Donyale Andrews

• American College of Education

Mission operations at small bodies depend mostly on targets' size, and the mission objectives. The NEA User Team (NUT) defined a set of requirements that a robotic precursor should satisfy prior to sending a crew to a near-Earth asteroid. We give a quick review of instruments that can be used at NEAs to obtain the required data, and discuss associa...

PCROSS is a robotic mission to Phobos consisting of a rebuild of the ESPA-based LCROSS spacecraft, tailored to interplanetary destinations.

The NEA Close Rendezvous and OperationS Satellite (NCROSS) is a technology demonstration mission, which demonstrates deep autonomous navigation and Autonomous Rendezvous and Proximity Operations enroute to and at a near-Earth asteroid (NEA). The technologies demonstrated by NCROSS and the spacecraft platform, a rebuild of the LCROSS bus, enable an...

Level of Service (LS) is one of the most widely used general risk and need assessment tools in criminal justice agencies across North America. However, there is significant interstudy variability in the magnitude of the validity estimates. This study was conducted to examine possible sources of this variability. The predictive validity of LS risk a...

Purpose. Although issues surrounding programme integrity and implementation seem intuitively appealing as important contributors to effective correctional programming, they have been relatively ignored within the extant literature. The present meta‐analysis provided the first systematic examination of these issues by exploring their impact on recid...

For over 30 years, criminal justice policy has been dominated by a “get tough” approach to offenders. Increasing punitive measures have failed to reduce criminal recidivism and instead have led to a rapidly growing correctional system that has strained government budgets. The inability of reliance on official punishment to deter crime is understand...

Chapter 3 outlines the empirical foundations and limits of the assessment of violence risk, including paradigm shifts in theoretical and empirical analyses of youth crime, integrative ecological models, developmental pathways, the search for risk and protective factors, and implications for risk and management assessments.

Chapter 5 provides discussions of topics relevant to the data collection phase of the assessment. This includes a review of general issues in the conduct of assessments, guidelines for the interview process, and the assessment context.

Chapter 6 considers interpretation of data that has been collected, including the role of judgments in the assessment process, alternative scoring formats, computer-based scoring and interpretation, the validity of risk assessments, case management interpretation, identifying the nature of the threat, and the issue of professional overrides.

Chapter 1 discusses the larger legal and social contexts within which violence risk and management assessments are conducted, including alternative methods of juvenile justice, the juvenile justice systems in the United States, the rate and prevalence of juvenile violent crime, public perceptions of violent youth crime, decision contexts for risk a...

Chapter 7 offers guidelines regarding the preparation of reports for forensic decisions and testimony in judicial settings. Guides for the preparation of reports will be available in some cases, and in other cases the professional has considerable latitude in the structure and content of a report. Similarly, statutory guidelines are sometimes avail...

Chapter 4 provides a discussion of ethical and legal issues relevant to planning the assessment process as well as issues in the selection of appropriate tools and procedures, and practical considerations.

Chapter 2 explores forensic mental health concepts, including definitions of violent criminal actions (reactive versus proactive aggression, Tolan's categories of violent acts, and issues in labeling violent actions), descriptive systems for juvenile offenders, challenges in describing the juvenile offender.

In making recommendations for best practice, authors consider empirical support, legal relevance, and consistency with ethical and professional standards, and this online resource offers invaluable guidance for anyone involved in conducting or using forensic evaluations. It places juvenile risk assessment within the context of FMHA for juveniles, s...

There is much in the work of Dr. Astrid Birgden that we admire. Birgden (2004) opened Andrews’s eyes to our inattention to respect for personal autonomy as a basic value underlying our psychology of criminal conduct and the RNR approach. That will be corrected in the fifth edition of Andrews and Bonta. In addition, making human rights part of a mod...

This chapter presents an expanded meta-analysis on a larger sample of studies to explore what works in relapse prevention (RP) programs and provide some directions for future research. Programs incorporating elements of RP focus on teaching an individual how to identify high-risk situations, circumvent habitual coping styles, and enhance feelings o...

The general personality and social psychology underlying the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model of rehabilitation recognizes the importance of the personal, interpersonal, and relatively automatic sources of control over human behaviour as well as the power of cognitive-social-learning approaches to interpersonal influence in many social settings....

