Dinesh Goyal

Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology · Biotechnology

This book provides an overview of cutting-edge and next-generation research and technologies for combating antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic-resistant infections are projected to cause 10 million deaths annually by the year 2050. A sustainable, unified approach by researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and the public is urgently needed to ste...

Antibacterial activities of as-synthesized nanoparticles have gained attention in past few years due to rapid phylogenesis of pathogens developing multi-drug resistance (MDR). Antibacterial activity of Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on surrogate pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (MTCC No. 739) and Proteus vulgaris (MTCC No. 426) was...

Infectious diseases have caused millions of deaths globally. Antibacterial agents (antibiotics) are extensively used in treatment of infectious diseases. However, development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to excessive use of antibiotics possess a serious global threat and have necessitated the search for nonconventional antimicrobials that...

Insecticide cartap hydrochloride (C) was fabricated as nanospheres by a two-step method of ionic gelification and polyelectrolyte complexation of alginate (ALG) and chitosan (CS) to undermine its adverse effects on environment. Nanospheres were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) s...

Copper is an essential trace mineral that plays an important role in various physiological processes of human body and also possesses excellent antimicrobial properties, however its high dose results in the formation of free-radicals, which can induce cytotoxicity through chromosomal and DNA damage. Therefore, cytotoxicity of colloidal copper nanop...

Insecticides are extensively applied in crop production and sometimes at higher concentration than their recommended doses, which has become an environmental hazard. Sustainable agricultural practices highlight minimal application of insecticides at low concentration. Use of controlled release formulations (CRFs) of pesticides in which active compo...

Metal nanoparticles with plasmonic properties have gained significant attention due to their unique physical, chemical and antimicrobial properties. Among different metal nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles (CNPs) are especially important because of their antimicrobial activities against multidrug resistant strains. Synthesis of stable CNPs in feas...

Release of metallic nanoparticles in soil poses a serious threat to the ecosystem as they can affect the soil properties and impose toxicity on soil microbes that are involved in the biogeochemical cycling. In this work, in vitro ecotoxicity of as‐synthesised copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on Bacillus subtilis (MTCC No. 441) and Pseudomonas fluoresce...

Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) incorporated chitosan-Polyvinyl alcohol (Ch/PVA) hydrogel nanocomposite was fabricated by repeated freeze-thaw treatment using glutaraldehyde as crosslinker for removal of herbicide butachlor from aqueous solution. Ch/PVA hydrogel provided a matrix for in-situ immobilization of AgNPs and were characterized by various phys...

Butachlor is a chloroacetamide pre-emergence herbicide, with a half-life of 1.6 to 29 days. It is a suspected carcinogen, genotoxin, neurotoxin and persists in the environment having toxic effect on living systems. Butachlor degrading bacterial strain A16 was isolated from coal tar contaminated soil, which showed 99.38% similarity with Bacillus alt...

Copper is known for its bactericidal properties since ancient time. Development of copper nanoparticle (CNP) based antimicrobial products has generated interest in studying their toxicological properties. In this article, we have investigated the ROS (reactive oxygen species)–induced cytotoxicity of colloidal CNPs on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells...

Two strains ol Dunaliell4 exhibiting different characteristics were studied. D. bardawil was smaller in size, exhibited higher growth rate and had high chlorophyll content whereas, D. singach, an isolate-from Singach salt lake in Gujrat, lndia, had larger cel size and produced higher amou"nt of B-+arotene but had slower groMh rate. Growth rate of D...

Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit interesting plasmonic characteristics that depend on their size, shape and dielectric medium. Any change in these parameters can lead to significant alternation in plasmonic behaviour of NPs. Plasmonic nanostructures are prepared by wet chemical approaches, which produce NPs with a moderate yield. Amongst plasmo...

Monocrotophos, commonly named Azodrin or Nuvacron, is an organophosphate insecticide, which in spite of ban is preferred due to its high efficacy against insect pests. With a field application dose of 0.25–1.5 kg ha⁻¹, it has median lethal dose (LD50) of 18–20 mg kg⁻¹ for mammals and half-life of 17–96 days. Monocrotophos uncontrolled application i...

