Dileep KUMAR Kumar

Cleanflo research and testing center · R & D

Surfactants have the application in drug formulation purposes as common excipients. The use of surfactant in the incidence of additives improves the absorption and drug release phenomenon. Herein, the development of the clouding of non-ionic surfactants (NISs), triton X-100 (TX-100), and ceftriaxone sodium (CTS) drug mixture, in the appearance of p...

Herein, the phase partitioning of triton X-100 (TX-100) and ceftriaxone sodium trihydrate (CTS) drug mixture in aqueous solutions of sodium salts was thoroughly investigated. The sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), and sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) were used to explore the effect of sodium salts on the cloudy cr...

The investigation of the micellization of a mixture of cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) and levofloxacin hemihydrate (LFH) was carried out by a conductivity technique in aqueous and aq. additive mixtures, including NaCl, NaOAc, NaBenz, 4-ABA, and urea. The aggregation behavior of the CPB + LFH mixture was studied considering the variation in additive...

The study of phase separation of triton X-100 (TX-100) and levofloxacin hemihydrate (LFH) mixture in aqueous solutions of electrolytes has the keen interest due to the enormous applications in pharmaceutical sectors. Levofloxacin hemihydrate is a third-generation antibiotic drug utilized in the prevention of bacterial diseases. Herein, phase separa...

Interactions between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) were studied utilizing conductivity approach. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), micelle ionization (α) along with counter ion binding (β) of CTAC micellization in aqueous solutions of BSA/BSA + hydrotropes (HYTs) have been computed at 298.15-323.15 K....

Herein, interactions between cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and ceftriaxone sodium (CTS) were investigated applying conductivity technique. Impacts of the nature of additives (e.g. electrolytes or hydrotrope (HDT)), change of temperatures (from 298.15 to 323.15 K), and concentration variation of CTS/additives were assessed on the micellization of C...

The influence of double-headed gemini was examined in the present study by studying the amino acid methionine mixed with ninhydrin in CH3COOH-CH3COONa buffer solvent. The absorbance was monitored at fixed time intervals with UV-vis spectroscopy. An impact typical of surfactants was observed on the ninhydrin–methionine reaction and explained by a ps...

Beverage or “drinks” inclusively stands for various consumable liquids, such as soft drinks, juices, milk derivatives, alcohols, beers, and hot liquids such as coffee, tea, hot chocolate, caffeinated drinks, etc. In contemporary times, various other types of beverages are produced for purposes such as immunization, personal care, and social celebra...

Over the years, the food technology has emerged in tandem with changes in dietary trends. New technologies have arisen that not only improve the flavor and shelf life of food goods, but also contain effective additives that are same for customers’ health and provide nutraceutical benefits. As a result, the adoption of natural alternatives to replac...

Herein, we have investigated the association behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) using conductivity method in H2O and H2O + organic mixed solvents at different temperatures. Association phenomenon was detected from the deviation of the conductivity changes with enhancing the surfactant concentration and...

The aggregation behavior of the mixture of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), a cationic surfactant, and moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MFH), a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic drug, has been studied using the conductivity technique in aqueous and alcoholic (EtOH, 1-PrOH, and 2-BuOH) media. The study was performed at several temperatu...

Present work deals with studies of ninhydrin (N) and phenylalanine (Phe) in cationic gemini micellar system by spectrophotometer under diverge kinetic environments. The results of the current study follow fractional-order in N and first-order in Phe. The study is intensely catalyzed by gemini surfactant (GS) system and rate constants (k ψ) are enri...

Cloud point (CP)/lower consolute temperature (LCT) of aqueous mixture of TX-100 and a highly recognised anti-diabetic drug metformin hydrochloride (MNH) was analysed in absence/presence of NH4Cl, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4 and (NH4)2HPO4. The CP values were found to be decreased with increasing concentrations of ammonium salts. Occurrence of aggregation in...

Two-dimensional (2D) titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx), a distinctive member of the emerging MXenes sensing, antibacterial due to the distinct layered structure, excess surface functional groups, excellent electrical conductivity, high thermal stability, metallic conductivity, large surface area, and smaller energy bandgap. Despite the growing interest in...

