Del Río Rama

• PhD. Management and Business
• University of Vigo

Abstract In this research, using a balanced panel of 113 countries during the period 1985–2017, the non-linear relationship between economic development and income inequality is examined. The countries are grouped into three subsamples, 45 high-income countries (HICs), 32 upper-middle-income countries (UMICs), 26 lower-middle income countries (LMI...

Abstract Wine tourism, or enotourism, has emerged as a key driver of sustainable regional development, providing economic, social and environmental benefits to rural communities. However, there is a lack of studies that integrate this type of tourism with the concept of sustainable regional development, which generates the need for a bibliometric...

Abstract Mexico has emerged as one of the world's leading producers and exporters of vehicles. With the entry into force of the USMCA, an increase in North American regional content in the automotive industry is expected, presenting an opportunity to boost technology transfer and the development of local capabilities. The automotive and auto parts...

Special Issue Information: LINK: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agriculture/special_issues/G9VH1GI4L7 Dear Colleagues, Food security and well-being are two concepts of interest to governments, businesses, and academics. In the last decade, professionals and academics have turned their attention not only to productivity and economic growth, but also...

ABSTRACT Bird watching is a tourist activity that has been growing steadily in recent years. Its specialization requires the implementation of various activities to achieve a high value-added offer. Peru is a country with enormous potential for birdwatching tourism, specifically the San Martín region is one of the privileged places, it is part of t...

Tourism in Mexico contributes to GDP and employment, but has environmental costs in terms of carbon emissions from air transport. The estimation of the carbon footprint of tourists arriving by air is crucial to raise awareness among decision makers in order to establish future tourism policies that reduce environmental degradation. This study estim...

This article critically examines the use of land in the development of hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) and provides actionable recommendations for establishing tourism destinations. The study assesses the impacts of these facilities on regional tourism and recreational areas, identifying key factors and motivations driving the region’s utilizatio...

Abstract The current research article focuses on safeguarding the knotted carpet weaving tradition in Guano, an endangered intangible cultural heritage (ICH) threatened by globalisation and a lack of intergenerational transmission. The research aims to revitalise this artisanal technique through a comprehensive safeguarding plan, using a participat...

Creative industries represent more than 3% of employment and, if all creative activities are accounted, this figure exceeds 7% of national employment. Additionally, the rate of growth in these sectors is far superior than that of the national economy, their average annual growth almost doubles the whole economy’s growth rate. The aim of this study...

Abstract Biosphere Reserves (BRs), designated by UNESCO, are spaces that promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on BRs through a bibliometric analysis of publications indexed in Scopus between 1977 and 2024. The main objective was to analyse the ev...

This special issue is now open for submission. Special Issue Information: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/land/special_issues/5C0B835Q0D Guest Editor: María de la Cruz del Río-Rama, University of Vigo, Spain. Dr. María Montserrat Cruz González, University of Vigo, Spain. Francisco Xabier Sánchez Sellero, University of Vigo, Spain. José Álvarez-García,...

Resumen: Durante el año 2024, el Ecuador inició el proceso de reacreditación de todos los territorios declarados como Pueblo Mágico, con la finalidad de integrar indicadores de competitividad turística que permita posicionar a los territorios y contribuir a su vez en el posicionamiento de Ecuador como un destino competitivo para Latinoamérica. Entr...

Migration flows are in constant evolution, marked by continuous and rapid changes in migratory patterns driven by various factors that necessitate in-depth analysis. Based on the push–pull theory of migration, with information of CIA (World Factbook Skyhorse Publishing Inc., New York, 2020) and World Development Indicators (WDI, World development i...

Abstract The present paper tests the use of an agricultural futures minimum tracking error portfolio to replicate the price of the Mexican Hass avocado (a non-commodity). The motivation is that this portfolio could be used to balance the basis risk that the avocado price hedge issuer could face. By performing a backtest of a theoretical avocado pro...

RESUMEN El aceite de oliva está en el corazón del sistema agroalimentario español. España es líder mundial en el ámbito del cultivo, producción y comercio exterior de este preciado aceite. Las plantaciones de olivo cubren en España 2,75 millones de hectáreas, de las cuales 2,55 millones de hectáreas son plantaciones de olivo (utilizadas para la pr...

