David Ramiro Troitiño

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• PhD
• Jean Monnet Chair on digital development of the EU. Senior Researcher on EU politics. at Tallinn University of Technology

Estonia is widely recognized as a global leader in e-governance, having successfully implemented a digital government infrastructure that enables secure, efficient, and citizen-centric public services. This essay examines the evolution of Estonia's e-governance model, its underlying legal and technological framework, and the sociopolitical conditio...

Overview Professor David Ramiro Troitino delivered an insightful presentation titled "E-Governance in the European Union" during the inauguration ceremony of the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence at Kyushu University. His lecture focused on the digital transformation of public administration across EU member states and the role of e-governance in en...

The relationship between Europe and Latin America has a long history; a common historical past unites both regions, traditions, culture, migratory flows and, in some cases, language. The bilateral relationship has deepened over the years in different political, economic, commercial and social areas, among others. It has been channelled through vari...

The concept of the Baltic Republic is geographically based but lacks cultural cohesion. Estonia belongs to the Nordic cultural sphere, despite the disruption generated by the Soviet invasion. Its language bears no similarities to Latvian or Lithuanian, and historically it is a primarily agricultural territory with strong connections to the Hanseati...

The research here presented is the result of the collaboration of a group of specialists in the history of Europe in the twentieth century, with special dedication to Europeanism from the interwar period, when the new international society arose from the hand of the League of Nations, centred, however, on the so-called Eastern Europe, that is, Cent...

E-governance is transforming the way governments interact with citizens, businesses, and institutions worldwide. In the Philippines, the adoption of digital governance strategies aims to improve transparency, efficiency, and public service delivery. This paper examines the Philippines' e-governance evolution through a European lens, drawing paralle...

This paper explores the evolution, implementation, and challenges of e-governance in the European Union (EU). It evaluates the progress made in digital public services, interoperability, cybersecurity, and artificial intelligence applications. Furthermore, it discusses policy frameworks, identifies barriers to effective digital transformation, and...

El fin de la Gran Guerra a principios del siglo XX supuso un cambio de paradigma político en Europa Central y del Este. El cambio fue especialmente relevante para Estonia, un pequeño territorio bajo la dominación extranjera desde la Edad Media. La independencia del país del extinto Imperio ruso y de la dominación socioeconómica germana necesitaba d...

The world is facing a new social revolution: digitalization. It will affect the whole socioeconomic structure and change the social paradigm of our societies. Therefore, we are facing a world change with such an influence as the implementation of agriculture in the Neolithic, the evolutions implemented by ancient Greeks, or the Industrial Revolutio...

This research focuses on the analysis of the general impact of digital integration in the European Union as a new way to deal with public services and public policies implementation. The perspective of the work is based on the long-term development of the European Union following the spillover effect of neofunctionalism integration theory. Conseque...

The development of e-governance in the European Union opens new possibilities of change in so many aspects of the internal organization of the Union. This research focuses on the innovations and fields to explore in concordance with a common approach to e-governance in the European Union regarding ID card, Mobile IDs, e-Residency card, and Smart ID...

The investigation focuses on a general analysis of the domestic situation of each Member State of the European Union in terms of e-governance. The internal situation of each individual Member State is different, from the digital approach of Estonia to other States with minimum connection with e-governance. Therefore, the general analysis is require...

Political will and societal support are required within the European Union to improve the situation of the organization addressing current problems and future challenges with innovative approaches based on terms of efficiency. Therefore, e-governance is a priority for the EU institutions, but what they tackle is implementation from different perspe...

This study explores the intricate relationship between information and communication technologies (ICTs), civic engagement service innovation, and the challenges posed to traditional welfare systems in the European Union (EU). In the EU, civic engagement innovation is pivotal for democratic governance, demanding a delicate balance between technolog...

This publication emanates from the endeavors of the Jean Monnet Chair on Digital Europe and Future Integration, presently overseen by Professor David Ramiro Troitiño. Prof. Troitiño also assumes the role of Deputy Director within the Jean Monnet Network on E-Governance and Digital Development. Additionally, he holds the position of Senior Resea...