Conductivity measurements at room temperature were performed to study the physicochemical behavior of anionic surfactant SDS in water and acetone-water mixture in the presence and absence of NaNO3.The concentration of SDS was 0.05M and the concentration of NaNO3 was 0.01M and 0.05M. We calculated the degree of dissociation (α) and critical micelle...

Metformin hydrochloride (MNH) is recommended for diabetics. In the current investigation, assembly behaviour of the tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) + MNH mixture in different Na-salts media has been carried out over 298.15–323.15 K using a conductometric tool to insight the interaction between MNH and TTAB. The extent of interaction was...

Triton X-100 (TX-100 (a nonionic surfactant)) is widely applied to separate proteins from cell membranes while sodium alginate (SA; a biopolymer) has the usages as an ingredient in foods, fertilizers, textiles, pharmaceuticals items, etc. The clouding behaviors of the TX-100 + SA mixture have been investigated in the presence of different alcohol m...

The current report is concerned with catalytic impacts of cationic twin headed and tailed gemini surfactants (16–6-16, 16–5-16 and 16–4-16 symbolized as GS6, GS5 and GS4, respectively) on study of amino acid glycine (GL) and ninhydrin (N). Impact of geminis on the reaction rate of study was studied in sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer system, spect...

Here, the phase separation of the mixture of triton X-100 (TX-100) and promethazine hydrochloride (PMH), as well as the assembly of the mixture of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) and PMH drug, have been investigated. The cloud points (CP) of TX-100 in the manifestation of PMH/PMH + salts (KCl, K2SO4, and K3PO4) were determined, while the...

Herein, catalytic impact of aqueous-micellar solution of twin headed 16-s-16 (s = spacer) gemini surfactants (GS) was measured in the study of ninhydrin (nin) with Aspartic (Asp) amino acid. The study was performed over the different range of reactants’ concentration, temperature and pH. Reaction obeyed the order to be respective fractional and uni...

The micellization of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixture has been studied conductometrically in aq. solutions of different diols (1,2-propanediol (1,2-PrD), 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD), and 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PD)) media over the temperature range from 298.15 K to 323.15 K to gain insight into the mode and degr...

Interactions between sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and methylene blue (MB) have been studied in presence of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) in aqueous and methanol-water binary solvents via conductometric and tensiometric methods. The experiment was conducted to see the possibility of a synergistic effect of the SDS+CPC system and changes in the inte...

Interfacial interaction amongst the antidepressant drug-imipramine hydrochloride (IMP) and pharmaceutical excipient (triton X-100 (TX-100-nonionic surfactant)) mixed system of five various ratios in dissimilar media (H2O/50 mmol·kg−1 NaCl/250 mmol·kg−1 urea) was investigated through the surface tension method. In addition, in the aqueous solution,...

Precise conductivity measurements of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions with and without manganese sulfate in water and ethanol-water mixture containing (10, 20 and 30) volume % ethanol is carried out at 298.15 K. The conductance decreased on the addition of ethanol with and without salt. From the pre-micellar and post-micellar slopes, the degr...

To improve the application of surfactants and polymers, the knowledge of the interaction of surfactant with polymer is essential. Therefore, the interaction of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with a typical cationic surfactant, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) was investigated using the conductivity measurement method in aq. alcohols solutions...

The influence of surfactants (represent the respective length of alkyl and tail chain referred to as gemini) was investigated on rate constant (kψ) of valine (Val) and ninhydrin. Also, the effect of other experimental parameters that includes reactant’s concentration (Val and ninhydrin), pH and temperature was performed and examined. Via UV-visible...

In the current work, the effect of dicationic gemini (16-6-16, GS-6; 16-5-16, GS-5 and 16-4-16, GS-4) surfactants on reaction between ninhydrin (Nin) and arginine (Arg) was performed at 353 K by UV-Vis spectroscopic technique. Study is accelerated and catalyzed, greatly, by gemini surfactants even at [gemini] smaller compared to their cmc-values. T...

To study the role of alkyl chain length on the thermodynamics and mixed micellization behavior of amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT) with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in imidazolium based ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride (Omim.Cl) at various mole fractions and several temperatures (va...

The effect of various media (aqueous, NaCl, urea (U) and thiourea (TU)) on the micellization and adsorption activity of varied mixtures of imipramine hydrochloride (IMP) and benzethonium chloride (BZCl) is investigated via tensiometry. In an aqueous medium, the interactions between IMP and BZCl are also evaluated using UV–visible and FTIR spectrosc...

