Dieter Haffner

• Professor
• Chairman and Head of Department at Hannover Medical School

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare, genetic, progressive, lifelong disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog, X-linked (PHEX) gene, resulting in excess fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and consequent renal phosphate wasting. Chronic hypophosphatemia leads to deficits of the musculoskeletal sy...

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common inherited form of hypophosphatemic rickets. Children with XLH have an increased risk of obesity, which may promote high blood pressure, but data on blood pressure in XLH are inconclusive. We aimed to assess blood pressure and its determinants in pediatric XLH patients. We conduct a prospective, mul...

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) seriously affects the well-being and shortens the life expectancy of children and adolescents, but its progression is challenging to predict. Therefore, there is an urgent need for biomarkers that can identify children at risk of faster CKD progression. Alport syndrome (AS) is the most common monogenetic glom...

X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH) is a rare metabolic bone disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the PHEX gene, which is predominantly expressed in osteoblasts, osteocytes and odontoblasts. XLH is characterized by increased synthesis of the bone-derived phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which results in renal phosphate wa...

Background: Anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease is caused by pathogenic antibodies usually targeting the non-collagenous (NC1) domain of the α3 chain of type IV collagen and frequently presents as rapidly-progressive glomerulonephritis and diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH). Rapid reduction of these antibodies is imperative for kidney s...

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, instigated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has profoundly impacted healthcare infrastructures around the globe. While children are usually asymptomatic or have mild symptoms, children with pre-existing kidney conditions require specialized attention. This pivotal...

Background There is a lack of information on the current healthcare systems for children with kidney diseases across Europe. The aim of this study was to explore the different national approaches to the organization and delivery of pediatric nephrology services within Europe. Methods In 2020, the European society for Paediatric Nephrology (ESPN) c...

Glomerular nephropathy resulting from the genetic defects in COL4A3/4/5 genes including the classical Alport syndrome (AS) is the second commonest hereditary kidney disease characterized by persistent haematuria progressing to the need of kidney replacement therapy, frequently associated with sensorineural deafness, and occasionally with ocular ano...

C3 glomerulopathy is a rare clinical entity characterized by dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway in glomerular disease. Studies defining the natural history of C3G in the pediatric population are scarce. Patients included in this retrospective study were diagnosed between 2011 and 2020 in 12 European pediatric nephrology units. Data...

Around 180 genes have been associated with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in mice, and represent promising novel candidate genes for human CAKUT. In whole-exome sequencing data of two siblings with genetically unresolved multicystic dysplastic kidneys (MCDK), prioritizing variants in murine CAKUT-associated genes yield...

The nutritional management of children with acute kidney injury (AKI) is complex. The dynamic nature of AKI necessitates frequent nutritional assessments and adjustments in management. Dietitians providing medical nutrition therapies to this patient population must consider the interaction of medical treatments and AKI status to effectively support...

In children with kidney diseases, an assessment of the child's growth and nutritional status is important to guide the dietary prescription. No single metric can comprehensively describe the nutrition status; therefore, a series of indices and tools are required for evaluation. The Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce (PRNT) is an international team...

In children with chronic kidney disease (CKD), optimal control of bone and mineral homeostasis is essential, not only for the prevention of debilitating skeletal complications and achieving adequate growth but also for preventing vascular calcification and cardiovascular disease. Complications of mineral bone disease (MBD) are common and contribute...

Obesity and metabolic syndrome (O&MS) due to the worldwide obesity epidemic affects children at all stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) including dialysis and after kidney transplantation. The presence of O&MS in the pediatric CKD population may augment the already increased cardiovascular risk and contribute to the loss of kidney function. The...

The nutritional management of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is of prime importance in meeting the challenge of maintaining normal growth and development in this population. The objective of this review is to integrate the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce clinical practice recommendations for children with CKD stages 2-5 and on dialy...

Dietary management in pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an area fraught with uncertainties and wide variations in practice. Even in tertiary pediatric nephrology centers, expert dietetic input is often lacking. The Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce (PRNT), an international team of pediatric renal dietitians and pediatric nephrologists, wa...

Dyskalemias are often seen in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). While hyperkalemia is common, with an increasing prevalence as glomerular filtration rate declines, hypokalemia may also occur, particularly in children with renal tubular disorders and those on intensive dialysis regimens. Dietary assessment and adjustment of potassium intak...

Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk for vitamin deficiency or excess. Vitamin status can be affected by diet, supplements, kidney function, medications, and dialysis. Little is known about vitamin requirements in CKD, leading to practice variation. The Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce (PRNT), an international team of pediatric...