The history of risk assessment in criminal justice has been written on several occasions (Andrews & Bonta, 2003; Clements, 1996; Hollin, 2002). Here we assess progress since Andrews, Bonta, and Hoge’s (1990; Andrews, Zinger, et al., 1990) statement of the human service principles of risk-need-responsivity (RNR) and professional discretion. In those...

Several meta-analyses have rendered strong support for the clinically relevant and psychologically informed principles of human service, risk, need, and general responsivity. However, each of these reviews has focused on specific program components and not on the characteristics of the staff or the specific techniques used to deliver the program. T...

Although relapse prevention models have been applied within offender treatment, there has been little controlled outcome research evaluating their effectiveness. This meta-analysis of 40 tests of relapse prevention treatment revealed moderate mean reductions in recidivism (0.15), and certain elements of the relapse prevention model (i.e., training...

Previous meta-analyses of the correctional treatment literature have demonstrated that family intervention programs for delinquents represent some of the strongest treatment modalities available for this population. However, a recent meta-analysis by Latimer (2001) argued that, although family intervention appears to be effective at first glance, w...

This paper describes the environmental regulation of Cardiff Bay by the Environment Agency (and its predecessors) from the early planning of the barrage to February 2002. Temporary impoundment took place in November 1999, with the bay being filled with seawater and occasionally emptied. Permanent impoundment with fresh water was achieved by April 2...

This paper describes the environmental regulation of Cardiff Bay by the Environment Agency (and its predecessors) from the early planning of the barrage to February 2002. Temporary impoundment took place in November 1999, with the bay being filled with seawater and occasionally emptied. Permanent impoundment with fresh water was achieved by April 2...

The authors report the observation of fractional quantisation obtained by increasing the frequency of measurement; this is found up to a Landau index of 10. The result is coincident with the suppression of integer quantisation and is interpreted as indicating a transition from a liquid state to a solid state behaviour as the time scale of measureme...

The clinically relevant and psychologically informed principles of human service, risk, need, and responsivity have received strong support within several meta-analytic reviews. Despite their widespread acceptance, however, no meta-analysis to date has examined whether the appropriate application of these principles within correctional treatment pr...

Although the question of what works for general offender populations has received considerable attention within the rehabilitation literature, very little research has examined female offenders. The present investigation examined the principles of effective correctional treatment for female offenders through a meta-analytic review. The results indi...

The time-resolved response of a gas absorber exposed to two independent sources of microwave radiation, one steady and the other pulsed, is described using a formalism based on the Bloch equations for a three-level system. This predicts that a series of experiments can be made on the resonant and off-resonant recoveries of the absorptive and disper...

For pt.I, see ibid., vol.20, p.5675 (1987). Pulsed Fourier transform techniques for the analysis of time-resolved absorption signals have been applied to microwave-microwave double-resonance gas spectroscopy. The resonant frequencies of connected transitions have been identified by a two-dimensional Fourier transform plot, and a novel two-pulse tec...

A two pulse sequence in a microwave-microwave double resonance experiment has exhibited a new set of coherences between rotational energy levels in 35ClCN. The derivation of a set of five-level Bloch equations is presented and used to interpret the experimentally observed dependence on pump power and source detuning. Applications to spectral assign...

Several meta-analytic reviews strongly support the Sclinically relevant and psychologically informed principles of human service, risk, need and general responsivity. More recently, meta-analyses have demonstrated that these principles are applicable to female offenders 2 and are effective in reducing both general 3 and violent 4 recidivism. The cu...

The study explored a set of potential risk and protective factors in relation to criminal activity and adjustment with a group of delinquent youths. The results indicated, first, that risk variables reflecting family relationship and parenting problems were associated with heightened rates of re-offending and lower overall adjustment. Second, the p...

Maximizing electric power transfer directly affects the productivity of an electric arc furnace operation. Arc furnaces and rolling mill loads operate at power factors that result in penalty charges and lower bus voltages. In addition, the nonlinear characteristics of the furnace arcs and rolling mill drives generate significant harmonic currents t...