The aggregation of the mixture of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous and aq. ethylene glycol (EG) media has been carried out conductometrically at numerous temperatures. Conductivity values of CTAB have been changed with the concentration of CTAB and the values also experience a change with the presence...

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) interaction with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in aqueous medium as well as aqua-organic mixed media has been performed using the conductivity measurement technique at several temperatures. The experiments were performed in the temperature range of 298.15–313.15 K with a gap of 5 K. The critical micelle concentration (CMC...

Herein, the impact of numerous media of fixed concentration (H2O, NaCl (50 mmol·kg⁻¹), urea (U, 300 mmol·kg⁻¹) and thiourea (TU, 300 mmol·kg⁻¹))) on the association, interfacial, and thermodynamic properties of promethazine hydrochloride (PMT) and benzethonium chloride (BTC, cationic antimicrobial surfactant)) mixture in several compositions were e...

In this paper, the interaction of imipramine hydrochloride (IMP, antidepressant drug) and a non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX-100) mixture in five different ratios through the tensiometric method in different solvents (aqueous/0.050 mol·kg−1 aqueous NaCl/0.250 mol·kg−1 aqueous urea (U)) were examined thoroughly at a temperature of 298 K. UV–Vis...

In this work, we investigated the impact of different electrolytes (NaBr, Na2SO4, and Na3PO4) and temperatures on the aggregation behavior of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) through the conductivity measurement technique. The measurements were conducted at a single fixed temperature (310.55 K) for different concentrations of electrolytes an...

Organic transformations associated with metal mediated electron transfer processes are really worthy of remarkable considering the biological importance of redox active metal ions, such as Cu(III) and Fe(III). Electron transfer reactions directed by those metal ions, offer numerous oxidative transformations, have significant interest to the researc...

In the present study, the conductometric and dye-solubilization techniques have been utilized to investigate the interaction between an anionic dye (acid yellow 23 [AY]) and a cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide [CTAB]) in presence of organic (ethanol)/inorganic (NaCl) additives. From the conductometric method, two critical micelle...

We have investigated the behaviour of change of molar conductivity of mixtures of two crown ethers (CE) (18-Crown-6; 18C6 and 24-Crown-8; 24C8) and metal ions (Mⁿ⁺) (Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺) and the complexation between CE and Mⁿ⁺ in water + acetonitrile binary solvent system (20, 40, 60 and 80%; v/v) at 298.15 K to 328.15 K by conductometric technique. Kf v...

Herein, a multi-techniques approach of aggregation of promethazine hydrochloride (PMT, phenothiazine drug) and TX-45 surfactant (nonionic) mixtures have been explored thoroughly. Distinct media (H2O/0.05 mol kg⁻¹ NaCl/0.50 mol kg⁻¹ urea (U) /0.50 mol kg⁻¹ thiourea (TU)) were used for tensiometric measurement of pure and mixed system (PMT + TX-45)....

A series of dimeric gemini surfactants on the study of DL-alanine (Ala) with ninhydrin reaction was carried out using the UV–vis spectroscopic technique. A study has been made under a pseudo 1st-order experimental situation by fixing ninhydrin ≥ 10 times over Ala. Rate constants (kψ) on kinetics of Ala with ninhydrin reaction were determined by var...

Herein, various BiFeO3 morphologies, including sheet-like, coral-like and rod-like structures, were synthesized via co-precipitation (CP), hydrothermal (HT), and sol-gel (SG) synthesis routes, respectively. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by physicochemical techniques to investigate their crystal structure, optical and photoelectroche...

Mixed micellar catalysis

This study analyses the impact of twin-headed gemini surfactants on the interaction between glutamic acid (Glu) and a ninhydrin (Nin) in an acetate buffer. Analyses were observed using a UV–vis spectrophotometer and values of absorbance were recorded at fixed time intermissions. The impact of parameters such as pH, temperature, [Glu], and [Nin] was...

The aggregation of the mixture of anionic surfactant – sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and an anionic dye – bromocresol green sodium salt (BCG) was investigated by conductometric technique in water and alcoholic/diolic media within a temperature range of 300.55–320.55 K (with 5 K interval). The observed critical micelle concentration (cmc) decreases...