Pathogenic variants in SLC34A1 and SLC34A3 encoding sodium-phosphate transporter 2a and 2c are rare causes of phosphate wasting. Since data on presentation and outcomes are scarce, we collected clinical, biochemical and genetic data via an online questionnaire and the support of European professional organizations. One hundred thirteen patients (86...

IgA nephropathy and IgA vasculitis with nephritis, albeit rare, represent two relatively frequent glomerular conditions in childhood. Compared to adults, pediatric IgA nephropathy has a more acute presentation, most frequently with synpharyngitic macrohematuria and histologically with more intense inflammation and less intense chronic damage. Manag...

Anti-GBM disease is a rare vasculitis mediated by pathogenic antibodies against collagen IV. Anti-GBM disease presents with rapid progressive glomerulonephritis and leads to kidney failure if untreated. KDIGO recommends plasma exchanges (PEX) for antibody elimination and steroids plus cyclophosphamide (CTX) to suppress antibody production. CTX is a...

Lupus nephritis (LN) occurs in 60–80% of patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (jSLE) and is decisive for the morbidity and mortality. A timely kidney biopsy should be performed in the presence of significant proteinuria and/or impaired renal function with or without hematuria to determine the type and extent of renal involvement. The...

Schimke immuno-osseous-dysplasia (SIOD) is an autosomal recessive systemic disease due to pathogenic variants in SMARCAL1 . Manifestations include nephrotic syndrome (NS), kidney failure, T-cell dysfunction, vaso-occlusive disease, and disproportionate short stature, a general feature of this disease. Here, we present a markedly different growth pa...

Context The pathophysiology of cystinosis-associated metabolic bone disease is complex. Objective We hypothesized a disturbed interaction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Design Binational cross-sectional multicenter study. Setting Hospital clinics. Patients One hundred and three patients with cystinosis (61% children) with chronic kidney d...

Background X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare inherited phosphate-wasting disorder associated with bone and dental complications. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is reduced in XLH patients on conventional treatment with phosphate supplements and active vitamin D, while information on patients treated with burosumab is rare. Methods H...

Background Infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder, mostly and often firstly affecting the kidneys, together with impaired disharmonious growth and rickets, eventually resulting in progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). With the introduction of cysteamine therapy, most pediatric patients reach adulthood with...

Background and Aims Loss of ciliary protein function leads to altered epithelial properties in hereditary polycystic kidney diseases. To address molecular aspects of defective epithelial homeostasis, monolayered epithelial spheroids can be used to analyze lack of protein function and consequences of pharmacological intervention. Here, we employed e...

Background and Aims X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common genetic cause of hypophosphatemia. Mutations in the PHEX gene cause elevated circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), phosphaturia, rickets and osteomalacia. Conventional treatment with phosphate salts and active vitamin D is associated with nephrocalcinosis an...

Background and Aims The phosphaturic hormones fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote renal phosphate excretion through FGFR1/Klotho and PTH1R-mediated ERK1/2 activation, respectively, leading to inhibition of the sodium-phosphate cotransporters NPT2a (SLC34A1) and NPT2c (SLC34A3) in proximal tubule (PT) cells. In...

Background and Aims High phosphate loading stimulate the synthesis of PTH and FGF23 and is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) mortality. In hemodialysis patients, the administration of calcimimetics led to reductions in PTH and FGF23 and the latter was associated with a lower rate of CV events. We have previously shown that mice with a h...

Background and Aims Cystinosis-associated metabolic bone disease (CMBD) is a major challenge in the treatment of patients with infantile nephropathic cystinosis (NC). Study data are limited due to small case numbers, lack of adults or patients on renal replacement therapy and/or inadequate assessment of bone health. Method We investigated markers...

Background and Aims During chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses, there is an increased phosphate load and the concentration of the phosphaturic hormones PTH and FGF23 rises. In patients, phosphate and FGF23 are discussed as risk factors for CKD progression. We have recently shown that mice with high phosphate, PTH and FGF23 levels develop Stat3/...

Background and Aims We have recently shown that a high phosphate diet (HPD) in mice leads to an increase in FGF23 levels and causes progressive tubular damage and interstitial fibrosis with increased accumulation of macrophages and concomitant perivascular immune cell aggregates in the corticomedullary zone. Such tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS)...

