David Wang

• Chongqing University

BACKGROUND We performed a prespecified subgroup analysis of the CATIS-2 trial (China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke II) to compare the effect of early versus delayed antihypertensive treatment on death and disability in patients with and without medical history of hypertension. METHODS CATIS-2 is a multicenter randomized clinical...

Organised stroke care has become a keystone in delivering efficient and effective treatment to patients with stroke with improved outcomes. Delivering timely acute reperfusion therapy to those with acute ischaemic strokes is key to good recovery. Emergency stroke unit (ESU) is a novel organised stroke care system developed in China. It centralises...

Background and purpose: The low-field MRI is a promising tool to accurately diagnose strokes. We here report our study on the accuracy of a 0.23-Tesla (0.23-T) MRI using the haematoma enhanced inversion recovery (HEIR) sequence to detect acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) within 24 hours of symptom onset. Methods: A...

Importance The China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke II (CATIS-2) suggests that early antihypertensive treatment did not reduce the risk of dependency or death in acute ischemic stroke (AIS), compared with delayed treatment. Single subcortical infarction (SSI) is an important stroke subtype, and the association of antihypertensive t...

Background The benefit of intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is time-dependent. Tenecteplase is non-inferior to alteplase among patients with AIS. We aimed to delineate the association of the stroke onset to treatment time (OTT) with tenecteplase compared with alteplase on therapeutic benefit and clinical risks. Methods This is...

Background: China is one of the countries with the highest burden of stroke. Implementing multidimensional management guidelines will help clinicians practise evidence-based care, improve patient outcomes and alleviate societal burdens. This update of the 2019 edition will provide the latest comprehensive recommendations for the diagnosis and trea...

Objectives To compared the effect of early antihypertensive treatment started within 24-48 h of stroke onset versus delaying treatment until day eight on reducing dependency or death. Design Multicentre, randomised, open label trial. Setting 106 hospitals in China between 13 June 2018 and 10 July 2022. Participants 4810 patients (≥40 years) were...

Background: The role of serum uric acid (SUA) in affecting outcomes after endovascular treatment (EVT) in patients with ischemic stroke remains unclear. This study investigated the association of SUA with outcomes of patients with acute large vessel occlusion (LVO) who had received EVT. Methods: Patients with acute LVO stroke who underwent EVT w...

Background and purpose: Previous studies demonstrated that discontinuation of clopidogrel in patients after ACS was associated with a rebound increase in risk of recurrent events. In this study, we aimed to investigate the rebound effect after discontinuation of clopidogrel therapy in patients with TIA or stroke. Methods: All patients with minor...

China faces the greatest challenge from stroke in the world. According to results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, there were 3.94 million new stroke cases, 28.76 million prevalent cases and 2.19 million deaths due to stroke in China in 2019. Furthermore, stroke is also the leading cause of disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) in China...

Importance: Adherence to oral anticoagulants (OACs) per guideline recommendations is crucial in reducing ischemic stroke and systemic thromboembolism in high-risk patients with ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation. However, data on OAC use are underreported in China. Objective: To assess adherence to the Chinese Stroke Association or the Amer...

Background: We aim to investigate the effects and safety of clopidogrel plus aspirin in patients with different types of single small subcortical infarction (SSSI) in the Clopidogrel in High-risk patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial. Methods: SSSI was defined as single DWI lesion of ≤2.0 cm. Patients with SSSI wer...

We aim to evaluate the risk of stroke recurrence among non-diabetes mellitus (non-DM), previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus (PDDM), newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus-related hyperglycemia (NDDM-RH) and stress hyperglycemia after minor stroke or TIA. Totally, 3026 patients with baseline fasting glucose and glycated albumin from the CHANCE trial (C...

Backgrounds Increased blood pressure (BP) for patients who had an acute ischaemic stroke is associated with poor functional outcome, however the optimal timing of antihypertensive therapy is unknown. Aims We aim to compare early antihypertensive treatment to delayed antihypertensive treatment for reducing the risk of composite major disability and...

Background and Purpose Edaravone dexborneol, comprised of 2 active ingredients, edaravone and (+)-borneol, has been developed as a novel neuroprotective agent with synergistic effects of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in animal models. The present clinical trial aimed at testing the effects of edaravone dexborneol versus edaravone on 90-day func...

Objective To investigate the association between protease-activated receptors-1 (PAR-1) gene F2R polymorphisms and efficacy of clopidogrel for minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms ( CYP2C19*2 [681G>A, rs4244285], CYP2C19 * 3 [636G>A, rs4986893] and F2R [IVSn-14 A/T, rs168753] were genotyped...

