Dilipkumar Pal

• M.Pharm, Ph.D, F.I.C., F.I.C.S., Chartered Chemist, Post Doctorate (Australia)
• Professor (Associate) at GURU GHASIDAS VISHWAVIDYALAYA (A CENTRAL UNIVERSITY),

Citrus fruits contain distinctive volatile substances, including sophisticated flavour ingredients. Taxonomically, the genera Fortunella and Citrus are closely related. Kumquats are a group of little fruit-bearing trees belonging to the Rutaceae genus of flowering plants. These fruits are typically used in traditional herbal medicine, particularly...

Natural drugs with few adverse effects can be found in abundance in nature. Fruits are widely consumed and thought to provide many health advantages. In addition to their aroma, flavour, and taste, fruit seeds are also recognized to have several therapeutic qualities. Several of these natural compounds have well-documented antibacterial, antioxidan...

Moringa is a fast-growing deciduous tree that is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and is well known for its abundant uses. Moringa or ‘drumstick tree’ is a multipurpose plant that is considered a supreme source of phytonutrients. It has enormous medicinal (anticancer, antitumor antiulcer, hepatoprotective, antidiab...

Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (family: Poaceae) is commonly known as 'Khas-Khas' in Bangladesh and India. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antihyperglycaemic activity of the ethanol extract of roots of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Wistar albino rats weighing 250- 350 g of both sexes were selected for...

Fruits high in polyphenols are thought to be nutritious for people. Traditional Medicines (TMs) made from fruit are abundant in polyphenols, have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and have been experimentally shown to be effective in treating some chronic illnesses, including cancer. The litchi seed, one of the traditional remedies for...

Medicinal plants seem to be viable alternatives with low cost and easy availability to employ in treating patients with illnesses over the most used pharmaceutical drugs due to their indiscriminate and immoderate use and their price, side effects, and interactions. Many effective anticancer medications have been discovered by modern scientific stud...

One of the leading causes of death worldwide is a malignant disease. A growing body of research reveals a strong link between certain dietary patterns and the progress of the malignant disease. A nutrition approach to malignant disease prevention and treatment has gained popularity in recent years. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. belonging to the f...

An illness defined by the lack of genetic control over cell growth and proliferation, primarily as a result of environmental influences, is known as abnormal proliferation. The most essential ways to reduce the risk of cancer in modern society are to quit smoking and eat a lot of fruits and vegetables. Nut seeds contain anacardic acids, polyphenols...

The majority of drugs used to treat cancer today were originally isolated from natural products. Currently, anticancer properties were reported in much more than 3000 plants across the world. The prevalence of using products made from plants to treat cancer ranges from 10% to 40% globally, reaching 50% in patients from Asia. The most important sour...

A seed is considered as an embryonic plant covered with a defensive outer veil. Seed is the next generation of plant as embryo. The creation of seed is an essential criterion in the process of reproduction of seed plants. After fertilization between pollen grain and ovule, zygote is formed and the development of zygote provides the creation of embr...

Cancer is defined as the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, which may occur anywhere in the body, and these abnormal cells are termed malignant cells, cancer cells, or tumor cells. Sesame edible seed is obtained from the herbaceous annual plant Sesamum indicum, which belongs to the Pedaliaceae family, order tubiflorae. The bioactive components...

The watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a traditional Brazilian fruit with a wide variety of medicinal properties. This chapter provides emphasis on the role of various seeds with special emphasis on their role in the prevention and treatment of carcinoma. It provides an excellent piece of information on the empirical data profile of the fatty acids...

Macromolecules i.e., carbohydrate derivatives are crucial to biochemical and medical research. Herein, we designed and synthesized eight methyl α-D-glucopyranoside (MGP) derivatives (2–8) in good yields following the regioselective direct acylation method. The structural configurations of the synthesized MGP derivatives were analyzed and verified u...

A mosquito-borne disease, pogosta, is clinically manifested by arthritis, rash, and fever. Its outbreak occur in 7-year intervals. Sindbis virus (SINV) is considered as causative agent for this disease. Its suspected pathology and general mechanism are described in this chapter. Symptoms, molecular mechanisms, and its extensive investigation with p...

Today, viral infections are causing an unexpectedly high incidence of mortality over the world. The enormous double-stranded DNA genomes of Phleboviruses give them their brick or oval form. People and animals of all kinds are infected by poxviruses, which are found all over the globe. Lesions, skin nodules, or a widespread rash are common symptoms...

The goal of the present investigation was to develop and validate the UV-spectrophotometric technique for the quantitative estimation of ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate in pure and ophthalmic formulations. Ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate is a novel drug molecule that has been used to treat glaucoma and ocular hypertension. It was licensed for thera...