Background X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare, progressive disorder characterized by excess fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), causing renal phosphate-wasting and impaired active vitamin D synthesis. Burosumab is a recombinant human monoclonal antibody that inhibits FGF23, restoring patient serum phosphate levels. Safety data on long-term...

Introduction Secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) is particularly severe in rapidly growing infants in dialysis. Although cinacalcet is effective and licensed in dialysis in children aged >3 years, its efficacy and safety for children aged <3 years is unknown. Methods We identified 26 children aged <3 years who were on dialysis and treated with ci...

Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk for vitamin deficiency or excess. Vitamin status can be affected by diet, supplements, kidney function, medications, and dialysis. Little is known about vitamin requirements in CKD, leading to practice variation. The Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce (PRNT), an international team of pediatric...

Cystinosis is a rare autosomal-recessive lysosomal storage disease that progressively affects multiple organs beginning with the kidneys. Patients require lifelong multidisciplinary care for the management of kidney disease and progressive extra-renal manifestations, and thus, they are especially fragile and vulnerable during transition from pediat...

Loss of PKHD1-gene function causes autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) characterized by bilateral severely enlarged kidneys and congenital liver fibrosis requiring kidney replacement therapy most frequently during childhood. Studies using renal tissue from ARPKD patients suggest cyst promotion by suppressed hippo activity and enha...

Background Primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare services in Europe create complex networks covering pediatric subspecialties, sociology, economics and politics. Two surveys of the European Society for Paediatric Nephrology (ESPN) in 1998 and 2017 revealed substantial disparities of kidney care among European countries. The purpose of the thir...

Soluble RANKL (sRANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) are regulators of osteoclast differentiation and activation, but adequate pediatric reference values are lacking. Here we provide LMS (Lambda-Mu-Sigma)-based continuous pediatric reference percentiles for sRANKL, OPG and sRANKL/OPG ratio that will allow calculation of standardized patient z-scores to...

Context The assessment of phosphate homeostasis in children is challenging due to the marked changes in laboratory parameters during growth and development, and the lack of adequate reference values. Objective To develop Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS)-based continuous pediatric reference percentiles for 7 key laboratory parameters of phosphate homeostasis....

Background X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare inherited phosphate-wasting disorder associated with bone and dental complications. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is reduced in XLH patients on conventional treatment with phosphate supplements and active vitamin D, while information on patients treated with burosumab is rare. Methods H...

Background: X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare, hereditary, progressive, renal phosphate-wasting disorder characterized by a pathological increase in FGF23 concentration and activity. Due to its rarity, diagnosis may be delayed, which can adversely affect outcomes. As a chronic disease resulting in progressive accumulation of musculoskeleta...

Aims Phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis are controlled by fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) from bone suppressing renal phosphate transport and enhancing 24‐hydroxylase ( Cyp24a1 ), thereby inactivating 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . Serum FGF23 is correlated with outcomes in several diseases. Fasting stimulates the production of ketone bodies. We hypothesize...

Introduction Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the predominant cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the need for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in children. Although more than 60 genes are known to cause CAKUT if mutated, genetic etiology is detected, on average, in only 16% of unselected CAKUT cases, making ge...

Background: Infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) is a systemic lysosomal storage disease causing intracellular cystine accumulation, resulting in renal Fanconi syndrome, progressive kidney disease (CKD), rickets, malnutrition, and myopathy. An INC-specific disproportionately diminished trunk length compared to leg length poses questions regardi...

Background and Aims Primary Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (dRTA) is a rare genetic condition characterized by impaired capacity of A-type intercalated cells to excrete excess of H+ ions. The disease is caused primarily by pathogenic variants in the SLC4A1 gene encoding for the basolateral anion exchanger 1 (AE1) or the ATP6V1B1 and ATP6V0A4 genes e...

Background: Associations between anthropometric measures and patient outcomes in children are inconsistent and mainly based on data at kidney replacement therapy (KRT) initiation. We studied associations of height and body mass index (BMI) with access to kidney transplantation, graft failure, and death during childhood KRT. Methods: We included...

The urinary albumin- and protein-to-creatinine ratios (UACR and UPCR, respectively) are key endpoints in most clinical trials assessing risk of progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). For the first time, the current study compares the UACR versus the UPCR head-to-head at early stages of CKD, taking use of the hereditary podocytopathy Alport sy...

Context: Burosumab has been approved for the treatment of children and adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Real-world data and evidence for its efficacy in adolescents is lacking. Objective: To assess the effects of 12 months burosumab treatment on mineral metabolism in children (aged < 12 years) and adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with...