Background and purpose: We performed a retrospective analysis of the "Thrombolysis Implementation and Monitor of Acute Ischemic Stroke in China (TIMS-China)" registry to explore the benefit and risk of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) followed by intravenous heparin (IVH) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Methods: In the TIMS-China database...

China faces the greatest challenge from stroke in the world. The death rate for cerebrovascular diseases in China was 149.49 per 100 000, accounting for 1.57 million deaths in 2018. It ranked third among the leading causes of death behind malignant tumours and heart disease. The age-standardised prevalence and incidence of stroke in 2013 were 1114....

Background: To characterize the severity and distribution of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and to assess the relationship of WMHs with initial stroke severity, 3-month functional outcome, stroke recurrence and response to antiplatelet therapies. Methods: In Clopidogrel High-risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHA...

Background: Anemia is highly prevalent in patients with low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). However, the combined effect of anemia and low eGFR on the prognosis of stroke has not been well studied. Methods: Data of patients with acute ischemic stroke in the prospective cohort study of China National Stroke Registry was reviewed. Acc...

Background: Pre-morbid chronic hyperglycemia is associated with the poor outcome of ischemic stroke, but the association between chronic hyperglycemia, and the long-term outcome of acute intracerebral hemorrhage is still poor understood. Methods: Data on patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage in the ACROSS-China registry (Abnormal Glucose Reg...

Objective: To test the hypothesis that ticagrelor plus aspirin is safe and superior to clopidogrel plus aspirin for reducing high platelet reactivity at 90 days and stroke recurrence in patients with minor stroke or transient ischaemic attack, particularly in carriers of the CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele and patients with large artery atheroscle...

Backgrounds Studies suggest that smoking affects clopidogrel efficacy. However, whether it influences the association between CYP2C19 genetic variants and clopidogrel efficacy is not clear. Methods In total of 2961 patients from the CHANCE trial were involved in this substudy and successfully genotyped for both two single‐nucleotide polymorphisms...

Importance Genetic variants of ABCB1 may affect intestinal absorption of clopidogrel bisulfate. However, it is unclear whether ABCB1 polymorphisms are associated with clopidogrel efficacy for minor ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Objectives To investigate the association between ABCB1 polymorphisms and clopidogrel efficacy for...

Background Single acute infarction (SAI) usually had lower risk of stroke recurrence than multiple acute infarctions (MAIs) in minor stroke. To evaluate whether all SAI had lower risk of stroke recurrence than MAIs in minor stroke. Methods We derived data from the imaging subgroup of the Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Ce...

Clopidogrel resistance is prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Genetic polymorphism is considered to be the most important factor that influences clopidogrel resistance. Limited data exist as to the role of pharmacogenetics in prognosis of stroke patients with impaired renal function on clopidogrel. We sought to explore whether decre...

Nimodipine might be effective in subcortical vascular dementia (VaD). Its benefit in preventing further cognitive decline in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and vascular mild cognitive impairment (VaMCI) remains to be established. In this multicenter, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 654 eligible patients to nimodipine 30 mg three...

Background: Stroke is the leading cause of death in China. Despite the wide dissemination of evidence-based guidelines, data about adherence to these in routine clinical practice are scarce. We conducted a study using a nationwide registry to evaluate the implementation of evidence-based stroke performance indicators and associated guidelines, for...

Objective: To investigate the association between oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and recurrent stroke in patients with minor stroke or TIA. Methods: In the Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients With Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial, baseline oxLDL levels were blindly measured in plasma with the 4E6 antibody in the c...

Objective Evidence-based performance measures have been increasingly used to evaluate hospital quality of stroke care, but their impact on stroke outcomes has not been verified. We aimed to evaluate the correlations between hospital performance measures and outcomes among patients with acute ischaemic stroke in a Chinese population. Methods Data w...

Importance In China and other parts of the world, hospital personnel adherence to evidence-based stroke care is limited. Objective To determine whether a multifaceted quality improvement intervention can improve hospital personnel adherence to evidence-based performance measures in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in China. Design, Setti...

Objective: Evidence about whether neutrophil counts or neutrophil ratio is associated with new stroke is scant. The aim of this study is to assess the association of neutrophil counts or neutrophil ratio with a new stroke in patients with minor stroke or TIA. Methods: We derived data from the Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients With Acute Nondisab...

Objectives This study aimed to estimate the prognosis of dolichoectasia in non-cardioembolic transient ischemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke patients. Methods Data were derived from the imaging subgroup of patients in the Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial. Dolichoectasia was defined as...