The European Union is a process, not an organization, started in the 50s by a groups of visioners who thought of a long term project. The idea of the fathers of Europe, as Jean Monnet, was gradually advance in the integration proves in order to achieve such a level that would make impossible another war between National States of Europe. Economic i...

El desarrollo e implementación del Mercado Digital Único dentro de la Unión Europea supondrá un gran avance interno complementando el exi�stente Mercado europeo. A su vez, supone un cambio radical en las relacio�nes comerciales del bloque comunitario con el resto del mundo en general, y con Latinoamérica en particular. Esta investigación se centr...

Vivimos momentos de un cambio de paradigma social equiparable a otros grandes períodos de la historia humana. La digitalización de la socie�dad ya no es una opción, sino un proceso imparable que ya está aquí y que va a cambiar nuestras sociedades. Este desarrollo cambiará de manera sus�tancial tanto el modelo económico, social e incluso el políti...

This edited volume analyses the digital development of the European Union, presenting an interdisciplinary perspective from the disciplines of political science, international relations, economics, and law. The contributions address the main areas where the EU can, and should act, for creating an efficient and protective digital space in Europe. Th...

This academic monograph focuses on the digital developments of the European Union. It consistently develops the theme of digital evolution in the EU at a crucial moment for the future organization from a multidisciplinary perspective. The book presents the main fields of digital development in the near future within the Union and has the participat...

Digitalization and automation are priorities in the European Union. The process has become central in the constant evolution of the organization internally, but also externally. The new digital economy will have a relevant impact on the trade relations between the main commercial areas of the planet. Therefore, the European Union needs to develop i...

New information and communication technologies can make a significant contribution to the achievement of good governance goals. This EU "e-governance" can make public management more efficient and more effective, and bring several benefits. This research outlines the main contributions of e-governance in Europe: improving government processes (e-ad...

The European institutions are determined to foster the "Digital Decade" of Europe, based on common digital sovereignty and common standards according to European values and cultural principles, rather than following those of international powers. The priorities of the European institutions focus on data, technology, and infrastructure. Therefore, t...

The European Union elections are a reproduction of the national elections, with different electoral systems and national parties dominating the debate. Internet voting provides tools to implement real EU elections in the whole territory of the Union avoiding internal differences. This chapter explores the digital possibilities offered by i-voting t...

The European Union is a distinctive organization in the global arena. It integrates different areas of the Member States, forming a common sovereignty. The European building process focuses on the priorities of the actors involved, as citizens, institutions, and Member States. Parallel to new solutions, new problems are generated by the process and...

This paper aims at showing how the concepts of national sovereignty and national identity are challenged by the digital revolution. In the age of modernism, both concepts were defined as a condition for society’s loyalty to the political framework, but this long-established format changed with the new technologic developments. The digital revolutio...

Esta investigación es un análisis histórico sobre la ampliación de la Unión Europea (UE) a Europa central y del este. La caída del totalitarismo comunista se toma como punto de partida, analizándose las posibilidades abiertas desde distintas perspectivas. A continuación, el artículo desarrolla qué significó la UE para estos nuevos miembros y viceve...

La investigación realizada se centró en el vínculo de la ayuda humanitaria con la hambruna en Rusia, organizada principalmente por Fridtjof Nansen. La acción internacional apuntó a millones de vidas, aunque las autoridades soviéticas limitaron su impacto. La gran hambruna de 1921 en Rusia provocó un amplio movimiento humanitario en Europa y América...

Las instituciones de la Unión Euro-pea (UE)-lideradas por la Comisión, el Parlamento y el Consejo Europeo y el Consejo de la UE están decididas a lograr que esta sea la «década digital» de la Unión. Es el momento de Europa para consolidar su desarrollo digital y establecer las normas de acuerdo con sus principios morales y culturales, en lugar de s...

El mundo de la política ha evolucionado de manera constante desde que los humanos crearon las primeras instituciones para gestionar los asuntos comunes, dejando así atrás el liderazgo personal, basado en las aptitudes particulares para gestionar un grupo. En términos democráticos, la antigua Grecia supuso la génesis de la política actual al compart...