The present study laid emphasis on rice crop improvement by development of low-cost blue-green algal biofertilizer comprising of consortium of four ARM blue-green algal strains, viz. Anabaena variabilis (ARM 441), Nostoc muscorum (ARM 442), Tolypothrix tenuis (ARM 443) and Aulosira fertilissima (ARM 444) using different carrier materials, i.e. fly...

The objective of the present study is to relate the critical success factors (CSFs) for agribusiness incubation with business performance. The seven CSFs considered for agri-business incubation are: MI: Clear and Unambiguous mission; EE: Entry and Exit policy; NW: Networking Strategy; AS: Assessment process of the tenant in BI; FC: Facilities provi...

Bioleaching of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb) from coal fly ash by cyanobacterial strains (Nostoc muscorum, Anabaena variabilis, Tolypothrix tenuis and Aulosira fertilissimia), that are commonly used as biofertilizers in rice cultivation was studied to assess utilization of fly ash while mitigating its environmental metal toxicity. Cyanobacteria...

This study is an attempt to identify service assistance facilities and managerial skill competencies through grounding of literature to understand how they can contribute in AgriBusiness Incubators (ABIs) performance. The study also endeavors to gauge the criticality of constraints and challenges faced by ABIs. A regression analysis is applied to u...

Compost was prepared from source segregated kitchen waste including both raw food waste with vegetable peelings and cooked food waste i.e. the leftover food using mechanical cum biological composting having C:N 26.54 (SD 0.51). To study the effect of compost, trials were done on wheat in green house (0-4months). Soil with no added chemical fertiliz...

Free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria were isolated from soil on Jensen agar plates and were characterized phylogenetically by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. All the isolates (VS1, VS2, VS3, VS4) were Gram –ve, rod-shaped. Antibiotic test revealed VS2 to be resistant to ampicillin and VS4 was resistant to both ampicillin and kanamycin; otherwise all th...

Free living nitrogen fixing bacteria were isolated from soil on Jensen agar plates and were characterized phylogenetically by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. All the isolates (VS1, VS2, VS3, VS4) were Gram –ve, rod shaped. Antibiotic test revealed VS2 to be resistant to ampicillin and VS4 was resistant to both ampicillin and kanamycin; otherwise all th...

Contrary to conventional techniques, statistical tools like response surface methodology (RSM) have gained importance in past ten years for optimization of various process parameters. Use of RSM to enhance the cellulase production from different microorganisms is desirable due to its application in various industrial processes and to decipher a clu...

Microwave-alkali-acid pre-treated rice straw was found most suitable feedstock for ethanol production via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Native rice straw had 42.54% cellulose, 24.51% hemicelluloses, and 9.16% lignin. Upon microwave-alkali-acid pre-treatment, cellulose content was increased to 60.07%, whereas hemicelluloses a...

Treatment of domestic wastewater using constructed wetland system vegetated with Phragmites australis was studied at lab scale. Response surface methodology (RSM) a mathematical model was employed for analyzing the effect of independent factors (inlet flow rate, outlet flow rate, retention time) on wastewater parameters e.g. electrical conductivity...

Increase in energy demand across the world has put immense pressure on utilization of widely available lignocellulosic agricultural waste biomass and forest residues. Physico-chemical characteristics of leaf litter from largely grown tree species such as Mangifera indica, Populus deltoides and Polyalthia longifolia were evaluated for possible use i...

Leaf litter biomass from Eucalyptus globulus was pretreated using a novel surfactant assisted microwave-acid pretreatment (SAMAP) technique for enhanced enzymatic release of sugars. Screening of the parameters for the SAMAP technique was carried out using the Taguchi experimental design, followed by enzymatic saccharification. The critical paramete...

Bioconversion of cellulose, mainly by bacteria and fungi, plays a key role in the global carbon cycle. The biodiversity of these microorganisms in nature is due to diverse cellulosic substrates and geoclimatic conditions, but despite their abundance, only a few are efficiently involved in the biodegradation process. Bacterial cellulase is preferred...