The previous three chapters contained reviews of individual measuring instruments, all of which yield scores reflecting dimensions of aptitudes, personality, behavior, attitudes, or circumstances that are relevant in some way to juvenile justice decisions. The assessment tools and procedures considered in this chapter differ somewhat in that they p...

The focus of this volume is on the assessment process as it operates within the juvenile justice system. This process refers to the collection of data about the client and the translation of those data into a judgment or inference. We have also extended the concept of assessment to include the next stage of processing, which involves the use of the...

The primary objective of this volume was to demonstrate that standardized psychological assessments have an important role to play in the processing of the young offender. More specifically, we were interested in showing that these assessments can enhance the quality of forensic decisions by improving the validity of inferences made about the youth...

Mental health professionals have traditionally focused on personality and behavioral characteristics in their assessments of young offenders. For various reasons, the environment in which the youth is functioning has been relatively ignored. We now know that this is an error. Psychological research and theory have demonstrated conclusively that a f...

The first group of instruments we will consider provide for a focus on aptitudes and achievement levels. We consider these as individual assessment instruments at this point, although, as we will show in later chapters, they are often used in conjunction with other instruments in composite classification or diagnostic systems. We begin the chapter...

We have seen that the treatment of the individual offender within the juvenile justice system may be represented as a series of decisions that occur between the initial police contact through the disposition phase of processing. We have also seen that a number of components are implicit within this decision process: 1. The acceptance of certain goa...

We will consider in this chapter a group of instruments designed to assess aspects of the youth’s personality, behavior patterns, and attitudes. The personality measures provide information about relatively stable dispositions of the individual; depression, psychosis, and psychopathy are representative of the constructs encountered in these measure...

The goal of this volume is to show how standardized psychological assessments can be used to enhance the quality of decisions made about young people in the juvenile justice system. Standardized psychological assessments are those with fixed formats and for which psychometric data are available. They include individual assessment instruments, such...

The authors bring the "person" back into criminology by focusing on understanding individual differences in criminal conduct and recognizing the importance of personal, interpersonal, and community factors. What results is a truly interdisciplinary general personality and social psychology of criminal behavior that is open to a wide variety of fact...

Explored factors associated with juvenile court dispositions. The data were collected from a sample of 338 adolescent boys and girls who were supervised by juvenile probation officers within a large urban region. The analyses of variables associated with custody decisions were based on data regarding the young person's current and prior offenses, p...

Three hypotheses regarding the predictors of criminal activity in children and adolescents were assessed. These dealt with family, peer, and attitudinal variables, and they were explored in relation to indices based on seriousness of criminal activity and reoffending. The data were based on a sample of 338 youths who had been convicted of crimes an...

Nonlinear characteristics of furnace arcs during melting and rolling mill drives generate harmonic currents that can cause system voltage distortion, power loss and an interaction with power factor correction capacitor banks leading to equipment failures. An analytical technique used to correct power factor includes field measurement, system analys...

Capacitors can be applied in steel manufacturing facilities to improve the system's power factor, reduce electric company billing penalties and increase system voltage, which boosts productivity. Capacitors also will reduce system losses to improve the efficiency of the electrical system. Problems, however, can result if the capacitor banks are not...

We explore the conduct problem (CP) construct as assessed in the school setting, focusing on three widely used teacher judgment measures yielding CP scores: the Behavior Problem Checklist (BPC; Quay & Peterson, 1979, 1983), the Child Behavior Checklist-Teacher's Report Form (CBCL-TRF; Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1986), and the Conners Teacher Rating Sca...

Recent meta-analyses of the correctional treatment literature have established that some programs have successfully reduced recidivism within young offender samples. This article reveals that the positive effects of clinically appropriate treatment found in 87 tests of treatment effects are very robust. These effects are shown to withstand controls...

The adsorption and thermal decomposition of triethylgallium (TEG) on GaAs has been studied using thermal desorption and XPS techniques. Pure Ga films are deposited when adsorbed TEG layers on GaAs are heated in a reaction which competes with TEG and diethylgallium (DEG) desorption. Ethene, ethene and hydrogen are detected as the decomposition produ...

