David Lackland Sam

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• PhD, Psychology
• Professor (Full) at University of Bergen

This study examined the relationship between acculturation orientations, positive and negative contact experiences, and perception of threat among Africans (N = 215) and Hong Kong Chinese (N = 467). Path analysis revealed that while African minorities who integrate into the local culture experience positive interactions, those who separate or assim...

Background/Objectives: Understanding the neurocognitive profile of children with sickle cell disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo is essential, as this condition can significantly affect their development. Our study aims to assess these children’s neurocognitive and developmental profiles and identify related factors. Methods: We conducted a...

Purpose There is a dearth of empirical evidence on the coping strategies of UK ethnic minority (UKEM) healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic despite evidence of their increased risk of infection and less protection, disproportionate redeployment, and gross work-life imbalance. The present study explored UKEM heal...

Psychological research has begun considering the dynamics involved in majority-group acculturation, which is the extent to which cultural majority groups adopt the culture of immigrants and minority groups. However, previous research has predominantly concentrated on reactions to 'immigrants' or 'minority groups' as a homogenous entity, overlooking...

Background In the wake of an increasingly ageing population, Norway has a growing need for healthcare workers, especially in nursing homes. This study explored the employment experiences of migrant nursing assistants working in elderly care in Norway. Methods A qualitative interview‐based study was carried out between March and August 2020. In‐dep...

This study explores the resilience and resemblance among children of parents with alcohol-related problems in Botswana. Alcohol misuse affects both users and their families, particularly children. Although children raised in an alcoholic environment often face long-term adversities, some become resilient adults while others present behaviours resem...

Research samples have historically overrepresented men, resulting in worse outcomes for women. Even when women are represented, inequity might persist due to underlying differences in how people reason about gender. Theories of androcentrism argue that, in general, people emphasize gender more about women than men. Based on this theory and building...

Due to current global circumstances, Iceland has experienced a sharp increase in children, youth, and families seeking refuge. The aim of this study was to examine the migration experience of children and youth who arrived in Iceland as asylum-seekers and to explore the role that psychosocial factors played in their mental well-being. Assessment in...

People tend to think of the prototypical person as a man more than as a woman, but this bias has primarily been observed in language-based tasks. Here, we investigated whether this bias is also present in the mental imagery of faces. A preregistered cross-cultural reverse-correlation study including participants from six WEIRD and non-WEIRD countri...

Psychological research has only recently begun to consider the dynamics involved in the acculturation of majority groups. Recognizing heterogeneity among immigrant groups, the present work investigates the influence of perceived characteristics of these groups on majority-group members’ adoption of immigrant cultures. In three pre-registered studie...

Background Often, refugees are susceptible to mental health problems due to adversities experienced before, during, and after the flight. Through a cross-sectional study, the present study examines the relationship between different aspects of integration and psychological distress among Afghans living in Norway. Methods The participants were recr...

The Integration Hypothesis states that acculturating migrants who adopt the integration strategy (i.e. being doubly engaged, in both their heritage culture and in the larger national society) will have better psychological and socio-cultural adaptation than those who adopt any other strategy (Assimilation, Separation or Marginalization). This hypot...

Muslims in the U.K. who maintain their religious culture are often viewed as a suspect community. This pre-registered experimental research examined the mediating role of perceived (dis)loyalty as underlying process and the moderating role of acculturation expectations. A total of 334 non-Muslim White British participants in Study 1 and 810 in Stud...

Do minority-group members welcome or reject that majority-group members adopt other cul-tures? Acculturation is commonly defined as a process of mutual accommodation. Yet, the acculturation of majority-group members has only recently received research attention. To date, we do not know the extent to which minority-group members expect majority-grou...

There is limited information on knowledge, perceptions, and management of sickle cell disease (SCD) in Africa in general and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in particular. This study explored knowledge, perceptions, and burden of 26 parents/caregivers of children with SCD in three selected hospitals in Kinshasa, DRC. We conducted a fo...

Background COVID-19 is a new infectious disease with a high rate of transmission and morbidity. In Bangladesh, the first COVID-19 patient was detected in March 2020, and the number of COVID cases was close to 800,000, and nearly 12,000 deaths have occurred. The number of efficient doctors and other healthcare workers was relatively low to adequatel...

Background: Children and young asylum-seekers are often exposed to stressful life events (SLEs) and risk developing psychological symptoms. However, risk and protective factors can positively and negatively influence this vulnerable group's mental health. Aims: To examine the SLE experiences and psychological symptoms of children and youth who s...

Background The current situation in Afghanistan makes it likely that we are facing a new wave of Afghan refugees, warranting more knowledge about how to deal with mental health problems among them. This study aims to gain more knowledge on Explanatory Models (EM) of depression and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) among Afghan refugees resettl...