Bile salts are bio-surfactant molecules, anionic in nature, and show an energetic character in cholesterol and lipid solubilization. These amphiphiles are also used as a drug carrier. Being anionic they can interact strongly with other cationic amphiphiles. Keeping in mind this fact, we have investigated the interfacial and spectroscopic performanc...

Herein, the investigation of the phase partition mode of the mixture of Triton X-100 (TX- 100) + sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) was performed in presence of different organic and inorganic additives media. Results reveal that the phase separation behavior of TX-100 is facilitated by the presence of SCMC. The cloud point (CP) of the TX-100 +...

Mixed surfactant systems are used in different applied fields like pharmaceutical formulation rather than single surfactant. Therefore, the determination of the clouding nature of the triton X-100 (TX-100) + Tween 80 (TW-80) mixture was carried out in H 2 O and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). In the occurrence of PVA, the cloud point (CP) values of TX-100...

Surfactants and polymers are widely used chemicals in different applied fields like pharmaceutical, textile, food, and cosmetic industries. Therefore, the study of surfactant–polymer interaction can improve their activity in related applied fields. Herein, we studied the interaction of polymer, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) with two surfact...

The TTAB surfactant micelle formation in presence of PVA was detected by the evaluation of CMC from the conductivity plot against the concentration of surfactant. Micellar parameters, such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), the extent of counter ion binding (β), and thermodynamic properties (ΔG⁰m, ΔH⁰m and ΔS⁰m) of PVA + TTAB systems have bee...

Interactions within mixtures of the phenothiazine drug promethazine hydrochloride (PMH) and cationic hydrotropes ortho-toluidine hydrochloride (o-TDH) and para-toluidine hydrochloride (p-TDH) were investigated at different ratios and temperatures via conductometry to understand various physicochemical properties. Critical micelle concentration (cmc...

Cephalexin monohydrate (CLM) is well known antibiotic applied for prohibiting the bacterial growth. Herein, the mode of interaction of CLM with both ionic (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) as well as nonionic (triton X-100 (TX-100)) surfactants was investigated using the conductivity measurement and UV-Visibl...

The fluoroquinolone antibiotic drug namely ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CFH) is widely prescribed for the treatment of different bacterial infections. The interaction of CFH with a synthetic polymer, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and biopolymer, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by UVvisible and fluorescence spectroscopic methods at different t...

The current study investigated the mixed micellization of a phenothiazine drug, promethazine hydrochloride (PMT), with the anionic hydrotrope sodium benzoate (NaB) using a conductometric method in three different solvent media: water, 50 mmol.kg⁻¹ sodium chloride (NaCl), and 300 mmol.kg⁻¹ urea (U). Five different temperatures, ranging from 293.15 t...

Herein, the interaction of metformin hydrochloride (MNH) with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been investigated by the conductometric technique in aqueous medium as well as in the existence of NaCl over a range of temperatures. MNH, an antidiabetic drug that belongs to the biguanide group, is generally pre...

In this work, a series of alkanediyl-α,ω–type gemini micelles symbolized as 16-s-16 (s = spacer) was synthesized. Synthesized products were characterized by 1H NMR technique. By conductivity method, cmc of these surfactants was determined by measuring specific electrical conductivity at different concentrations. Alkanediyl-α,ω–type gemini micelles–...

In this article, the study of metal-amino acid complex and ninhydrin reaction was examined in gemini micellar solution using a UV-visible spectrophotometric measurement. The role of varying amounts of gemini micellar systems on rate constant of the study was investigated. Initially, rate constant (k ψ) enhances, below cmc and levelling-off areas ar...

Cationic quaternary ammonium gemini surfactants were synthesized by mixing N,N-dimethylcetylamine and α,ω-dibromoalkane. The synthesized products were characterized by C, H, N elemental and ¹H NMR analyses. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of these surfactants with and without additives was calculated by means of the conductivity technique....

Herein, the interaction between Tween-80 (Tw-80) and antibiotic drug lomefloxacin hydrochloride (LMFH) has been studied through the clouding phenomena of Tw-80 in the absence/attendance of electrolytes. Tw-80 is used for different formulations of drugs and foods. LMFH is widely prescribed for the treatment of numerous bacterial infections. The clou...