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a prominent tool that enables people to rethink how they consolidate information, analyze data, and use the observations to improve decision making, and it is already revolutionizing every walk of life. The objective of AI is to model human intellectual functions. It is causing a fundamental change in healthcare, tha...

In recent years, an inspiring variety of plant-derived polysaccharides have been unveiled as excipients in pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, medicinal, packaging, textiles, and other applications. A number of plant polysaccharides have already been recognized as a useful class of polymeric biomaterials with certain distinct advantages over conventio...

Established antiviral agents fail to prove their existence to kill constantly mutated viruses. Previous work suggested that HDAC enzymes interfere with the host immune system and stop the initiation and replication of the virus. In this manuscript, we have tried to establish the relationship between HDAC enzymes and different viral infections. As w...

Sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P), a signaling sphingolipid, that mediates different biological activities in mammalian cells. Sphingolipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by de-novo synthesis, which starts with the condensation reaction of serine and palmitoyl CoA. A different enzymelike serine-palmitoyltransferase, dihydrocerami...

Bioactive lipids are now widely accepted players in the field of cancer biology. Targeting components like enzymes, bioactive lipids and receptors are important for maintaining lipid homeostasis, metabolism, and signaling so that cell proliferation and metastasis can be reduced. This can be achieved through various means like modifying functions of...

Medicinal plants are always acceptable for their activity towards different disease targets as they contain various extractable chemical constituents and bioactive metabolites. Plant products have been showing their unexpected activities towards different point of our life since the very first day of civilization. During metabolism process, plants...

Surprisingly little overlap has been found in the studies of the several hundred plant and herb species with promise as new antiviral medicines. Given the rise in migration, international travel, and urbanization today, viral infections are one of the leading causes of disease around the world. Researchers are looking to the plant world as a source...

Adenoviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses responsible for respiratory infections, eye infections, epidemic conjunctivitis, and gastroenteritis in children, adolescents, and elders. Adenovirus is a tumor virus that is separated from humans; therefore, it is the first viral virus isolated from humans. The core virion has a spherical capsid with 12...

In the current period, respiratory diseases that evolved from influenza A infection have become a burning issue to the communities throughout the world due to the unavailability of potential medicines or suitable vaccines for the management of diseases caused by influenza A virus. Out of the three types of influenza viruses, i.e., influenza A, infl...

With different nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic moieties, Indazoles earn one of the places among the top investigated molecules in medicinal research. Indazole, an important fused aromatic heterocyclic system containing benzene and pyrazole ring with a chemical formula of C7H6N2, is also called benzopyrazole. Indazoles consist of three tautomeric f...

The manuscript mainly aimed at providing clues on improving the innate immunity of coronavirus patients and safeguarding them from both new mutant strains and black fungus infections. Coronavirus is readily mutating from one variant to another. Among the several variants, we selected SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in this study. Upon infection of any virus, id...

Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, is a highly nutritious plant with a rich source of vitamin, fiber, minerals, and antioxidants. This chapter affirms that dandelion is effective as an antifibrotic agent with anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity by inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and high fat-induced hepatic steatosis, acute and chronic gas...

Hydroxamic acids are directly related with cancer and its progression. Long term exposure with inflammatory responses, dysplasia develops which leads to cancer. Metastasis of cancer and expression of transient potential receptor ankyrin-1 are known to cause severe pain. Here, we explored the possibility of developing newer hydroxamic acid deri...

Tremendous research is focused on developing novel drug candidates targeting microtubules to inhibit their function in several cellular processes, including cell division. In this regard, several indazole derivatives were sought to target the colchicine binding site on the β-tubulin, a crucial protein required to form microtubules, to develop micro...

Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is an annual herb with a huge source of essential fatty acids, amino acids, vitamin E, organic acids, and cyanogenetic glycosides. Flax is primarily observed with antioxidative and cell rejuvenating properties. Due to the major ups and downs of lifestyle, metabolic syndrome is the most common terminology associated with h...

Biological macromolecules are built by the combination of smaller organic molecules. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are examples of such biological macromolecules. In this chapter, we discuss the role of these micro molecules on central nervous system (CNS). From various literature, it is observed that biological macromolecules...

Biological macromolecules including carbohydrates, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and lipids are the biologically derived molecules of high molecular weight with several potential advantages like sustainable production, renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, longer blood circulation period, targeting capability, etc. These are abunda...

Biological macromolecules play an essential role in the maintenance of human body. Carbohydrates (monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharides), proteins (albumin, globulin, and lipoprotein), fatty acids [essential fatty acids (EFA)], lipids (phospholipids and glycolipids), and nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucl...

Background In this fast-growing lifestyle, humans are in the race against time to cope up with busy schedule. Less exercise, consumption of high calorie-low fiber food and stress take us one step closer towards digestive dysfunction. Dysfunctional digestive system causes various gastrointestinal disorders like constipation, IBS, UC, diarrhea, gastr...