The adsorption of triethylgallium on the GaAs (100) (4×1) surface has been studied using the techniques of low energy electron diffraction, x‐ray photoelectron and Auger spectroscopies, high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy and temperature‐programmed desorption. Condensed multilayers of the organometallic compound formed following adsor...

Anomalous behaviour of the most commonly used n-type dopants, Si and Sn, has been observed in the growth of InP by chemical beam epitaxy. For Si, the doping level is found to decrease with time. It is postulated that this is due to the formation of carbon and silicon carbide deposits in the dopant cell. The behaviour of Sn is more complex. For Sn c...

The adsorption and surface decomposition of triethylgallium (TEG) on GaAs (100) has been studied using XPS and thermal desorption techniques. TEG is found to adsorb in a molecular form on the Ga rich (4×1) surface below 150 K. As the surface temperature is raised, this molecular state dissociates to form Ga and adsorbed ethyl species. The overall c...

Family therapists in 11 family service agencies provided assessments of their clients at intake. These assessments included an identification of projected targets of service through a standardized schedule. The present paper contains analyses of the targets identified in a subsample composed of couples with children. The first analysis provides des...

Anomalous doping behavior of the most commonly used n‐type dopants, Si and Sn, has been observed in InP grown by chemical beam epitaxy from trimethylindium and cracked phosphine. In the case of Si, although incorporation is initially facile, the doping level decreases in successive runs. It is proposed that this decrease is due to the formation of...

We have studied the effect of source species, substrate temperature, substrate orientation, and group‐V overpressure on the growth rate and composition of GaAs and InGaAs alloys grown by chemical beam epitaxy. Our results for GaAs growth rate versus substrate temperature show a significant effect of group‐V overpressure on the details of this depen...

The Family Service Assessment Inventory-Intake (FSAI-I), developed by D. A. Andrews et al (1987) for use by family therapists in assessing clients at intake, was used with 1,741 families who presented at family service agencies in Canada. The FSAI-I was used to help therapists determine family strength, stress, and need for service; assessments of...

Reviews 4 principles of classification for rehabilitation: risk, need, responsivity, and professional override in the context of basic research and theory in the psychology of criminal conduct. Risk, need, and responsivity considerations in the psychology of criminal conduct may better reflect knowledge and opinion regarding discretionary services...

The Family Relationship Index (FRI) is a self-report measure that provides an overall index of the quality of the family environment, as well as subscores that reflect family cohesion, expressiveness, and conflict. The current study is based on 53 families who had approached a family service agency for counseling and who had completed an FRI measur...

We report true selectivity in the epitaxial growth of InP by metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy from trimethyl-indium and cracked phosphine. Deposition took place on exposed semiconductor surfaces but not on those coated with Si3N4. We have used this phenomenon to deposit GaInAs/InP multi-quantum-well laser structures in channels as narrow as 3 μm...

Gas Source MBE including Chemical Beam Epitaxy is shown to be a promising technique for the growth of heterostructures involving the incorporation of both arsenic and phosphorus species. Planar quantum confined Stark effect modulators/detectors have been fabricated from InP/InGaAs multi-quantum well stacks containing 200 wells. The layer sequences...

In earlier work we have shown that the split gate GaAsAlGaAs heterojunction FET has been a very useful system for obtaining 1D transport.1,2 We have now extended this work to the construction of ring structures. Here, a ring of resist (outside diameter 2.2μm, inside diameter 0.4μm) is formed on the AlGaAs surface using Electron Beam Lithography, a...

The construct validity of family therapists' assessments of client functioning was evaluated with data collected in a clinical setting (N = 1,165). The assessments were provided by the therapists in the context of the intake interview. The convergent and discriminant validities of various dimensions of client functioning were evaluated through anal...

Selective area growth of InP/InGaAs multiple quantum well laser structures has been demonstrated in openings defined in Si 3 N 4 layers on InP substrates. Growth was achieved, by metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy, in openings as small as 3 μm wide, but no growth occurred on the dielectric coating. Cathodoluminescence from individual laser stripes...