Aim. The aim of this study was to produce a rapid biodegradation of leaf litter biomass from different tree species using different treatments including combination of Bacillus sp. AS3 and Trichoderma reesei MTCC164 over a period of ninety days. Methods. Treated and untreated biomass was analyzed for pH, cellulose, reducing sugar, total organic car...

To improve world energy security, lignocellulosic substrates are being used to generate inexpensive renewable biofuel. Pretreatment of these biomasses is pre-requisite to obtain fermentable sugar for production of ethanol. Crystallinity, degree of polymerization, particle size, and accessible surface area of biomass often limits decrystallization o...

Cell biology is increasingly important in each aspect of life sciences. Many of the advancements in contemporary science are the result of a better understanding of cellular components and their functions. An understanding of cell biology is an asset in the work place and more valuable than you may think. Cells have the ability to grow, reproduce,...

The present study covers empirical research on selected Agri-Biotech firms of Punjab. The sample has been chosen from state of Punjab covering sectors Food Process Industry, Fertilizer and Pesticides Industry. On the basis of factor analysis the study has also identified key factors influencing Productivity. These are: Milieu; Cost Efficiency; Prod...

The present study covers empirical research on the selected Agri-Biotech firms of Punjab. The sample has been chosen from the state of Punjab covering the sectors Food Processing Industry, Fertilizer and Pesticides Industry. On the basis of factor analysis, the study has also identified key factors influencing competitiveness. These are Threat of n...

Cellulose degrading bacterium was isolated from compost-ing biomass and identified as Bacillus subtilis on the basis of phenotypic fingerprint using GEN III MicroPlate TM and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence analysis. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis showed 99% similarity with Bacillus subtilis. The screening of 11 nutrients was don...

Obesity is the most prevailing disease spread all over the world. Targeting lipid metabolism for the development of anti-obesity drugs is best therapeutic option. Primary drug target is pancreatic lipase which causes degradation of 50–70 % of ingested fat. In the present study cell free extracts of 70 endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants...

Abstract Pancreatic lipase (PL) is considered as one of the safest target for diet-induced anti-obesity drug development. Orlistat is the only PL inhibitor approved for anti-obesity treatment till date. In the process of exploration of new PL inhibitors, we have screened culture filtrates of 70 endophytic fungi of medicinal plants using qualitative...

Coal fly ash procured from Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Plant, Ropar, Punjab, India, was analyzed for its mineralogical content and thermal stability by x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and physicochemical properties. XRD studies showed that major crystalline phase...

Mineralogical comparison of coal fly ash with soil and other material such as montmorillonite, charcoal was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) with EDS. Fly ash showed high thermal stability with least weight loss as observed in TG...

Treatment of different wastewater using macrophytes-vegetated constructed wetland reveals its potential in terms of significant reduction in BOD, COD, suspended solids, total solids, total nitrogen, heavy metals along with remediation of xenobiotics, pesticides and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The rhizosphere of macrophytes such as Phragmites, Typha,...

Field trials were conducted in five consecutive years (2006-2011) in 20 different villages of Nabha, District Patiala, Punjab to observe the effect of fly ash based bacterial bio fertilizers viz., nitrofix and phosul on wheat (HD-2967and PBW-343) and blue green algal biofertilizers on rice (PUSA 1121and Basmati 1401) cultivars to reduce the applica...

Microbial waste biomass, a by-product of the fermentation industry, was developed as a biosorbent to remove hexavalent chromium (Cr) from the acidic effluent of a metal processing industry. In batch sorption, 100% Cr(VI) removal was achieved from aqueous solution in 30 min contact at pH 4.0–5.0. The Cr(VI) sorption equilibrium was evaluated using t...

Cellulose degrading Bacillus spp. (AS1, AS2, and AS3) were isolated from cow dung and identified phylogenetically by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequence analysis. Bacillus sp. AS1 showed 99% homology with Bacillus megaterium whereas, Bacillus sp. AS2 and AS3 were similar to B. subtilis. The activity of extracellular carboxymethyl cellulase in pre...