One goal of this volume was to review the effectiveness of the positive youth development (PYD) perspective in improving the developmental outcomes of Roma youths. In addition, the volume was interested in formulating recommendations on how to improve the welfare of other marginalized and improvised youth against a backdrop of accruing knowledge fr...

In many countries, individuals who have represented the majority group historically are decreasing in relative size and/or perceiving that they have diminished status and power compared with those self-identifying as immigrants or members of ethnic minority groups. These developments raise several salient and timely issues, including (a) how majori...

Purpose: By utilizing data from Estonia, Finland, and Norway, this study explores how the perceptions of personal and group realistic threats, namely perceived ethnic discrimination and economic insecurity among national majorities, predict their unwillingness to confront injustice on behalf of Russian-speaking minority groups. Background: Previous...

Living together in culturally plural societies poses numerous challenges for members of ethnocultural groups and for the larger society. An important goal of these societies is to achieve positive intercultural relations among all its peoples. Successful management of these relations depends on many factors including a research-based understanding...

Significant advancements in methodologies and statistical techniques in cross-cultural psychological research abound, but general practice, education, and most researchers in psychology rarely use them. This leads to misinterpretations, misrepresentations, and prejudice. The authors expertly demonstrate the importance of methodological rigor to saf...

This survey study utilized a person-oriented approach to explore the patterns of socio-political integration among Russian-speaking minority group members in three neighboring countries in the Baltic area: Estonia (n = 482), Finland (n = 252), and Norway (n = 215). Three profiles were obtained in all countries: critical integration, separation, and...

This chapter highlights the sociopsychological aspects of family migration. More specifically, the chapter focuses on some individual migrants (such as children) within the family and their adaptation in a new cultural context, as transformed gender relations and its impact on men in the face of migration, fostering, and family separation together...

In many Western countries, the public has extensively debated factors potentially leading Muslim minority-group members to support violence by foreign extremist states or to commit violence themselves. Here, one central question has been whether their acculturation orientations may play a role. Combining perspectives from intergroup threat theory a...

In many Western countries, the public has extensively debated factors potentially leading Muslim minority-group members to support violence by foreign extremist states or to commit violence themselves. Here, one central question has been whether their acculturation orientations may play a role. Combining perspectives from integrated threat theory a...

Cross-cultural studies focusing on individuation and parent-child relationships during late adolescence in the European context are sparse. This study investigated relationships between maternal and paternal responsiveness, demandingness and autonomy granting and late adolescents’ subjective well-being in Greece, Norway, Poland, and Switzerland. Ad...

This article examines levels of civic engagement among university students in Ghana and Kenya and identifies factors that may account for their civic engagement. Overall, the students reported low civic engagement, with the Kenyans reporting higher engagement. Demographic factors (gender and age) and personal values hardly contributed to the studen...

In this study, we investigated how perceived ethnic discrimination is related to attitudes towards the national majority group and willingness to confront injustice to promote the social standing of a minority group. We examined this relationship via two mediating factors; national (dis)identification from and out-group (dis)trust of the national m...

This study sought to establish the extent of cyberbullying among students in Ghana, its consequences on the victims, and the characteristics of the victims. The study found that nearly all participants had experienced one form of cyberbullying before. Victims of cyberbullying were not very different from non-victims in psychological wellbeing. The...

This study aims to understand factors predicting destination-loyalty intention in international education. A sample of 378 long-term (n=195) and short-term (n=183) international students participated in the study carried out in 2014 through an on-line survey at the University of Bergen, Norway. Using a series of hierarchical regression analyses, th...

This study aims to understand factors predicting destination-loyalty intention in international education. A sample of 378 long-term (n=195) and short-term (n=183) international students participated in the study carried out in 2014 through an on-line survey at the University of Bergen, Norway. Using a series of hierarchical regression analyses, th...

This study was designed to examine the adaptation differences between refugee and non-refugee immigrant youth in Australia. The study also investigated the roles that perceived discrimination and language proficiency play in the adaptation of the two groups. Participants in this study were 106 refugee youth (M age =16.82, SD =1.91) and 223 non-refu...

This commentary highlights some of the strengths of the papers in this special issue focusing on how they advance acculturation research; how they link immigrant youth research with positive youth development and how they provide some insights into understanding how immigrant youth thrive in their adoptive societies. The commentary takes as its poi...

Winner of 2019 IAIR William B Gudykunst Outstanding Book Award

In culturally diverse societies, one of the biggest questions on our minds is 'how shall we all live together?' Mutual Intercultural Relations offers an answer to this fundamental and topical issue. By exploring intercultural relationships between dominant/national and non-dominant/ethnic populations in seventeen societies around the world, the aut...