Background: We performed a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety between low- and standard-dose intravenous (IV) tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients within 4.5 hours of symptom onset. Methods: We searched PubMed and EMBASE for relevant studies from inception to June1, 2017. Cohort or random...

Background It is unclear in Chinese patients with acute stroke how the SOAR (stroke subtype, Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification, age, and prestrike modified Rankin) and mSOAR (modified-SOAR) scores performed in predicting discharge mortality and 3-month mortality. We aimed to validate the predictability of these scores in this coho...

Objectives: Fractional flow reserve (FFR) accurately predicts the degree of stenosis and is now widely used to identify clinically significant severe coronary artery lesions. In the current study, we utilized a similar indicator, fractional flow (FF), to determine the hemodynamic impact of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) an...

Objective: To investigate the short-term time course risks and benefits of clopidogrel with aspirin in minor ischemic stroke or TIA. Methods: Data were derived from the Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial. The primary outcome was a new ischemic stroke. Safety outcomes included any bleed...

Stroke is The first two authors contributed equally. the leading cause of death and adult disability in China. Although evidence-based clinical interventions have been identified to improve care and outcomes in stroke, significant gaps still exist between guideline recommendations and clinical practice in China. Regional and national stroke registr...

Background and purpose: Dysglycemia may influence the predictive value of CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele for clinical efficacy of antiplatelet drug, but the role of glycated albumin (GA) remains unclear in patients with stroke on antiplatelet drugs. Methods: The CHANCE trial (Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients With Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovasc...

Background and purpose: Insulin resistance was common in patients with stroke. This study investigated the association between insulin resistance and outcomes in nondiabetic patients with first-ever acute ischemic stroke. Methods: Patients with ischemic stroke without history of diabetes mellitus in the ACROSS-China registry (Abnormal Glucose Re...

Objective: To estimate the association of different patterns of infarction and intracranial arterial stenosis (ICAS) with the prognosis of acute minor ischemic stroke and TIA. Methods: We derived data from the Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial. A total of 1,089 patients from 45 of 114...

Smoking is an established risk factor for stroke and has been linked to poor functional outcomes after acute ischemic stroke. Recently, a smoking−clopidogrel paradox among patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease was observed: smokers treated with clopidogrel had a lower occurrence of myocardial infarction compared with nonsmokers.1 It has...

Background and purpose: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a particularly high risk for ischemic and bleeding events. Limited data exist as to the efficacy and safety of clopidogrel in stroke patients with renal dysfunction. Therefore, we sought to assess the impact of decreased kidney function on clinical outcomes for stroke patien...

Background and purpose: Stroke is a leading cause of death in China. Yet the adherence to guideline-recommended ischemic stroke performance metrics in the past decade has been previously shown to be suboptimal. Since then, several nationwide stroke quality management initiatives have been conducted in China. We sought to determine whether adherenc...

Importance Data are limited regarding the association between CYP2C19 genetic variants and clinical outcomes of patients with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack treated with clopidogrel. Objective To estimate the association between CYP2C19 genetic variants and clinical outcomes of clopidogrel-treated patients with minor stroke or transient...

Background and purpose: The relationship between smoking and the outcome in patients received thrombolysis is undetermined. The outcome could be influenced by different stroke subtypes. This study aimed to explore whether smoking had any impact on the outcome in patients with stroke of different subtypes who received intravenous thrombolysis. Met...

Appendix S1. Coinvestigators of the CHANCE Study in order of participants enrolled.

Background The aim of this study was to analyze the benefits and safety associated with the combination therapy of clopidogrel and aspirin among minor stroke or transient ischemic attack patients treated within 12 hours. Methods and Results This was a subanalysis of the CHANCE (Clopidogrel in High‐Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascu...

Objective: We aim to investigate the effects and safety of clopidogrel plus aspirin in patients with different types of single small subcortical infarction(SSSI) in the Clopidogrel in High-risk patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial. Methods: In this subgroup analysis, SSSI was defined as single DWI lesion of ≤2.0 c...

Background and purpose: Guidelines recommend oral anticoagulation for ischemic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation, and previous studies have shown the underuse of anticoagulation for these patients in China. We sought to explore the underlying reasons and factors that currently affect the use of warfarin in China. Methods: From June 2012 t...

We compared the effect of clopidogrel plus aspirin vs aspirin alone on functional outcome and quality of life in the Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial of aspirin-clopidogrel vs aspirin alone after acute minor stroke or TIA. Participants were assessed at 90 days for functional outcome us...