In the past decade, research in genetic disorders of hypophosphatemic disorders has significantly expanded our understanding of phosphate metabolism. X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets is the most common inherited form of rickets due to renal phosphate wasting. The common denominator for all types of rickets is hypophosphatemia, leading to inadequat...

Zusammenfassung Die Cystinose ist eine sehr seltene autosomal-rezessive Speichererkrankung, die mit einer Inzidenz von 1 : 150 000 – 1 : 200 000 auftritt. Ursächlich sind Mutationen im CTNS-Gen, welches das lysosomale Membranprotein Cystinosin codiert, das für den Transport von Cystin aus dem Lysosom in das Zytoplasma verantwortlich ist. In der Fol...

The nutritional management of children with acute kidney injury (AKI) is complex. The dynamic nature of AKI necessitates frequent nutritional assessments and adjustments in management. Dietitians providing medical nutrition therapies to this patient population must consider the interaction of medical treatments and AKI status to effectively support...

Background: The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) pandemic affected lifestyles and resulted in significant weight gain in the general population. Its impact on children after kidney transplantation (KTx) is unknown. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated body mass index (BMI) z-scores during the COVID-19 pandemic in 132 pediatric KTx pati...

Background: Infants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) form a vulnerable population who are highly prone to mineral and bone disorders (MBD) including biochemical abnormalities, growth retardation, bone deformities, and fractures. We present a position paper on the diagnosis and management of CKD-MBD in infants based on available evidence and the o...

Extracorporeal blood purification techniques are associated with clotting of the extracorporeal circuit; therefore, anticoagulation is mandatory. This chapter provides anticoagulation options in the pediatric setting, including unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins, systemic heparin alternatives, and regional anticoagulation.

Background: X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH) is a rare, hereditary, progressive, renal phosphate-wasting disorder characterized by a pathological increase in FGF23 concentration and activity. Due to its rarity, diagnosis may be delayed, which can adversely affect outcomes. As a chronic disease resulting in progressive accumulation of musculoskeleta...

Background In pediatric hereditary cystic kidney diseases, epithelial cell defects mostly result from rare, autosomal recessively inherited pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins of the cilia-centrosome complex. Consequences of individual gene variants on epithelial function are often difficult to predict and can furthermore depend on the p...

A good understanding of kidney function tests is essential for patient care. Urinalysis is the commonest used test for screening purposes in ambulatory settings. Glomerular function is assessed further by urine protein excretion and estimated glomerular filtration rate and tubular function by various tests such as urine anion gap and excretion of s...

Olivia Boyer and Agnes Trautmann contributed equally and should therefore serve as co-first authors, Dieter Haffner and Marina Vivarelli contributed equally as well and should serve as co-last authors. Accepted manuscripts Accepted manuscripts are PDF versions of the author’s final manuscript, as accepted for publication by the journal but prior...

Development of clinical guidelines and recommendations to address the care of pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have rarely included the perspectives of providers from a variety of healthcare disciplines or the patients and parents themselves. Accordingly, the National Kidney Foundation hosted an in-person, one and one-half day w...

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is the most frequent pediatric glomerular disease, affecting from 1.15 to 16.9 per 100,000 children per year globally. It is characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and/or concomitant edema. Approximately 85–90% of patients attain complete remission of proteinuria within 4–6 weeks of treatment with gluco...

Background Randomized controlled trials in pediatric kidney transplantation are hampered by low incidence and prevalence of kidney failure in children. Real-World Data from patient registries could facilitate the conduct of clinical trials by substituting a control cohort. However, the emulation of a control cohort by registry data in pediatric kid...

Introduction Little is known about the consequences of deranged chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) parameters on kidney allograft function in children. We examined a relationship between these parameters over time and allograft outcome. Methods This registry study from the Cooperative European Paediatric Renal Transplant In...

Most patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) remain genetically unexplained. In search of novel genes associated with CAKUT in humans, we applied whole-exome sequencing in a patient with kidney, anorectal, spinal, and brain anomalies, and identified a rare heterozygous missense variant in the DACT1 (dishevelled bi...

Background X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH) is a rare, inherited, phosphate-wasting disorder that elevates fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), causing renal phosphate-wasting and impaired active vitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D) synthesis. Disease characteristics include rickets, osteomalacia, odontomalacia, and short stature. Historically, treatment has b...