Green synthesized gold nanoparticle is one of the most promising drug delivery approaches with biocompatibility and biodiversity.

During last few years, the frightening elevation of bacterial resistance was accompanied by dramatic decline in recent treatments of infectious diseases, which became a point of anxiety for healthcare industries. MDR and XDR strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) result in the tuberculosis. In this regard, herein, a series of new mercaptoaceta...

Drug disposition connects with the movement of drug molecules inside the body after administration irrespective of the route of administration. After entering the system, drug molecule and internal body systems comes under various pharmacokinetic interactions followed by observation of suitable biological activity. In this exhaustive process, physi...

The natural polysaccharide obtained from crustacean orthopods like shrimp, lobster, crabs followed by demineralization, decolorization, and deacetylation, known as chitosan which was reacted with tripolyphosphate as crosslinking agent with pH adjustment obtain micro/nanoparticle. This technique was a way to deliver a formulation with improved surfa...

Pectins are hydrophilic linear anionic polysaccharide extracted from plant cell walls. These are inexpensive, biodegradable and biocompatible in nature. Pectins are being employed as additives, thickeners and gelling agents in many foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications. Since past few decades, pectins have widely been investigated for it...

Background : T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a disease which affects the bone marrow as well as lymphoblast which are expressed on T-cell immune phenotype. Diagnosis of T-ALL patients have shown that the disease presents large tumour burdens and leukemia cells in peripheral blood which often infiltrates into the central nervous syste...

A serine/threonine protein kinase, recognized as Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) is documented as a regulator of assorted cellular roles. GSK-3 phosphorylates and thereby controls the action of many physiologic, messengers, and membrane-bound structures. GSK-3α and GSK-3β are two vastly homologous forms of GSK-3 in mammals. Recent information ha...

Background Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase enzyme which controlled the neuronal functions such as neurite outgrowth, synapse formation, neurotransmission, and neurogenesis. The enzyme has two subunits as GSK-3α and GSK-3β. 4ACC, 1Q3D, 3AFG, 1UV5, 1Q5K are the important GSK-3 receptors isolated from Homo sapiens and M...

In India as well as globally diabetes is in a state of high risk and only next to cardiovascular disease. As per the WHO the risk of diabetes is expected to rise to about 511 million by 2030. In quest for novel targets for type-2 diabetes many targets were elucidated such as Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3), Dipeptidyl Peptidase (DPP-IV), PPAR-,...

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a chronic neurodegenerative disease, is the most common form of dementia that causes cognitive function impairment, including memory, thinking, and behavioral changes that ultimately lead to death. The over activation of GSK-3, an enzyme from the proline/serine Ki NS family, has been associated with hyper-phosphorylation o...

The fight against cancer cells in the human body involves a defense system that is comprised of the innate and adaptive immunities which are controlled by a series of immune responses mediated by different immune cells (ICs) and their secretory substances including cytokines and chemokines. Natural substances, synthetic compounds, and antibody elem...

For transporting out original BDY functions, minerals, ViT, carbohydrates, pRt and fibres necessitated, received from animal or PlT sources or both. pRt reckoned as important compounds among all nutrients for the HuM BDY because they facilitated in cells to build up and tissues repair in the BDY. The BDY used pRt for energy production in the shorta...

Plant polysaccharides are the by-products of photosynthesis within the plants and are being extracted from different parts of the plants, such as leaves, pods, fruits, seeds, cereals, stems, roots, rhizomes, corms, exudates, etc. The important advantages for the uses of plant polysaccharides include easy availability from the nature as plant resour...

Ginsenosides (GND) are chemically triterpenoid saponin in nature. According to the presence of aglycones, dammarane and oleanane are the two types of GND. These are mostly observed in species of Panax. The researchers have discovered over one hundred fifty substances from stocks, grasses, shoots, florets, drupes from the ginseng plant. GND and thei...

From the beginning of lives on earth, nature is contributing different products to the system constantly and endlessly. Plants synthesize a large number of organic compounds, which are commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites with various applications. Tannins are one of the secondary metabolites solely obtained from the natural or plant...

Bioactive compounds, also known as phyto-nutrients are those compounds which enhance or we can say that promote good health. They are found in a limited amount in plants, animals, marine, and other natural food sources which help in the prevention of many diseases e.g. cancers, cardiac disorders, diabetes, etc. It is well known to us that nearly ha...

Capillary electrophoresis (c.e) is a modern Spt technique other than any other chromatographic technique for the detection of plant secondary metabolites (Psm). There are two types of c.e such as capillary zone electrophoresis (c.z.e) and micellar electro kinetic (M.e.k.c.c). All kinds of secondary metabolites (Sm) (flavonoids, cardiac glycosides,...