Abstract The need for comfort in society demands more energy every day, various industries were created recently to supply energy, including that associated with photovoltaic technology. The usable life of photovoltaic modules is 20 to 30 years, the disposal of materials at the end of their use constitutes a source of contamination and value if tre...

The need for energy in different global industries encourages the development and application of clean energy. Tourism, being a global development sector, requires energy to maintain the comfort of tourists. The development of technology requires basic science and application studies that allow us to know the scientific evolution and trends in rese...

RESUMEN La revolución de las Nuevas Tecnologías ha provocado un importante cambio en el sector turístico. En la actualidad, el uso de Internet es imprescindible en la comunicación y promoción de las empresas con sus potenciales clientes y empiezan a considerar la página web como su carta de presentación. Asimismo, el papel del turista también ha ex...

ABSTRACT The Magical Towns of Mexico have been configured as a program to promote tourism and local development, through the use of the cultural, festive, gastronomic, natural, artistic and historical heritage of various locations in the country. Within their magic and charm they offer the possibility of carrying out different types of tourism in t...

In addition to the socio-economic advantages, tourism has been proven to be one of the most important sectors with adverse environmental effects. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between tourism and environmental sustainability by using a panel data from 32 countries in Latin America and the European Union for the period 2000–2019. S...

Abstract Peruvian gastronomy is one of the most recognized and appreciated in the world and the Lambayeque cuisine is no exception to this recognition, as it provides a large percentage of inputs, products and techniques, which have remained unchanged to this day. Lambayeque has dishes that contain an important historical wealth, strengthening the...

The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is progressing rapidly, compelling companies to integrate it within their operational frameworks to sustain competitiveness, primarily driven by its impact on organizational agility (OA). Nevertheless, the absence of a robust theoretical framework underscores the limited understanding of the relati...

Abstract The cases of the Capirona community located in Napo and the Napo Wildlife Center belonging to the province of Orellana are analysed. These communities, mainly of the Amazonian Kichwa population, decided to bet on community tourism to generate income and improve their quality of life. Thus, collaborating with some non-governmental organisat...

This study investigates the relationship between sociodemographic variables and the level of fin ancial education among university students in Ecuador. Using data from 1,011 surveys and non-parametric analysis, it examines how age, gender, employment status, and field of study relate to students' financial knowledge, behavior, and attitudes. The re...

INTRODUCCIÓN En los tiempos antiguos, el descanso era concebido como una forma de turismo por filósofos griegos (Pavlidis & Markantonatou, 2020). Hoy en día el turismo es una actividad integrada de diferentes atributos que fomentan la competitividad desde un enfoque comercial y cultural, donde la estrategia de marketing juega un papel fundamental p...

This paper tests using two-regime Markov-switching models with asymmetric, time-varying exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (MS-EGARCH) variances in random-length lumber futures trading. By assuming a two-regime context (a low s = 1 and high s = 2 volatility), a trading algorithm was simulated with the following tr...

This special issue is now open for submission. Special Issue Information: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/mathematics/special_issues/Mathematical_Statistical_Soft_Computing_Methods_Uncertainty_Management Guest Editor Dr. José Álvarez-García, University of Extremadura, Spain. Dr. Oscar V. De la Torre-Torres, Saint Nicholas and Hidalgo Michoacán State...

This special issue is now open for submission. Special Issue Information: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/land/special_issues/AA61FBK632 Guest Editor: María de la Cruz del Río-Rama, University of Vigo, Spain. Claudia Patricia Maldonado-Erazo, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador. Amador Durán Sánchez, University of Extremadu...

ABSTRACT In their quest to be a catalyst for local tourism in Mexico, Magical Towns compete with highly competitive national and international tourist destinations. It is vital to study and comprehend the competitiveness of these tourist locations in order to create solutions to face competition and affect economic development. This research work a...

Online presence is essential for companies operating in the social economy. The health crisis resulting from Covid-19 has reinforced the need to access the Internet and develop online commerce. This paper analyses the online presence of Catalan agricultural cooperatives, their level of maturity in the development of e-commerce and the changes that...