Las instituciones de la Unión Europea (UE) –lideradas por la Comisión, el Parlamento y el Consejo Europeo y el Consejo de la UE– están decididas a lograr que esta sea la «década digital» de la Unión. Es el momento de Europa para consolidar su desarrollo digital y establecer las normas de acuerdo con sus principios morales y culturales, en lugar de...

Aristide Briand realizó un llamamiento a una unión de Europa mediante la reconciliación y la paz ante la Asamblea general de la Sociedad de Naciones en Ginebra en 1929, iniciando institucionalmente un proceso muy ambicioso en lo referente a su alcance, sus objetivos y sus posibilidades. Sin embargo, numerosas dificultades empantanaron el desarrollo...

The European Union is a unique political process in the world. It continuously integrates different aspects creating a communality among its Member States. The process of integration responds to the necessities of the organization to adapt to the social, political, and economic reality and solving the dysfunctionalities arisen from the process. Cur...

Charles-Irénée Castel was an innovator thinking ahead of his time. His approach was based on a long perspective beyond the limitations of the immediate facts. He was born in a time of social transition between the Old Regime and the French Revolution that would change Europe and the world forever. In addition, he contributed to this change influenc...

The work here presented includes ideas and theoretical approaches to the integration process of Europe, such as Jean Monnet and Neo-functionalism (even Haas is the main theoretical contributor, Monnet put it into practice), Spinelli and Federalism or Churchill and the idea of cooperation. The main policies are also targeted, such as the Common Agri...

Outstanding characters have influenced European integration. Many promoted the integration, as Monnet or Schuman, French citizens and fervent pro-Europeans. Another trend is started by supporters of a different approach, European cooperation. They emphasize the protagonist participation of the Member States in the process of uniting Europe. Preside...

George of Poděbrady was born in 1420. His aristocratic father was a leading member of the moderate Hussite faction known as the Utraquists. George’s upbringing was marked by the conflict; from a very young age met his father’s companions and friends, who taught him the art of war. He received his first battle experience at the young age of 14, when...

François Mitterrand is a fascinating politician and a relevant European actor crucial for the creation of the European Union. He was a protagonist in an exciting historical moment when the European communist regimes and the Soviet Union collapsed, giving birth to a new society. The European Communities needed to adapt to the new geopolitical situat...

Margaret Hilda Thatcher was born in 1925 in Grantham, a small town in eastern England. She lived her childhood in a small and religious community, explaining her conservative beliefs. The United Kingdom was one of the main world powers, with colonies all over the world with a population of about 458 million people, one-fourth of the world’s populat...

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Europe was facing extremely difficult times because of the considerable destruction originated by the First World War and the subsequent instability provoked by reshaping the continental political borders at the end of the conflict. There were:

The analysis of the role of Winston Churchill as a father of the European Union is complicated because his real participation in the process has not been properly examined. His role as British Premier and his vigorous and crucial participation in some of the most important events in world politics of twentieth century have overshadowed Churchill’s...

Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998, was the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998, and took back the party to power after more than a decade. “The chancellor of unity”, Helmut Kohl, hold close relations with international characters as Mijaíl Gorbachev or George Bush, key actors in the international ac...

Jean Monnet stands on a prominent position among the Fathers of Europe; his influence in the creation of the first European Communities and further development of the organization is well known and documented. Jean Monnet was born in a merchant family dealing with international trade of cognac, a luxury and expensive drink, whose customers had a hi...

Immanuel Kant was born in Königsberg, today Kaliningrad, present-day Russia, in 1724. Kant is a German philosopher, son of a modest saddler. In 1740, he entered the University of Königsberg as a student of theology and was a pupil of Martin Knutzen, who introduced him to the rationalist philosophy of Leibniz and Christian Wolff, and also imbued him...

Altiero Spinelli is considered to be one of the Fathers of the European Union (EU) as well as one of the key figures that gave birth to the European Parliament’s proposal of a Federal Union. During his imprisonment in Ventotene, Spinelli, together with other political prisoners, wrote the Ventotene Manifesto in which he supported the creation of a...

La Unión Europea (UE) es una organización en continua evolución desde su creación a mediados del siglo XX. Su capacidad de adaptación a las necesidades generadas por el proceso de integración es encomiable. La UE ha superado obstáculos imponentes, como la crisis derivada del rechazo a la Comunidad Europea de Defensa y la Unión Política Europea; la...

