations of the current and past titles of JMST to record citations and article topics. Searches of GS returned 101 unique JMST indexed articles published between 1999 and 2017 with 466 total citations. Several articles had strong citation rates (2 to 3.8 citation per year), al...

Three student engagement measures were collected for a class taught by an experienced instructor in two active learning classrooms with dissimilar seating arrangements. Student perception of engagement was similar between the learning spaces. However, instructor perception and researcher observation indicated greater engagement in the classroom wit...

This third edition introduces the exciting world of how human movement is created and how it can be enhanced. The book presents a comprehensive review of the major concepts of biomechanics and summarizes them in nine principles of biomechanics. Throughout the text are numerous examples of applying these principles to the work of kinesiology profess...

This study documented the citation metrics of articles published by the ITF Coaching & Sport Science Review (ITFCSSR) and indexed in Google Scholar (GS). A systematic searching of GS returned 209 unique ITFCSSR indexed articles published between 1993 and 2019 with 1139 citations. ITFCSSR articles had relatively low citation rates that confirmed pre...

In the original version of the article, Equation was published incorrectly and the correct Equation.

Low-tech active learning (AL) exercises in face-to-face (F2F) undergraduate biomechanics courses improve student learning vs. lecture alone. This study compared learning of biomechanics concepts with AL implemented in two course formats (hybrid: HB vs. F2F). Additional aims were to investigate if student perceptions of learning epistemology and lea...

This study tested the hypothesis of the strong scholar perception of the journal Sports Biomechanics with a bibliometric analysis of top-cited articles. Three major databases, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science, were searched for the most cited articles published in Sports Biomechanics for the first 15 years (2002–2016) of publication. The t...

This study documents student engagement in face-to-face low-tech active learning and student perceptions of emergency remote instruction due to the COVID-19 pandemic in introductory biomechanics. Students in two classes received 8 weeks of face-to-face instruction with five low-tech active learning techniques and then received 6 weeks of emergency...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of active learning on students‘ learning outcomes in undergraduate introductory biomechanics and students‘ preference of teaching style. Five undergraduate biomechanics classes from four public universities in the United States were recruited (N = 204). Survey questions were administered ov...

Problem-based learning (PBL) is based on a ‘problem based structure’ and may have higher learning efficacy than direct instruction. We quantified PBL on student learning in undergraduate biomechanics. Students (n = 109) at two comprehensive universities in the USA completed the Biomechanics Concept Inventory before and after biomechanics classes th...

Active learning spaces form an important part of university learning environments and have the potential to enhance student learning, yet studies on student and faculty perceptions of collaborative learning pedagogies indicate that many remain resistant. To overcome this resistance, an academic department developed and implemented an active learnin...

Case, MJ, Knudson, DV, and Downey, DL. Barbell squat relative strength as an identifier for lower extremity injury in collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of using the relative strength level of Division I athletes in One repetition maximum (1RM) barbell back squat as an id...

Purpose: To establish normative Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic (KJOC) scores in male and female collegiate and junior tennis players. The secondary purpose is to determine if the KJOC is able to discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic tennis players. Methods: Junior and collegiate level players (n=172) completed the KJOC. Playing status wa...

The scarcity of tenure-track lines in most kinesiology departments supports the need for the implementation of faculty mentoring programs. This article summarizes key elements of mentoring programs for tenure-track kinesiology faculty at 3 kinds of state universities. Mentoring at a bachelor’s college or university might emphasize support to enhanc...

20 Some students have negative perceptions of group work common in several active learning (AL) 21 pedagogies. This study documented the potential change in student beliefs (epistemology) of learning 22 biomechanical concepts over an introductory biomechanics course implementing low-tech AL exercises. 23 Fifty-eight students in two biomechanics cou...

Overuse injuries to the upper extremity are common in advanced tennis players. Racquet-mounted sensors designed to provide information on numbers and kinds of strokes may provide valuable data for monitoring the volume/intensity of training and competition. Initial research based on these technologies indicates accurate monitoring of tennis play ac...

This technical note examined the effect of smoothing on calculation on several impact effectiveness variables in soccer kicking. A skilled male soccer player performed 10 maximum effort place kicks with a regulation soccer ball. Two-dimensional foot and ball motion were recorded by high-speed (210 Hz) for the 0.4 seconds around impact. Kinematic da...

This study quantified student responses between two different versions (1 and 3) of the Biomechanics Concept Inventory (BCI) assessment. Fifty students from a comprehensive university in the USA took both BCI versions on the first (pre) and last (post) day of an introductory undergraduate biomechanics course. Students scored significantly higher on...

This study documented the potential change in student epistemology of learning biomechanical concepts over a 5-week introductory biomechanics course implementing low-tech AL exercises. Twenty-five students agreed to participate and completed a pre-and post-test consisting of the Biomechanics Concept Inventory version 2 and two questions on their pe...

The knowledge base of kinesiology can be compared to the construction of a fragmented, diffuse tower. Much of the lack of identity and progress of kinesiology as the leader in the study of human physical activity may result from inconsistent nomenclature. Several examples of improper and inconsistent use of kinesiology nomenclature are noted and th...

This study extended research on key citation metrics of winners of two career scholar awards in sports biomechanics. Google Scholar (GS) was searched using Harzing’s Publish or Perish software for the 13 most recent winners of the ISBS Geoffrey Dyson Award and the ASB Jim Hay Memorial Award. Returned records were corrected for author, and publicati...