Abstract: This article presents a structural equation model of mountain biking events on sustainable tourism and the effect that the marketing mix and sustainability of the different events have on it. The analysis was carried out through a survey applied to different participants of mountain biking events in the different municipalities of the sta...

Abstract The concept of a “sustainable hotel” or in the other words “green hotel” means that it is built with environmentally friendly, local, and recyclable materials that consume less energy and water, and have reduced CO2 emissions. A sustainable hotel can be evaluated with certificate programs such as LEED, BREEAM, CASBEE, SBTool, which determi...

Digital transformation and technological advances are causing a radical change in communication structures and in the way information is consumed. With rapid development of computing and the Internet, data is generated, recorded, stored and accumulated on a large scale, making it necessary for economic sectors to act quickly in order to adapt their...

Abstract: Internet presence is essential for tourism companies. Health resorts are a tourism resource of prime importance for the image of a wellness tourism destination. This paper analyses the content of the official websites of Spanish spas, as well as their level of maturity in the development of e-commerce. For this purpose, a model for the an...

ABSTRACT This article presents the opinions of mountain bike event organisers on the marketing mix generated by the different events, which will help us to detect areas of opportunity in the preparation of the sporting challenges. The analysis was carried out using a survey of twelve organisers from different municipalities in the state of Michoacá...

RESUMEN En los últimos años, las empresas relacionadas directa o indirectamente con el turismo han experimentado un gran cambio en cuanto a sus canales de promoción y comunicación con sus clientes debido al desarrollo de Internet y las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación. Los sitios web oficiales han facilitado la promoción y comunicaci...

Abstract The increase in consumption and the increase in the use of resources linked to increasing human activity puts both energy security and sustainability at risk, which has led to a global restructuring of the policy agenda to ensure and integrate environmental well-being through channels such as energy efficiency (EE). Bearing this in mind, t...

Inequality is a problem that remains latent throughout generations, despite the growth of countries and the mechanisms that were implemented to mitigate it. Understanding the structure of spillovers from a spatial point of view would allow for the management of current resources, with the aim of improving the distribution among individuals at the c...

Abstract Debates on how growth and urbanization affect the environment have been intense,but they lack the global perspective. Therefore, this research examined those rela-tionships, and to a greater extent other forms of global environmental degradation,such as foreign direct investment (FDI). It also explored the relationships betweenindustrializ...

ABSTRACT In the literature on growth, infrastructure, in addition to other factors, is identified as a determining element in the growth of regions from a long-term perspective. However, there are few studies where the unit of analysis is disaggregated down to the regional level. Therefore, this research aims to explore the importance of infrastru...

Abstract Purpose – In this paper, the authors tested if promoting the workforce’s happiness (through highperformance working practices or HPWP) and well-being in European Public companies relates to their profitability (ROE), market risk (beta), and stock price return. Also, we tested if investors have a performance benefit if they buy a portfolio...

There is a great interest in biofuels production as an alternative and potentially renewable fuel. This study analyzed the rate of scientific publications related to the biofuels such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, biohydrogen and wood pellets using the Logistic and Gompertz models to quantitatively describe the publications growth. The models s...

Abstract: The Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting (SJFA) is a leading international journal in the field of accounting and finance, which was founded in 1972 with the aim of serving as a platform for dissemination at the service of academics, researchers and accounting and business professionals. The aim of this research is to examine the dev...

Abstract The traditional trend in heritage management focuses on a conservationist strategy, i.e., keeping heritage in a good condition while avoiding its interaction with other elements. This condition results in the link between heritage and tourism to be established as juxtaposed process, which gives rise to the need to broaden the concept of he...

Abstract: The environmental impact linked to human activity has transcended beyond a purely internal problem that does not take into account the borders of the regions. The objective of this study is to analyze the spatial behavior of environmental quality, considering the impacts of tourism activity and human capital (what a person contributes t...

Abstract: Tourism represents an important part of global economic activity and has contributed to economic development, income generation and increased employment in many countries. Despite the positive impacts, this smokeless industry has become a major source of negative environmental externalities, such as the emission of 8% of the global total...