We report the growth of nominally undoped InP by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) from metallic indium, trimethylindium, or triethylindium and phosphine. We find significantly reduced acceptor incorporation when metalorganic sources are used, with exciton‐dominated photoluminescence at 4.2 K and electron mobilities up to 47 500 cm² V<sup>-</...

A novel technique using a two-pulse sequence and four-level double resonance has extended the use of Fourier transform techniques to collisionally transferred signals. Results for the microwave spectrum of formaldehyde have shown a useful bandwidth of at least 100 MHz.

Metal-Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MOMBE) can be considered as a hybrid technique developed from Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) and Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE). It combines the versatility of use of the metal alkyl sources with flow in the molecular regime. As such it retains many of the advantages of both techniques which makes it i...

The conductance of a narrow two-dimensional electron gas in GaAs:Al0.3Ga0.7As heterojunction fluctuates as a function of magnetic field. The variance and correlation length of the fluctuations have been measured for a number of temperatures, and the electron phase-breaking length is found to vary as a small negative power of the temperature.

Two alternative types of targets are employed in efforts to enhance academic achievement in the classroom. The focus in the first is on academically relevant classroom behaviors and in the second on academic performance. This review considers 22 experimental investigations in which data are presented on the validity of those two types of targets re...

The number, variety, and complexity of factors that govern judicial discretion have made it difficult for legal practitioners, social science researchers, convicted offenders and their victims, and the general public to understand sentencing practices. The development of a standardized and quantitative summary of high-consensus aggravating and miti...

Presents a model of direct intervention as it operates in social service agencies. The basic postulate of the model is that the ultimate outcomes of the intervention process are a function of the main effects and interactions among 6 sets of interacting factors. These include setting, client, worker, program, and process factors, as well as interme...

The convergent and discriminant validity of selected subtotals of the 1st author's (1983) Level of Supervision Inventory (LSI), which is intended to predict criminal recidivism, were examined in relation to 26 paper-and-pencil self-report measures of similar areas of concern. In 192 probationers (16–25 yrs old), moderate but statistically significa...

An electrochemical cell Pt/AgI/Ag 2  X/Pt (X=S,Se) has been used as a highly controllable source of chalcogen dimers for n‐type doping of Ga 1-x Al x As grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy (MBE). The incorporation behavior has been investigated as a function of alloy composition, growth temperature, and arsenic overpressure. At low temperatures, ≪600 °...

We present results on the transport properties of the 2D electron gas in a narrow channel formed by the split gate of a GaAs-AlGaAs heterojunction field-effect transistor. There are both quantum-interference and interaction corrections to the conductivity. We find that the temperature dependence of the phase relaxation length is in agreement with a...

Examined the offender classification system developed by E. I. Megargee and M. J. Bohn (1979), which is based on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) typology, and a level of supervision inventory (LSI) to determine their relative efficacy in identifying 134 male incarcerated offenders (aged 16–57 yrs) from a maximum-security setting....

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The low-temperature characteristics of a depleted GaAs AlGaAs heterojunction FET with gate length of 1000 Å and width 10 ¿m show that the current is initially space-charge- limited. The onset of velocity saturation is observed as the source-drain bias is increased. The structure in the differential of resistance is attributed to the emission of o...

The inherent potential of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been exploited to grow large area slices of low defect density GaAlAs/GaAs heterostructures to fabricate several semiconductor guided wave devices. Passive rib waveguides had losses of ≪2 dB cm^-¹. Phase modulators exhibited a π phase shift for an applied bias of 9 V, i...

A combination of electrical and optical properties makes GaInAs lattice matched to InP a suitable material for the fabrication of an integrated PIN‐FET receiver for use in telecommunications applications at 1.55 μm. As steps towards integration, the individual devices in such a receiver have been fabricated using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) materi...

Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) is a sophisticated and versatile technique for the epitaxial deposition of semiconductors, metals and dielectrics. A short review of the MBE process, its advantages and development is presented. The strengths of the technique are illustrated in terms of the GaAs/GaAlAs system together with recent work on materials suita...

We report further investigations on the enhancement of fractional quantization obtained by increasing the frequency of measurement and thus decreasing the length scale of the system. The effect is observed in higher order Landau levels than has been previously reported. We also present evidence for the frequency induced removal of the integer quant...