Effect of physical parameters such as initial pH, agitation (rpm), and temperature (°C) for cellulase production from Bacillus subtilis AS3 was investigated. Central composite design of experiments followed by multiple desirability function was applied for the optimization of cellulase activity and cell growth. The effect of the temperature and agi...

An efficient procedure for plant regeneration from alginate/ chitosan encapsulated adventitious shoot buds and somatic embryos of Tylophora indica- an endangered medicinal plants has been developed. Adventitious shoot buds were induced from mature leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with 6- benzyladenine (22μM) and adeni...

For the optimum utilization of cellulosic biomass as a feedstock for the production of biofuels such as bioethanol, it is necessary to hydrolyze the maximum chemical constituents into sugars (which is utilized during fermentation process). However, in normal environmental conditions, very less amount of sugars can be extracted after the hydrolysis...

Pyrene, a high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is a priority pollutant present in soil contaminated with crude oil, coal-tar and complex PAHs. Bacterial consortium CON-3 developed from crude oil contaminated soil of Patiala, Punjab (India) cometabolized 50 μg ml(-1) pyrene in the presence of glucose (0.5 %; w/v) at 30 °C, as...

The enhancement of the biomass productivity of Escherichia coli cells harbouring the truncated 903 bp gene designated as glycoside hydrolase family 43 (GH43) from Clostridium thermocellum showing hemicellulase activity along with its further use in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process is described. (Phosphoric acid) H(3)PO(4...

An efficient reproducible protocol has been developed for in vitro propagation of endangered medicinal plant (Tylophora indica). The concentration of plant growth regulators and explant types exhibited discrete roles in the efficiency of plant regeneration. Stem explants cultured on 8.8 μM 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP) resulted in formation of nodular...

A method for mass propagation of Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merill. (Asclepiadaceae) from leaf explants and extraction of tylophorine was developed. Explants cultured on 9.0 μM �-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 4.65 μM kinetin (K) resulted in callus formation under dark conditions after 7 to 8 days of culturing, whereas formation of nodular meri...

Aerobic, mesophilic bacteria from coal tar–contaminated soil were analyzed for pyrene utilization capacity and identified by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing as members of three genera: Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas sp., and Rhodococcus sp. The soil contained nine different hazardous polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): benzo[g, h, i]perylene, dibenzo[a, h]a...

Bacillus pumilus (MTCC 1002) isolated from crude oil contaminated soil and identified by 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, was capable of growing in the presence of 50 μg/ml of pyrene. During growth on pyrene B. pumilus was able to co-metabolize 64% of 50μg/ml pyrene in basal medium containing 0.5% glucose in 35 days while in pulse-chase studies, as...

Micropropagation is an important technique for rapid and large-scale multiplication of selected plants. The type and concentration of plant growth regulators and physiological status of the explant have profound effect on the ef-ficacy of plant regeneration. However, success of any micropropagation protocol depends upon the percentage survival and...

An efficient in vitro plant regeneration protocol from the root segments of Tylophora indica- an important medicinal plant was established. Nodular meristemoids were induced from cut ends of the segments on Murashige & Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with 6-Benzyladenine (8.8 μM), which eventually developed into green leafy shoots whereas direct a...

Removal of chromium from industrial effluent was investigated using Eucalyptus tereticornis bark with various parameters including amount of biomass, pH of solution and contact time. Biomass (2%) was able to remove 88% and 91.5% of chromium at pH 4.0 and pH 5.0, respectively from solution amended with 50 mg of Cr 6+ l/L. Maximum chromium removal ca...

The cellulase activity of Bacillus subtilis AS3 was enhanced by optimizing the medium composition by statistical methods. The enzyme activity with unoptimised medium with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was 0.07 U/mL and that was significantly enhanced by CMC, peptone, and yeast extract using Placket-Burman design. The combined effects of these nutrie...