ABSTRACT: Corporate Social Responsibility (from now on CSR), is a management tool that, although companies are not compelled to apply, as it goes beyond the rules, regulations and laws of commercial operations, which do imply an obligation and whose non-compliance would be considered fraud or illegality; it refers to a positive attitude of the com...

Abstract: Currently, in the tourism sector, companies and tourist destinations are changing their focus from focusing on the product to focusing on “experiences”. In this context, the concept of "co-creation of experiences" arises, in which the tourist becomes an active agent in consumption and therefore in the production of value. On the other ha...

Abstract: El objetivo del estudio es generar un índice sintético como estrategia de apoyo para la gestión del patrimonio cultural de los gobiernos autónomos seccionales del Ecuador. El proceso se fundamentó en la obtención de información primaria (funcionarios de unidades de gestión) y secundaria (bases de datos y documentos oficiales) sobre patri...

Abstract Inequality has been of growing interest in the political debate and in theoretical and empirical studies for some decades. Therefore, the study of regional inequality raises some relevant questions related to the spatial nature of the data. In fact, adopting a regional point of view implies the opportunity to consider spatial interactions,...

Resumen La medicina ancestral-tradicional como un campo de estudio de la etnomedicina, se establece como una herramienta de insurgencia de los pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas, afroecuatorianos y montubias, quienes a partir de los conocimientos, saberes, rituales y usos del entorno, así como de los animales y las plantas, han logrado satisfacer s...

Abstract: This article presents the opinions of mountain bike event organisers on the marketing mix generated by the different events, which will help us to detect areas of opportunity in the preparation of the sporting challenges. The analysis was carried out using a survey of twelve organisers from different municipalities in the state of Michoac...

Abstract. New technologies have revolutionized the tourism sector, bringing about major changes. Nowadays, Internet is a way of access for communica-tion and promotion for all companies that want to promote themselves by us-ing Web pages as a cover letter for their customers. Similarly, the role of cus-tomers has also undergone significant changes...

RESUMEN Los alimentos de calidad diferenciada poseen una serie de características como consecuencia del cumplimiento de unos requisitos –de carácter voluntario- relativos a sus materias primas, procedimientos de producción y comercialización. Los productos que cumplan esos requisitos (regulados por la normativa de la Unión Europea (UE)), pasarán a...

RESUMEN En la actualidad, el uso de internet, el desarrollo de las TICs y el cambio en los hábitos de compra y búsqueda de información, han provocado la transformación en la forma que las empresas se comunican y promocionan. De este modo, las páginas web se han convertido en la imagen principal de las empresas posibilitando obterner un mayor benefi...

The market for socially conscious products and services has grown exponentially in the last years. Consequently, adding social value is among the great challenges that companies have to face nowadays. In view of this, companies need leaders with a set of specific skills that prepares them to act and compete in this new environment. This is especial...

RESUMEN La presencia en Internet es indispensable para las empresas de la economía social. La situación de crisis sanitaria derivada del COVID19 ha reforzado la necesidad de estar presentes en la Red. El presente trabajo analiza tanto la presencia web de las cooperativas agrarias catalanas como su nivel de madurez en el desarrollo del comercio elec...

Among the solutions to climate change’s harmful effects, AS (Adaptation Strategies) are more feasible. In this study, four AS, Changing Cultivation Dates (CCD), Deficit Irrigation (DI), Improving Irrigation Performance (IIP), and Optimizing the Crop Pattern (OCP), were investigated. The results showed that the WUE (Water Use Efficiency) was decline...

This study aimed to develop indicators that measure rural tourism destinations in a sustainable framework during the COVID-19 process. In order to achieve this goal, the A’WOT and TOWS hybrid method was used in the study. In line with this goal, the priority order was calculated by determining the factors for strengths, weaknesses, threats and oppo...

Territories throughout different continents have a wide variety of natural and cultural resources, defined by the dynamics of spatiality, temporality, and functionality that have been generated by the human groups settled in these spaces. These resources have become an object of study of great interest since they constitute the initial sources for...