From ancient times, phytopharmaceuticals have played an important role in the management of human health. Piperine, an alkaloid with the piperidine nucleus was discovered and isolated by Hans Christian Ørsted, from the fruits of Piper nigrum. Piperine forms is slightly water soluble and forms monoclinic needles and possess a strong pungent taste. P...

Plant metabolites are highly effective as medicine with a higher efficacy and lower adverse effect. Two basic metabolites are obtained from nature, namely primary metabolites and secondary metabolites. Alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids are the principal secondary metabolites, and also the primary source for the drug discovery and develo...

This book covers the recent innovations relating to various bioactive natural products (such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, anthraquinones, steroids, polysaccharides, tannins and polyphenolic compounds, volatile oils, fixed oils, fats and waxes, proteins and peptides, vitamins, marine products, camptothecin, piperines, carvacrol, gedunin, GA...

Gellan gum is an anionic natural polysaccharide and is produced by the aerobic fermentation of a Gram-negative nonpathogenic bacterium, Sphingomonas elodea (Pseudomonas elodea). The molecular structure of gellan gum comprises the repeating sugar units of α-l-rhamnose, β-d-glucose, and β-d-glucuronate in the molar ratios of 1:2:1. The native gellan...

This volume provides a thorough insight into the chemistry and mechanism of ionic gelations of various ionic biopolysaccharides, like alginate, gellan gum, pectin, chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc., and the applications of various ionically gelled biopolysaccharides in drug delivery fields, with chapters emphasizing the recent advances in the...

Neurodegenerative disorders are the state of body results in progressive degeneration leading to death of nerve cells. In this state, a patient gets affected day by day with mental weakness, dementia and ataxia. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common irreversible neurodegenerative brain disorder mainly affecting people over the age of 65 years...

Pyrazole is one of the 5-membered heterocyclic ring systems with two consecutive nitrogens. The molecular formula of the ring system is C3H3N2H with the systematic name of 1, 2-Diazacyclopenta-2,4-diene. Substituted/fused/linked pyrazole molecules are observed with the greater neuroprotective property. Various pyrazole derivatives such as:3-substit...

It has been already reported that compounds having pyrazole ring or moiety plays a key role to show various biological activities such as anticancer, anticonvulsant, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, etc. As for instance, compounds having pyrazole moiety such as 4-(4-ethyl benzyl)-5-trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-ol shows SLGT (sodium-dependent glucose...

Coumarin is a benzopyranone derivative with potential activities. Coumarin is generally obtained from a natural source, and also can be chemically synthesized. Coumarins are abundant in nature, and their sources include plant root, rhizomes, leaves, bark, in addition to several marine plants. Simple coumarins are commonly observed in most of the fl...

Gymnemic acids (GAs) obtained from Gymnema sylvestre are the triterpenoid saponin glycosides, typically found in India and China. They have a wide array of medicinal applications, such as stimulator of pancreatic β-cells, inhibitor of α-glucosidase enzyme, and inhibitor of protein biosynthesis by interacting with ribosome machinery. Further, it pos...

New 1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their in vivo antihistaminic activity on guinea pig trachea by using chlorpheniramine as the standard drug. It was found that compound 5a1 displayed a promising bronchorelaxant effect in conscious guinea pigs using the in vivo model. A molecular docking...

Objective: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in perimenopausal females are very common. It can be treated with alpha-blockers or application of topical oestrogen. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of alpha-blockers versus topical estrogen in the treatment of LUTS in perimenopausal females. Materials and methods: All perimeno...

Sesamum indicum L. belongs to the family Pedaliaceae and is thought as the oldest oilseed used by human beings, and it is commonly known as sesame. It is grown around the globe. This chapter highlights issues relating to the plant profile, chemical composition, and pharmacological applications of sesame seed and their chemical constituents. Sesame...

The integral role of seeds in preagricultural diets is understandable given their high energy and nutrient density. Seeds are also particularly important in human nutrition because of their unique composition in bioactive compounds. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) is a member of the dicotyledonous family Fabaceae (Leguminosae). It grows in more tha...

Fenugreek, which has the scientific name of Trigonella foenum-graceum L and has leaves consisting of three small obovate to oblong leaflets, is an annual herbaceous plant of the Fabaceae family. It is native to the eastern Mediterranean but is cultivated worldwide. This plant has medicinal alkaloids, steroid compounds, and sapogenins. Many uses hav...

Nanotheranostic is an approach to merge nanotechnology, therapeutics, and diagnosis for the betterment of mankind. Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide procured from chitin, which has a great impact as carrier of drug materials. Chitosan-gold nanoparticles have been applied in carcinoma, detection of solid tumors, prostate cancer, glucose, amplifie...