Over the last decade, research in the field of genetic disorders resulting in hypophosphatemia has significantly broadened our understanding of phosphate metabolism. X-linked hypophosphatemia is the most common inherited form of rickets, which is caused by renal phosphate wasting. The common denominator for all types of rickets is hypophosphatemia,...

Background: Infantile Nephropathic Cystinosis (INC) is an inheritable lysosomal storage disorder characterized by lysosomal cystine accumulation, progressive kidney disease and multiple extra-renal complications (ERC). Cysteamine postpones the onset of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and reduces the incidence of ERCs, however, cysteamine is genera...

Nephropathic cystinosis is a rare lysosomal storage disease whose basic defect, impaired transport of cystine out of lysosomes, results in intracellular cystine storage. Affected individuals exhibit renal Fanconi Syndrome in infancy, end-stage kidney disease at approximately 10 years of age, and many other systemic complications. Oral cysteamine th...

Infantile nephropathic cystinosis, due to impaired transport of cystine out of lysosomes, occurs with an incidence of 1 in 100–200,000 live births. It is characterized by renal Fanconi syndrome in the first year of life and glomerular dysfunction progression to end-stage kidney disease by approximately 10 years of age. Treatment with oral cysteamin...

Dietary phosphate intake in the Western population greatly exceeds the recommended dietary allowance and is linked to enhanced cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality. It is unclear whether a chronic high phosphate diet (HPD) causes kidney injury in healthy individuals. Here, we show that feeding a 2% HPD in C57BL/6N mice for one up to six months re...

Der systemische Lupus erythematodes (SLE) ist eine Autoimmunerkrankung, die mit einer Immunkomplex-vermittelten Vaskulitis verschiedener Organe einhergeht. Für die Prognose entscheidend ist die Beteiligung der Nieren und des ZNS. Die Ursachen des SLE sind multifaktoriell: Genetische Suszeptibilität, exogene Einflüsse, wie z. B. Infektionen, humoral...

Introduction Nephronophthisis (NPH) comprises a group of rare disorders accounting for up to 10% of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in children. Prediction of kidney prognosis poses a major challenge. We assessed differences in kidney survival, impact of variant type, and the association of clinical characteristics with declining kidney function....

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dietary phosphate intake greatly exceeds the recommended daily allowance in the Western population. Elevated phosphate levels are linked to increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, impaired bone health and premature ageing. The renal effects of chronic high dietary phosphate intake for healthy individuals are still not...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffer from disturbed mineral metabolism in which the chronic phosphate load leads to the elevation of the phosphaturic hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Persistent hyperphosphatemia predisposes to cardiovascular events and increased morbidity a...

X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH) is the most frequent cause of hypophosphataemia-associated rickets of genetic origin and is associated with high levels of the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). In addition to rickets and osteomalacia, patients with XLH have a heavy disease burden with enthesopathies, osteoarthritis, pseudofr...

Background Infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder resulting in progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a variety of extrarenal manifestations. This orphan disease remains a challenge for patients, their families and health care providers. There is currently no comprehensive study on patients' clinical cour...

The study conference of the German Society for Pediatric Nephrology (GPN), which has been held for almost 50 years, is the most important instrument of cooperative research in German pediatric nephrology. It has made a significant contribution to improving clinical care and strengthens the cooperation between the pediatric nephrology centers. Many...

The nutritional management of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is of prime importance in meeting the challenge of maintaining normal growth and development in this population. The objective of this review is to integrate the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce clinical practice recommendations for children with CKD stages 2–5 and on dialy...

Background To describe treatment practices for juvenile proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) class III and IV of pediatric rheumatologists and nephrologists in Germany and Austria in preparation for a treat-to-target treatment protocol in LN.Methods Survey study by members of the Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology (GKJR) and the German...

Here, we discuss the management of different forms of rickets, including new therapeutic approaches based on recent guidelines. Management includes close monitoring of growth, the degree of leg bowing, bone pain, serum phosphate, calcium, alkaline phosphatase as a surrogate marker of osteoblast activity and thus degree of rickets, parathyroid hormo...

Phosphate is essential for proper cell function by providing the fundamentals for DNADNA, cellular structure, signaling and energy production. The homeostasis of phosphate is regulated by the phosphaturic hormones fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 and parathyroid hormone (PTHPTH). Recent studies indicate that phosphate induces phosphate sensingPhos...

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a common therapy for the treatment of neoplastic and metabolic disorders, hematological diseases, and fatal immunological deficiencies. HCT can be subcategorized as autologous or allogeneic, with each modality being associated with their own benefits, risks, and post-transplant complications. One of the m...