Special Issue Information: Special Issue "Use of Natural and Cultural Resources through Tourism Activity for Regional Development" Link: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/land/special_issues/tourism_resourses? fbclid=IwAR3l5jzammnZl4vrvTuXf12VLlB2YvUA52FOg1jvwNpn0P9bVRbuF32fwo0 A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the...

Abstract Beer is popular worldwide and it is considered the oldest and most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world. At the global production level, most of the market is dominated by a few multinational companies, but in recent years, craft beers have gained market share. In addition to being independent and produced on a smaller scale, the main...

Abstract: Water is a vital resource for citizens´ economic and social development. However, the us-es to which it can be put often conflict. Possible solutions to mitigate disputes involve political op-tions, scarce economic resources and the search for mechanisms to ensure its adequate allocation. For over half a century, countries such as Austral...

Special Issue Information: A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance". Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2022. Special issue website: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water/special_issues/integrated_water

Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of international oil price uncertainty on the diferent economic sectors (primary, secondary, and tertiary) in Mexico in the period 1993:1–2020:4 through a bivariate structural vector autoregressive (VAR) model with a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) in mean to capture the impa...

Abstract Entrepreneurship has gained importance in the field of research due to its ability to dynamize the economy. Knowing how technological expertise and access to financing influence business performance will enable micro-entrepreneurs to make decisions about technological training strategies within their company. Therefore, the aim of this inv...

RESUMEN La revolución de las Nuevas Tecnologías ha provocado un importante cambio en el sector turístico. En la actualidad, el uso de Internet es imprescindible en la comunicación y promoción de las empresas con sus potenciales clientes y empiezan a considerar la página web como su carta de presentación. Asimismo, el papel del turista también ha ex...

Abstract: In this paper, we tested the benefit of using Markov-Switching (M-S) models to forecast the views of the 26 most traded stocks in the U.S. in a Black-Litterman (B-L) optimal selection context. With weekly historical data of these stocks from January 1, 1980, we estimated and simulated (from January 7, 2000, to February 7, 2022) three port...

Community tourism (CT) constitutes a management model for tourism practice within communities, which was consolidated within Ecuador through the Plurinational Federation of Community Tourism of Ecuador (FEPTCE), with the Corporation for the Development of Community Tourism of Chimborazo (CORDTUCH) as the central network in the province of Chimboraz...

Economies of scale and equivalent consumption units, which are present in households, must be considered in the measurement of monetary poverty, in order to obtain indicators that approximate the reality of each household. Therefore, in this research, monetary poverty in Ecuador is measured and analyzed at the provincial level for the period 2009–2...

POTENTIALITY OF GASTRONOMIC TOURISM IN THE AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY OF GALICIAAbstractObjectives: To expose the potential that the Galician territory has within gastronomic tourism, as well as the recommendations that should be carried out in order to improve them to promote this tourist product.Methods: The research is considered documentary and descr...

Abstract: The research presented in this document aims to measure the geographical concentration for the period 1980-2010 of industrial activities in Ecuador and establish a possible relationship between the localization of industrial sectors and the urbanization levels of cities. The analysis of the geographical concentration of the 26 manufactur...

It is a fact that society has increased the need for mobility throughout the world. In that regard, it has become aware of the problems associated with the use of fossil fuels such as jet-fuel. As alter-natives, the use of bio-jet fuel has been proposed, which is a biofuel that researchers have evaluated and developed as an environmentally friendly...

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). Special Issue "Sustainable Rural Development through Entrepreneurship and Innovation" Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2022. Special issue website: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability/special_issues/Sustainable_Rural_Development_Entrepreneurship_Innovation

Call for Papers, Journal: Mathematics (MDPI) Special Issue: "Markov-Chain Modelling and Applications". Deadline: 28 February, 2022. Special Issue Editors: Dr. José Álvarez-García, University of Extremadura, Spain. Dr. Oscar V. De la Torre-Torres, UMSNH, México. Dr. María de la Cruz del Río-Rama, University of Vigo, Spain. Special issue website: ht...