Elevated soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) was shown to be related to cardiovascular events, but the role of sCD40L in predicting recurrent stroke remains unclear. Baseline sCD40L levels were measured in 3044 consecutive patients with acute minor stroke and transient ischemic attack, who had previously been enrolled in the Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patie...

Background: The Clopidogrel in High-risk patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial showed that the combined treatment of clopidogrel and aspirin decreases the 90-day risk of stroke without increasing hemorrhage in comparison with aspirin alone, but provided insufficient data to establish whether the benefit persisted...

Prior studies have demonstrated a significant gap between guideline-based recommendations and clinical practice in the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in China. This study implements a targeted multifaceted quality improvement intervention in AIS patients and identifies the feasibility and efficacy of this intervention. This is a multicen...

To determine the relationship of glycated albumin (GA) and the recurrence of stroke in patients on either dual or single antiplatelet therapy. The Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events trial randomized minor ischemic stroke or TIA patients to antiplatelet therapy of clopidogrel plus aspirin or aspirin alon...

AimsTo examine the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke and assess the impact of recurrent stroke on HRQOL.Methods Health-related quality of life data on patients participated in the Clopidogrel in High-risk patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial were...

Background: the impact of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on stroke clinical outcomes remains controversial. We examined the association between eGFR and all-cause mortality, recurrent stroke, and stroke disability in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Methods: we analysed 8865 patients with acute ischaemic stroke in the China Nat...

Background and purpose: Single subcortical infarction (SSI) may be classified as proximal SSI (pSSI) or distal SSI (dSSI) according to its location within the middle cerebral artery territory. Few studies have examined the differences in clinical outcome between the two. Our study investigated such differences in patients with pSSI or dSSI and exa...

Objective: Previous studies have shown conflicting results on the use of antiplatelet (AP) agent and its risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) following thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Our study was to explore the safety of intravenous (IV) thrombolysis in Chinese stroke patients who were on AP prior to stroke. Methods: Dat...

AimsTo examine the relationship between statin use in Chinese patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) during their hospitalization and the outcomes.Methods Data were collected from the China National Stroke Registry. Good functional outcome was defined by a modified Rankin Scale score between 0–2. Functional outcome and rate of mortality at 3...

Nanotitanium dioxide particle (nTiO2) inhalation has been reported to induce lung parenchymal injury. After inhalation of nTiO2, we monitored changes in 5-lipoxygenase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in rat lung tissue. Lung function parameters include specific airway resistance (SRaw), pea...

Melatonin is a free radical scavenger and broad-spectrum antioxidant with immunomodulatory effects. We studied the effects of melatonin on changes in lung function, oxidative/nitrosative stress, and inflammatory cell sequestration in an acute pancreatitis-associated lung inflammation model. Acute pancreatitis was induced by injection of 5% sodium t...

Background and purpose: Medical complications are common among patients with stroke. However, little is known about the potential interrelationship among them. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between common in-hospital medical complications after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (IC...

Path following entails having the output of a control system approach a path and traverse it without a priori time parameterization of the motion along the path. We design path-following controllers for a class of mechanical control systems applicable to closed and nonclosed paths. Our approach uses transverse feedback linearization (TFL) to partia...

Aim: To examine the association between gross regional product (GRP) per capita and prehospital management, in-hospital quality of care and functional outcome after stroke. Methods: The study was based on the China National Stroke Registry between 2007 and 2008. Based on the average GRP per capita in 2008, provinces in China were divided into devel...

The CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) creatinine equation estimates glomerular filtration rate (GFR) more precisely than the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) Study equation. The risk implications of this equation have been compared with the MDRD Study equation in different demographic and clinical characteristi...

OBJECTIVE We aim to explore whether a link exists between different levels of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and poor outcomes of acute stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Between 2007 and 2009, 6261 patient with cerebrovascular events and diabetes were included in the final analysis from the China Natio...

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a free radical scavenger and a broad-spectrum antioxidant. Its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects have recently been noted. We studied the effects of this antioxidant on lung damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation in a model of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), using 8- to 12-wk-old Sprange-Dawley...

-The Clopidogrel in High-risk patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial showed that the combine treatment of clopidogrel and aspirin decreases the 90-day risk of stroke without increasing hemorrhage compared with aspirin alone, but provided insufficient data to establish whether the benefit persisted over longer period...

While pharmacological and surgical treatments remain the primary treatment options for tremor, recent research and technological advances have the potential to lead to improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tremor, as well as the potential for new noninvasive treatments. Since Parkinsonian resting tremor has been well documented (se...