The subject of digital development in the EU is at a crucial moment for its future. New technologies have been developed and are changing the way in which the European institutions interact with the citizens, the Member States and the international world. Therefore, the European Union must adapt fast and efficiently to the new possibilities to r...

Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen was known as a Norwegian researcher, scientist, politician, humanitarian and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. He led a team that crossed Greenland for the first time in 1888 on cross-country skiing. Being a man of business, Nansen did not stand aside after the dramatic events of the First World War, when the European cont...

Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen was known as a Norwegian researcher, scientist, politician, humanitarian and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. He led a team that crossed Greenland for the first time in 1888 on cross-country skiing. Being a man of business, Nansen did not stand aside after the dramatic events of the First World War, when the European cont...

La Unión Europea es una organización en continua evolución desde su creación a mediados del siglo XX. Su capacidad de adaptación a las necesidades generadas por el proceso de integración es encomiable. Aunque en la actualidad se enfrenta a un nuevo reto, la acomodación a un progreso tecnológico brutal que influirá en el modelo de sociedad imperante...

La salida del Reino Unido de la Unión Europea (en adelante, UE) se formalizó a principios de 2021, con consecuencias aún por evaluar. Aunque, es evidente de que probablemente se trata de uno de los sucesos de más envergadura en décadas en lo referente a la Unión Europea. El impacto real de la retirada británica puede afectar enormemente tanto al Re...

En esta investigación, analizamos uno de los principales problemas de la reforma de la propiedad agraria de Estonia y exploramos la solución para proporcionar una compensación por la propiedad perdida por los alemanes bálticos que abandonaron Estonia antes del final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El proceso de restitución de la propiedad probablemen...

Este 31 de enero fue el último día de la sociedad y ahora comenzarán 11 meses de transición, en el que ambas partes negociarán cómo será su futura relación. La aplastante victoria de Boris Johnson en las elecciones de diciembre de 2019 le garantizó al Primer Ministro británico suficientes votos para conseguir la aprobación del acuerdo de salida qu...

El Ministro de Exteriores de la Repú-blica francesa, Aristide, Briand, patrocinó en el periodo de entreguerras un proyecto de unidad europea. Su participación activa facilitó la crea-ción de la Comisión para el Estudio de una unión europea, la primera organización establecida con el objetivo exclusivo de integrar Europa. El objetivo primigenio era...

Estonia es un país localizado en el mar Báltico con fuertes conexiones con el mundo escandinavo y con el mundo germánico. Los avatares de la historia de Estonia están determinados por una concatenación de invasiones externas y la creación de una identidad nacional muy fuerte, que desencadenó en la creación del Estado-nación de Estonia de 1918. La z...

While the current EU Commission has shown a clear commitment to Western Balkans Enlargement, member states are divided. Germany and France, the two biggest EU member states have opposite views, whereas Germany is clearly in favour, France has its cpncerns. Throughout this article we assess the advantages (to enhance the geopolitical power of the EU...

La Inteligencia Artificial es una de las tecnologías del futuro, pero aun presenta muchas dudas, obstáculos y dificultades para su desarrollo pleno. Por tanto, esta obra resalta los mas relevantes y presenta opciones de futuro factibles.

Las aplicaciones de IA están etiquetadas con la palabra kratt. En la antigua mitología estonia, un Kratt es una criatura mágica, concretamente, un poseedor de tesoros. Al desarrollar la ley con el uso cada vez mayor de kratts, definimos los tres marcos de actuación: a) eliminar las normas obsoletas del sistema legal que no tienen en cuenta o no per...

El Libro Blanco de la Comisión Europea referente a la inteligencia artificial supone un hito en el desarrollo de esta tecnología en el ámbito europeo. Entender sus prioridades y la manera de alcanzarlas supone asimilar el compromiso europeo con el desarrollo tecnológico como fin para conseguir bienestar económico, impacto social e independencia int...

Siempre ha sido difícil identificar razones que expliquen el ímpetu histórico de ideas arquetípicas futuristas como las relacionadas con la tecnología que desarrolla la inteligencia artificial autónoma. Wiener investigó la relación entre neuronas humanas y máquinas desde la década de 1940, aunque el término "inteligencia artificial" (IA) fue acuñad...