Revista Portuguesa de Estudos Regionais (RPER) Issue N. 60 (2022) published. Publicado: 24-01-2022 Special Issue on: Covid-19 Pandemic: Socio-Economic Impact from a Regional, Local and Urban Perspective Guest Editors: José Álvarez-García, Financial Economy and Accounting Department, Faculty of Business, Finance and Tourism, University of Extrema...

Abstract The remittances that Ecuador receives are very important for some of the regional economies. Although at the beginning of the pandemic it was estimated that remittances would decrease, in this country remittances from abroad increased. However, it is necessary to consider their contribution in this year of crisis in the different regions....

Abstract: This research examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and electricity prices in six South American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru). The methodology used is a panel econometric model with annual data for the period 1990-2015. The results show that the consumption of renewable energie...

Abstract Indigenous communities express their concern about the weakening and low appreciation of their millenary and ancestral manifestations and knowledge, due to society´s accelerated globalization. This fact has caused intergenerational transmission to be minimal, resulting in a gradual cultural erosion and loss of collective memory of human gr...

Abstract: In the present paper, we test the extension of the Fama-French (FF) three-factor model by including Economic, stock market, and Pandemic news uncertainty. For this purpose, we used either Global news or social media (Twitter) sentiment indexes, along with Mexican and U.S. implied volatility (VIX) ones. Using robust panel data regression m...

Resumen: Los pueblos mágicos enfrentan a destinos turísticos altamente competitivos; plantear estrategias que hagan frente a dicha competencia, requiere de estudiar y entender su competitividad. El objetivo es determinar la competitividad turística de los pueblos mágicos de México. Se llevó a cabo un análisis factorial exploratorio. El pueblo mági...

RESUMEN. El turismo de salud ha aumentado en los últimos tiempos debido a la mayor preocupación de las personas por el bienestar físico y mental, y dentro de éste, las tipologías basadas en el agua han incrementado también, debido a las propiedades que aporta la misma, además la aparición de las nuevas tecnologías ha dado lugar a este cambio y aume...

Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación realiza una revisión general de las alianzas estratégicas como método de desarrollo empresarial ante los cambios acaecidos en el medio ambiente empresarial a nivel mundial por los efectos de la globalización. Para concretar así, el concepto de alianza estratégica y los distintos tipos de acuerdos que rec...

La Noche Europea de los Investigadores e Investigadoras 2021 - Universidad de Extremadura, España. PROGRAMA SPEED DATING VIRTUAL 2021 La investigación que lleva a cabo la UEx es protagonista en la Noche Europea de los Investigadores. Proponemos esta actividad virtual para alentar el diálogo entre investigadores e investigadoras y sociedad. En la a...

La Noche Europea de los Investigadores e Investigadoras 2021 - Universidad de Extremadura, España. PROGRAMA SPEED DATING VIRTUAL 2021 La investigación que lleva a cabo la UEx es protagonista en la Noche Europea de los Investigadores. Proponemos esta actividad virtual para alentar el diálogo entre investigadores e investigadoras y sociedad. Las nue...

ABSTRACT: In this work, we estimated the impact that the U.S. VIX, the Economic policy and the epidemic uncertainty indexes had in leisure and recreation stocks. We extended the current literature in two ways: first, we estimated the smoothed probabilities of being in “normal” (s=1), “distress” (s=2) and “crisis” (s=3) episodes in the Refinitiv Gl...

Abstract: The aim of this investigation is to help select design criteria that highlight customer satis-faction in order to improve design quality in buildings, specifically in a building of a thermal hotel. The methodology is based on applying the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) technique to listen to the voice of the customer, together with the...

Abstract: The tourism programme “Pueblos Mágicos” was created in 2001 by the Mexican Secre-tary of Tourism (Sectur), together with its brand, with the aim of promoting tourism by preserving secular and ancestral traditions, as well as revitalizing cities and towns that make great efforts to protect and safeguard their cultural wealth. In this cont...

The aim of this research is to contrast an explanatory model of how the perceived organizational image of a university center (faculty) influences its students' loyalty. The data is obtained from a structured survey of students in Spain, obtaining a sample of 224 valid questionnaires. The methodology used is exploratory and confirmatory factor anal...