El objetivo de este artículo es comentar cómo se relacionan las tres etapas aceptadas e investigadas del aprendizaje motriz y el concepto de agrupar mentalmente la información para la adquisición y aceleración del proceso de aprendizaje en el tenis. Se hace referencia también a las etapas de aprendizaje, al rol de jugar versus practicar tenis, y a...

The goal of this article is to address how three accepted and researched motor learning stages, as well as the concept of mentally chunking information, relate to acquiring and accelerating the learning process in tennis. Stages of learning, the role of playing vs. practicing tennis, and the interaction between biomechanics and motor learning are d...

This study documented student perceptions of five low-tech active learning exercises, their epistemology of learning, and examined the association between these variables and mastery of biomechanics concepts. Students (N = 152) in four introductory biomechanics courses at two universities completed the Biomechanics Concept Inventory (BCI) at the be...

The primary means for disseminating sport and exercise science research is currently through journal articles. However, not all studies, especially those with null findings, make it to formal publication. This publication bias towards positive findings may contribute to questionable research practices. Preregistration is a solution to prevent the pub...

This article describes the implementation and evaluation of an initiative to promote active learning through facility renovation and faculty training. Twenty faculty representing a variety of academic areas from 2 departments participated in a 3-part activelearning professional development workshop series. Department of Health and Human Performance...

Background: Student difficulty mastering Newtonian mechanics and biomechanical concepts is common. Active learning pedagogies, however, have conclusively been shown to significantly increase mastery of biomechanical concepts [1] over traditional lecture. It is important to begin to examine what specific active learning exercise are most effective a...

Introduction to Kinesiology: Studying Physical Activity, Fifth Edition With Web Study Guide, gives students a complete overview of the field of kinesiology and explores the common career paths, questions, and ideas that are part of this dynamic and expanding discipline. This engaging, four-color introductory text stimulates curiosity about the vast...

This study documented the change in study design and statistics employed in applied sports and exercise biomechanics research from 1985 to 2014. The sample comprised 676 data based original research reports published in the Journal of Applied Biomechanics (JAB) from 1985 to 2014. Eight design and 10 statistical criteria were extracted from each stu...

Tennis players have a variety of equipment choices that interact with biomechanical factors to influence risk of overuse injuries. Immediate loading on the upper extremity is influenced by player strokes and properties of racquets, strings, and the ball. Lower extremity loading depends on the interaction of the players’ shoes and court surface. Mos...

The purpose of the present study was to document crucial factors associated with students’ learning of biomechanical concepts, particularly between high- and-low achieving students. Students (N = 113) from three introductory biomechanics classes at two public universities volunteered for the study. Two measures of students’ learning were obtained,...

This study documented the citation bibliometrics of the last 15 winners of the Geoffrey Dyson Award. Harzing’s Publish or Perish 4.29 software was used to search Google Scholar for publications and citations for these scholars. A typical, recent Dyson award winner had about 153 publications cited 3,377 times over a 26-year period. The median Hirsch...

This study documented the changes in authorship, sampling, and number of references used in studies published in the Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (RQES) from 1996 to 2015. Original research articles were reviewed, excluding reviews, technical notes, and commentary (N=770). Data were analyzed in 10 biennial groups for the whole journal...

Many biomechanics studies have small sample sizes and incorrect statistical analyses, so reporting of inaccurate inferences and inflated magnitude of effects are common in the field. This review examines these issues in biomechanics research and summarises potential solutions from research in other fields to increase the confidence in the experimen...

Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) codes were designed to report outcomes in higher education by specific disciplines and professions, however, universities, states, and accreditation bodies also use these codes in other ways. This paper describes CIP-2010 usage in higher education, how they are used in funding public universities in Te...

Although there is a consensus that musculoskeletal anatomy is essential knowledge for learning biomechanical concepts, there are few studies that have documented the nature of this interdependence. A qualitative case study approach was used to identify how the applied knowledge of functional anatomy might influence meaningful learning of biomechani...

Kinesiology emerged from its preventative medicine and education roots to establish itself as a recognized field of inquiry with numerous sub-disciplines. This article presents four trends in modern science that will likely influence the future of kinesiology sciences. Will recent increases in greater scientific specialization be overcome by the ne...

This paper from the 35th Dudley Allen Sargent Lecture addresses the importance of senior faculty in kinesiology providing holistic guidance to tenure-track faculty in order to foster excellence in the field. The importance of holistic mentoring of all three faculty roles in higher education is illustrated using research on teaching and learning bio...

Although there is a consensus that musculoskeletal anatomy is essential knowledge for learning biomechanical concepts, there are few studies that have documented the nature of this interdependence. A qualitative case study approach was used to identify how the applied knowledge of functional anatomy might influence meaningful learning of biomechani...

In spite of the Système International d'Unitès (SI) that was published in 1960, there continues to be widespread misuse of the terms and nomenclature of mechanics in descriptions of exercise performance. Misuse applies principally to failure to distinguish between mass and weight, velocity and speed, and especially the terms "work" and "power." The...

Citations to research reports are used as a measure for the influence of a scholar’s research line when seeking promotion, grants, and awards. The current study documented the distributions of citations to Kinesiology scholars of various academic ranks. Google Scholar (GS) Citations was searched for user profiles using five research interest areas...