La importancia de la IA en el proceso de construcción europea es máxima pese a tratarse de un campo de nueva creación y en continuo desarrollo. El mundo está sufriendo una transformación digital que configurara nuestras sociedades en los próximos siglos. Europa necesita participar de manera fuerte e independiente en dicha transformación para proteg...

La Unión Europea se enfrenta a un reto común que necesita solucionar de manera común. Los desafíos derivados del desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial deben ser respondidos de manera conjunta por el carácter internacional de una tecnología llamada a revolucionar el mundo actual. Es por tanto, una necesidad afrontar su regulación desde un prisma...

El rápido desarrollo de la tecnología informática en las últimas décadas ha traído innumerables beneficios en los planos sociales de las industrias: la conectividad interpersonal constante se facilita a través de numerosos canales de comunicación y medios de comunicación social, las empresas productoras de energía emplean complejos sistemas de gest...

В статье освещены ключевые моменты деятельности Маргарет Тэ- тчер в контексте отношений с Европейским Сообществом (позднее — Европейским Союзом) на посту премьер-министра Великобритании. Авторами описаны этапы ста- новления Тэтчер как политика, обстоятельства, которые формировали ее отношения с лидерами Франции и Германии и предпосылки достижения к...

Description about the project that received the grant and have discussion about how has been the experience on international cooperation during the times now, is there any differences and challenges, what are the learning points and best practices.

Desarrollo Medioambiental post-COVID y los fondos europeos 1) Introducción: a) Al principio no era una prioridad. Carbón y acero. b) Poco a poco va cambiando siguiendo a la sociedad para poco a poco convertirse en un líder mundial. c) Una de las primeras políticas horizontales por su impacto en todas las áreas de trabajo de la Unión  La Política A...

This article highlights the role of Charles de Gaulle in the history of united post-war Europe, his approaches to the internal and foreign French policies, also vetoing the membership of the United Kingdom in the European Community. The authors describe the emergence of De Gaulle as a politician, his uneasy relationship with Roosevelt and Churchill...

O Reino Unido desempeñou un papel crucial en Europa durante séculos, aínda que a miúdo foi considerado coma un país antieuropeo ou contrario aos intereses da integración en Europa. A posición do Reino Unido con respecto a Europa de cara a cooperación europea estivo condicionada polo interese do país. O seu desenvolvemento industrial fíxolle fomenta...

La reunión extraordinaria del Consejo Europeo, 17 a 21 de julio de 2020, fue convocada para afrontar la crisis generada por el COVID-19, una pandemia mundial que está afectando de manera diferenciada a distintas partes de la Unión Europea.

The education systems and universities of Europe were already in a digital transition but the current crisis of COVID-19 has accelerate the process, stressing the current educational structures and forcing a fast functional readaptation of teachers and students. The changes encouraged during this crisis are likely to stay and foster the digitalizat...

Winston Churchill ha sido una de las personas más influyentes del siglo XX. Sus logros como escritor, historiador, aventurero, soldado, artista y político le confieren una espectacular aura de prestigio. El problema sobre el cual gira esta investigación es la posición real de Churchill sobre la integración europea, ya que su figura es utilizada tan...

The EU has been highly shaken by a deep political crisis revealed through the migration crisis. Indeed, this migration issue qualified as a “crisis” is the consequence of a continuous arrival of economic and political migrants coming from conflicting zones (Syria, Afghanistan) or from poor economic zones (sub-Saharan Africa, Horn of Africa). They a...

This book analyzes the long-term problems of the European Union from a multidisciplinary approach. The European Union is facing numerous challenges in the twenty-first century. Some of them can be an opportunity to advance in the integration process; others can be even a threat to the existence of the organization. Nevertheless, all of them are a f...

The European Union is facing external challenges of major implications for its success. The European Union cannot become an island of a common market without a strong voice in the world to protect its interest and the interest of the member states of the organization. The EU needs pushing forward the European model of society, as human rights, prot...

In 2015, the capital of France saw several terrorist attacks, which left hundreds of people injured and almost 150 people dead. Following terrorist attacks in Belgium, Germany, the UK, Sweden, Spain, and Finland were a cause why the EU has to strengthen its counter-terrorism, police and judicial cooperation. Unfortunately, exactly such tragic event...