The role of different carbonate salts on the interaction of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with employed quinolone antibiotic drug (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride [CFH]) was explosively inspected through measuring specific conductivity (κ) of the investigated system. The drug, CFH, is an excellent antibiotic for the treatment of diffe...

In our study, three gemini dicationic surfactants with different methylene group spacer (16-6-16, 16-5-16 and 16-4-16) have been synthesized and characterized in solution by 1H NMR spectroscopic technique. The implications of gemini micellar solution on ninhydrin and metal amino acid complex ([Cu(II)-Trp]+) were performed by the means of single-bea...

Herein, the interaction of a protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), with tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB, a cationic surfactant), has been investigated using the conductivity technique in pure water and some sodium salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and Na3PO4) solutions at temperature range of 295.15–320.15 K. Results reveal that, in the plot of...

Herein, conductivity method was engaged for exploring the effect of fluoroquinolone drug ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CFH)/ CFH+polyols (organic compounds having multiple hydroxyl groups like glucose and fructose) on the aggregation phenomenon of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at different temperatures (298.15-318.15K) keeping a gap of 5K. In this st...

Herein, multiple techniques were employed to gain an accurate and deep understanding for the interaction between synthetic polymer polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) and surfactant (TTAB/Triton X-100 (TX-100)) in electrolytes or electrolytes free medium. Critical micelle concentration (cmc) and extent of counterion binding (β) over the 298.15 to 318...

In the current study, we have elucidated the influence of dicationic quaternary ammonium geminis system on metal-amino acid [Ni(II)-his]⁺ complex-ninhydrin reaction with the help of UV–vis spectrophometer at 343 K and pH 5.0. Under varying experimental conditions, rate constant values, kψ, were determined using a computer-based program. Quaternary...

The present paper reports the catalytic influence of 16-s-16 (spacer (s) = 4, 5, 6) gemini surfactants on the rate constant of histidine and ninhydrin at 343 K and pH 5.0 using the spectrophotometric technique. The effect of varying amounts of geminis was made on the rate constant of histidine and ninhydrin keeping other constituents constant. Char...

Herein, we employed the conductometric measurement technique for the estimation of the interaction between two oppositely charged surfactants [anionic, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) & tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB)] in different chloride (NaCl/NH4Cl) salts having diverse concentration. The experiment was carried out from 298.15K to 318.1...

Present work concerns with the interaction of ninhydrin with zinc(II) complex of tryptophan ([Zn(II)-Trp]⁺) in the three dicationic gemini surfactant systems. To record critical micellar concentration (CMC) and absorbance, we have used Systronics conductivity meter and UV-visible spectrophotometer, respectively. Experiment opens up the fractional-...

Paper analyses the influence of cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on rate of Zn(II)-histidine and ninhydrin. UV-visible spectroscopy was applied to note absorbance of Zn(II)-histidine complex with ninhydrin at the end of reaction in the two systems. Rate constant, kobs, (in aqueous) and rate constant, kψ, (in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, C...

In the current study, interaction of a metal ion‐coordinated dipeptide complex and ninhydrin was examined in the alkanediyl‐α,ω‐bis‐type gemini surfactant system. This work was performed as a function of reactants (ninhydrin and metal‐dipeptide complex), surfactants, temperature, and pH. Different techniques including UV–vis spectrophotometry were...

Studies of the interaction between the zinc-peptide complex ([Zn(II)-Gly-Gly] ⁺ ) and ninhydrin in aqueous and CTAB surfactant media were executed by the means of UV-visible spectrophotometry. The reaction rates ( k obs and k ψ ) were determined in both media by varying different parameters such as pH, temperature and the concentration of the react...

This paper reports the study of the ninhydrin and l-tyrosine (Tyr) reaction in gemini micellar media. The aim of the study was to see the influence of different parameters on the reaction rate, including the influence of reactant concentration, temperature and pH. Spectrophotometric and conductometric techniques were employed to record the absorpti...

Kinetic and mechanistic investigations of [Zn (II)‐Trp]+ and ninhydrin in aqueous and cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant have been executed in CH3COOH‐CH3COONa buffers of pH 5.0. Spectrophotometric as well as conductometric techniques were employed to carry out the study at experimental temperature. The values of rate constan...