Background and purpose: The association between hypertension (HTN) and stroke recurrence is unclear, but may be influenced by different subtypes of stroke. This study aims to explore whether HTN contributes to the recurrence of certain subtypes of ischemic stroke (IS). Methods: Data from the China National Stroke Registry was examined and 1-year...

The present study was designed to elucidate the role of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS)-derived NO and heat-shock protein (Hsp70) in a rat model of whole-body hyperthermia (WBH)-induced liver injury. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to observe the mRNA and prote...

Ischemic stroke classification is critical in conducting basic research and clinical practice. A precise analysis of stroke subtypes requires the integration of clinical features, findings from diagnostic tests, and knowledge about potential etiologic factors by competent diagnostic investigators. We performed a literature review of the published s...

The purposes of this study were to examine the protein expressions of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (eNOS and iNOS) of the rat intestinal smooth muscle, and to elucidate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the reactivity of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) to vasoconstrictors following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pancreat...

At the same time as the world recognizes the rapid economic development in China, Chinese healthcare system has also had significant improvement. However, this nation of 1.4 billion faces tough challenges in treating stroke, the leading cause of death in China. The recently completed Chinese National Stroke Registry has provided new information on...

This paper presents the experimental results on the measurement of human texture perception in virtual environ- ments. The experiment is conducted with a haptic tactile instru- ment that provides sensations of rough textures directly to the fingertip of the users. It consists of a brush and a DC motor. The brush rubs directly against the user's fin...

This paper concerns the design of path following controllers for mechanical systems. Our method is to find a coordinate and feedback transformation that puts the mechanical system in a convenient form for path following control design. In this form, linear and controllable subsystems govern motions toward and along the path. We choose a particular...

Most empirical research of the path-dependent, exotic-option credit risk model focuses on developed markets. Taking Taiwan as an example, this study investigates the bankruptcy prediction performance of the path-dependent, barrier option model in the emerging market. We adopt Duan’s (1994) [11], (2000) [12] transformed-data maximum likelihood estim...

This paper reports the results of an experimental study on the perception of rough textures in virtual environments. The experiment is conducted with a haptic tactile actuator that provides sensations of rough textures directly to the fingertip of the users. It consists of a brush and a DC motor. The brush rubs directly against the user's fingertip...

Melatonin is a free radical scavenger with potent antioxidant properties and immunomodulatory effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of orally administered melatonin in a pancreatic fluid (PF)-induced lung inflammation and airway hyperreactivity model. Aerosolized PF was introduced into airways to induce inflammation in rat...

In traditional CAD (computer-aided design) systems, the manipulation of points and lines is often difficult because designers manipulate virtual objects through their vision system. Nowadays, designers can explore and manipulate virtual objects in haptic-enabled CAD systems using haptic devices. Haptic devices can present force feedbacks to pull or...

A new modelling technique for deformable haptic virtual environments is presented. Using analytical results from classical continuum mechanics, the physically-based deformation of an infinite elastic half-space is computed. The surface is haptically rendered in a direct manner, eliminating the traditional surface contact proxy model. The new model...

This paper presents the design of a tactile actuator that creates rough textures directly at the fingertip of the user. The purpose of the tactile actuator is to convey varying magnitudes of surface roughness to the users. The stimulus is created by a rotating spiral brush. The results of a psychophysical experiment show that the speed of the brush...

Most empirical research of the barrier option credit risk model focus on developed markets. Taking Taiwan market as an example, this study investigates the bankruptcy forecasting performance of the barrier option credit risk model in emerging markets. We adopt Duan (1994, 2000) transformed-data maximum likelihood estimation method to directly estim...

This paper investigates the impact of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the maturity, volume and open interest effects for the S&P 500 index futures contracts. Adopting Chou (2005a,b)'s range-based volatility models, this paper provides a number of interesting results. For the maturity effect, we find evidence for a very weak presence in t...

Foot placement has long been recognized as the primary mechanism that humans use to restore balance. Many biomechanists have examined where humans place their feet during gait, perturbations, and athletic events. Roboticists have also used foot placement as a means of control but with limited success. Recently, Wight et al. (2008, "Introduction of...

While the majority of tremor-afflicted Parkinso-nian (PD) patients suffer from rest tremors, which is not considered highly disabling, a portion of these PD patients also demonstrate action tremors that interfere with their daily lives. Two main considerations in designing an orthosis that aims at suppressing the tremor, are the frequency bands of...

Biofeedback signals have been frequently used for rehabilitation purposes, and in design and calibration of orthotic and prosthetic devices. Whenever one or a couple of muscles of a joint are chosen for rehabilitation or control of a device, it's assumed that a specific load sharing or activation pattern exists among them for each individual and fo...