Although a member state’s decision to leave the European Union is a new phenomenon, the implications are not a separate event. Rather than speculating what the exact outcomes of Brexit will be on European integration, this chapter portrays the core reasons behind Brexit in order to reveal how the history of the relations between the UK and the Euro...

In the light of Brexit, the migration crisis, and growing scepticism regarding the European integration process, this book offers a comprehensive overview of the most pressing problems facing the European Union in the 21st century. Written by experts from various disciplines, the contributions cover a wide range of economic, legal, social and polit...

Margaret Hilda Thatcher ha sido una de las políticas más influyentes en el proceso de construcción europea desde su liderazgo del Reino Unido durante un periodo de cambio y profundización en Europa. Su popularidad entre británicos y europeos es todavía alta y sus ideas liberales continúan de actualidad. La participación de la mujer de Estado britán...

Resumen: El Reino Unido y la UE han tenido una tormentosa relacion que tiene raices profundas. Objetivo de la presentacion.

The League of Nations, predecessor of the current United Nations, was the first world organization with a real impact on its members. The organization was created after the WWI in an attempt to establish a stable peace system among its members. Estonia, a country formed after the end of the war, was in a need of international recognition and protec...

For over a decade, estonia's fast track in implementing cutting-edge technologies remains in the focus of global public discourse, and has conquered young technocrats at home. With 'e-estonia' being showcased as a national visit card, one of its intrinsic parts is e-governance-the framework of a seamless digital connection between the citizen and t...

ABSTRACT: In 1992, the European Council launched the economic and monetary union (EMU). The inception of the euro followed in 1999. Ever since, the EMU has experienced severe malfunctions, not least during the recent Eurozone crisis of 2010. To understand the current Eurozone (EZ) conundrum, it is necessary to analyse the circumstances under which...

Este artículo está basado en una investigación sobre el sistema servil en Estonia y como la dominación sueca influyó en la vida cotidiana de los siervos estonios. La relevancia del tema viene dada por la peculiaridad del caso estonio que viene determinada por el carácter nacional del sistema ya que la masa campesina estaba compuesta casi exclusivam...

Este artículo está basado en una investigación sobre el sistema servil en Estonia y como la dominación sueca influyó en la vida cotidiana de los siervos estonios. La relevancia del tema viene dada por la peculiaridad del caso estonio que viene determinada por el carácter nacional del sistema ya que la masa campesina estaba compuesta casi exclusivam...

Уинстон Черчилль - один из самых влиятельных людей XX века. Его достижения как писателя, историка, путешественника, солдата, художника и политика формируют его незаурядный образ. Черчилль был активным деятелем во время трагических событий Второй мировой войны, ключевой фигурой в победе союзников и дальнейшем послевоенном устройстве мира. Его взгляд...

Sustainable Development Goals are a worldwide concern. Indeed, to date, almost the entirety of world countries have formally committed to achieve them by 2030. Across world regions – and countries, however, the extent to which they are addressed, and the means used to do so, vary substantially. While some governments have established appropriate of...

The research develops a new approach to the social rights deriving from the adoption of the fundamental rights chapter by the European Union with juridical correlation. The authors research if a formal implementation and incorporation of social rights to a single catalogue means a revolution in terms of the protection of these rights (traditionally...

Charles de Gaulle es uno de los iconos políticos más relevantes de la política francesa, europea e internacional del siglo XX. Su influencia sobre Francia es esencial para comprender los fundamentos de la actual república francesa, en las Comunidades Europeas su liderazgo político fue indiscutible durante años y a nivel internacional su poder efect...

This chapter analyzes Churchill’s regard on European integration mainly through his political speeches, especially one in The Hague Congress and one in the University of Zurich. First part provides historical context, political ideas of Churchill, his attitude to European integration and the process of integration itself. The chapter also shows us...

The negotiations for the British accession were successful in the early 1970s only after de Gaulle left his position as President of France. The French blockade to the British accession was removed only after the British Premier had reassured his French colleagues about the British commitment to Europe and secured concessions on specific French con...