The effect of different pretreatment methods, temperature, and enzyme concentration on ethanol production from 8 lignocellulosic agrowaste by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using recombinant cellulase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. Recombinant cellulase was isolated from E. coli BL21 cells transformed with CtLic26A...

Electrostatic precipitator flyash obtained from Thermal Power Plant, Ropar was mixed with alkaline soil of Patiala on w/w basis @ 0%, 10% and 30% . The soil was inoculated with lac Z +ve E.coli S-17 strain under sterile and non-sterile conditions followed by its enumeration on selective media which indicated that 10% flyash is favourable for bacter...

Removal of heavy metals (Pb2+, Zn2+) from aqueous solution by dried biomass of Spirulina sp. was investigated. Spirulina rapidly adsorbed appreciable amount of lead and zinc from the aqueous solutions within 15 min of initial contact with the metal solution and exhibited high sequestration of lead and zinc at low equilibrium concentrations. The spe...

A case study was undertaken for the treatment of domestic wastewater generated at village of Sanghol, Distt. Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab (India), using a schematic designed algal and duckweed based stabilization pond system, which is discussed here for winter months only (November to March) as there was no growth of duckweeds and only algae dominated t...

Chromium compounds are released by industrial processes including leather production, mining, petroleum refining, in textile industry and dyeing. They are a significant threat to the environment and public health because of their toxicity. Removal of hexavalent chromium by living biomass of different fungi was effective in the order of Aspergillus...

Flyash procured from electrostatic precipitator of FBC boiler (source of coal: Talcher coal mines; F grade: 40 % coal ash, was mixed at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 % (w/w) with ultisol soil of Orissa characterized by their red colour and high Fe-oxide content. Acacia auriculiformis and Eucalyptus tereticornis plantation was established on the soil for whic...

The percent removal and uptake of Pb2+ by algal-consortium (CP1) developed from wastewater of biological oxidation pond (Wazirabad, New Delhi, India) was studied under batch conditions with live biomass compared with continuous system using dried biomass immobilized on silica under laboratory conditions. In batch study, algal consortium (CP1) consi...

This study presents removal of chromium (III) from aqueous solution by microbial waste biomass (MB2) obtained as a byproduct of pharmaceutical fermentation industry . Sorption kinetic behavior of Cr(III) was studied in a series of experiments in batch mode at different pH, adsorbent dosage and initial Cr concentration. Optimum Cr(III) removal (73.9...

The decolorization potential of two bacterial consortia developed from a textile wastewater treatment plant showed that among the two mixed bacterial culture SKB-II was the most efficient in decolorizing individual as well as mixture of dyes. At 1.3 g L−1 starch supplementation in the basal medium by the end of 120 h decolorization of 80–96% of fou...

Removal of chromium (III) from aqueous solution was studied by two pretreated microbial waste biomass obtained as byproduct of pharmaceutical industry involving fermentative production of certain antibiotics by Aspergillus sp. (MB1) and Streptomyces sp. (MB2). Percentage Cr(III) removal efficiency was improved by pretreatment of native biomass MB1...

Aerobic mixed bacterial culture comprised of five isolates (Bacillus vallismortis, B. pumilus, B. cereus, B. subtilis and B. megaterium) identified by 16srDNA analysis was developed from wastewater samples from the aeration tank of an effluent treatment plant of a textile and dyeing industry and evaluated for its ability to decolorize azo dye Direc...

Removal of chromium(lll) from aqueous solution by microbial waste biomass (MB1) obtained as a byproduct of pharmaceutical fermentation industry was studied. In order to understand the sorption kinetic behaviour of chromium(lll), a series of batch mode experiments were conducted at different pH values, adsorbent dosage and initial chromium concentra...

PVC membrane containing lyophilized cell mass of Pseudomonas striata was prepared using dibutyl- pthalate as the plasticizer. Anionic interferences were excluded by use of potassium salt of tetrakis (4-chloro- phenyl) borate (KTCIPB). The electrode was found to be fairly selective and sensitive for the zinc ions. It exhibited a linearity range of 1...