The present study reexamined the relationship between biculturalism and adaptation in the ICSEY¹ data. The sample consisted of 5,365 immigrants, aged between 13 and 18 years (M = 15.35, SD = 1.56) who were living in 13 different countries. We measured biculturalism bilineally using a range of ICSEY variables akin to acculturation. The study finding...

Cambridge Core - Cultural Psychology - Mutual Intercultural Relations - edited by John W. Berry

What are the factors that predict international students' destination-loyalty intention? This is the main question this paper addresses, using an online survey among 396 (short-term, N = 182) and (long-term, N = 214) international students at a Norwegian university. Structural equation model-AMOS was conducted to examine relationships among persona...

Research and practice in the field of acculturation psychology is continually on the rise. Featuring contributions from over fifty leading experts in the field, this handbook compiles and systemizes the current state of the art by exploring the broad international scope of acculturation. The collection introduces readers to the concepts and issues;...

Research and practice in the field of acculturation psychology is continually on the rise. Featuring contributions from over fifty leading experts in the field, this handbook compiles and systemizes the current state of the art by exploring the broad international scope of acculturation. The collection introduces readers to the concepts and issues;...

This study examines three psychological phenomena (perceived discrimination, orientation to mainstream culture and life satisfaction) in explaining destination loyalty of international students. A sample of 489, short-term (n = 174) and long-term (n = 315) international students completed an online survey. Results from structural equation model-AMO...

A 1936 definition of acculturation serves as the point of departure in discussing the concept of acculturation. Psychological acculturation (as individual-level phenomenon) is the main focus of the article. Three main theoretical perspectives that define the field are presented. The article also looks at acculturation as a process (focusing on accu...

Public discourse often portrays Islam as the main obstacle for Muslim minor-ities' integration, paying little attention to the contextual factors hindering this process. Here, we focus on islamophobia as one destructive factor that hinders the mutual integration between Muslim minority and Western majority members, affecting both groups. In Study 1...

The goal of this study was to understand the adaptation of international students in Ghana focusing on correlates of satisfaction with life and psychological symptoms. The sample for the study was 151 international students, of which 97 originated from West Africa and 54 from Western countries, mostly from North America. Participants responded to a...

Although integration involves a process of mutual accommodation, the role of majority groups is often downplayed to passive tolerance, leaving immigrants with the sole responsibility for active integration. However, we show that common group identity can actively involve majority members in this process across five studies. Study 1 showed that comm...

Mothering is recognized as important in shaping adolescent children’s identity cross-culturally, but how people understand and practice mothering varies between social contexts. In post-apartheid South Africa, the institution of the family is undergoing changes that affect mothering. This study aimed to explore how 22 adolescents in the Mankweng ar...

We live in a world defined by cultural diversity, and, thus, multicultural experiences and identities have become a regular component of many individuals’ lives. The Oxford Handbook of Multicultural Identity: Basic and Applied Psychological Perspectives, which consists of 22 chapters written by some of the most accomplished scholars on the topic, r...

This study compared for the first time the relationships between parental warmth, control (behavioral control and autonomy suppression) and late adolescents’ subjective well-being in Greece, Norway, Poland and Switzerland. Additionally, the mediating role of adolescents’ interconnectedness with parents was assessed and the moderating effect of cult...

Intended self-presentation in job interviews was examined among university students in 10 countries (N = 3,509). The aim was to assess cross-cultural differences in the endorsement of self-presentation tactics, and whether such differences could be explained by cultural values and socioeconomic variables. The Cultural Impression Management Scale–Ap...

Although extensive research has documented the effectiveness of common or dual in-groups on improving intergroup relations, little is known about how individual-difference variables affect people's willingness to make such re-categorizations in the first place. Here, we demonstrate that individual differences in religious fundamentalism predict wil...

The 15 chapters of this book explore the situation of immigrant families in many different countries, involving different ethnic groups and under different contexts. In terms of countries, the book includes immigrant families in Albania, China, Estonia, Japan, Kenya, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The contexts of these studies have incl...

Introduction Understanding how cultural and ethnic factors relate to health is very much an interdisciplinary enterprise: anthropology, biology, economics, history, medicine, nursing, psychiatry, psychology, rehabilitation and sociology have all participated in the study and application of their own concepts and findings to health. The focus of thi...

Background: Perceived health is a subjective measure of an individual's health based on self-reported, and self-knowledge about one's health status. It is related to one's functional status, morbidity, and mortality and serves as an important indicator in determining an individual's health status and health-related quality of life. The main purpos...

In an increasingly globalized world, global culture may constitute an alternative cultural resource, especially for members of ethnic minority groups who have often been described as marginalized in acculturation research. In the present study, we investigated the role that global identity may play for the self-concept and the psychological and soc...

Acculturation strategies have frequently been used to describe how members of ethnic minorities reconcile their heritage culture with the culture of their society of residence. Recently, studies have started to pay increased attention to the fact that the choice of acculturation strategy does not take place in a social vacuum. In the present study,...

Employing an experimental design, we investigated how Norwegian managers’ (N = 78) evaluations and intended hiring decisions varied with job applicants’ ethnic background (immigrant vs. native Norwegian mainstreamer) and the degree to which the candidates’ self-presentation fitted Norwegian cultural norms (level of cultural fit). The participants v...

“Islamophobia” has been used as an umbrella term capturing different types of religious stigma towards Muslims. However, the operationalization of the term for research purposes varies greatly, where little attention heretofore has been paid on how islamophobia affects Muslim minorities’ lives. Against this background, we aimed to develop and valid...

Research has shown that societal majority members have specific conceptions (i.e., acculturation expectations) about how immigrants should acculturate. These expectations are often less welcoming towards devalued than valued immigrant groups. In a 2 × 2 experiment with a sample of 187 German majority members we show that acculturation expectations...

This paper focuses on processes and consequences of intergroup interactions in plural societies, focusing primarily on majority-minority mutuality in acculturation orientations. We examine commonalities and differences among conceptualizations and models addressing issues of mutuality. Our review includes the mutual acculturation model (Berry, 1997...

This issue begins with an integrative paper covering various models used to address the interactional nature of acculturation by Horenczyk, Jasinskaja-Lahti, Sam, and Vedder (2013). In this paper, the authors identify the commonalities and differences in these models and evaluate their contribution to a better understanding of intercultural relatio...

We received many proposals, and after a selection and review process, this special issue now contains five papers that address various psychological aspects of living in a number of multicultural societies in Europe. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)

Based on a deductive, culturally decentered approach, new items were generated to improve the reliability of the original Social Axioms Survey, which measures individuals’ general beliefs about the world. In Study 1, results from 11 countries support the original five-factor structure and achieve higher reliability for the axiom dimensions as measu...

Islamophobic sentiments in the Western world have gained scientific attention, particularly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. However, the effects of religious stigma on Muslim minorities’ identity formation have rarely been studied. Using structural equation modeling, this cross-sectional study examined direct and indirect effects...

In this paper, we discuss the intricate relationship between culture and mental illness. Our central position is that there cannot be mental illness without culture. We argue that our limited knowledge to the onset, manifestation, course and outcome of mental illness is due in part to the cross-cultural psychological conceptualization of culture, w...

Using the dataset from the International Comparative Study of Ethnocultural Youth, the chapter examines variations in immigrant youth’s cultural identities in three types of societies of settlement (‘settler’, ‘colonial’, ‘recent-receiving’). In addition, the chapter explores differences in psychological and sociocultural adaptation in the three ty...

In this chapter, we examine how counseling psychology theory, practice, and research may be deconstructed and transformed to make them more relevant for the African context. “Deconstruction” refers to ways in which one can expand the limits of accepted conceptual meanings in counseling psychology and in the process show that those meanings are comp...

This study examined the impact of personal values on intended self-presentation during job interviews among German, Ghanaian, Norwegian, and Turkish students (total N= 1,474). We also sought to explain cultural differences in self-presentation among these groups. The Cultural Impression Management Scale for applicants (CIM-A) and the Portrait Value...

Background: Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has become a cornerstone intervention in the fight against HIV. Current evidence suggests that it is cost-effective in changing behaviour and preventing HIV infection. A number of studies have demonstrated some of the factors which are associated with both intention and actual use of VCT services....

Correspondence in value orientation between parents and their offspring may be due to actual transmission processes between generations, but it may also be due to influences from the general value context in society that are common to parents and their offspring. This common value context is referred to as Zeitgeist. The present study deals with on...

The well-being and productivity of immigrant youth has become one of the most important global issues of our times as a result of mass migration and resettlement. In this unique volume, leading scholars from multiple nations and disciplines provide a state-of-the-art overview of contemporary research on immigrant youth and delineate the most promis...

Drawing from the International Comparative Study of Ethnocultural Youth (ICSEY) dataset, this paper examines the immigrant paradox phenomenon among a group of immigrant youth in five European countries. The sample consisted of over 2700 immigrant and 1400 national youth (age range 13 – 18 years) living in Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal...

This paper examines whether previously suggested reasons for having children: economic, social and psychological values of child can be identified among a group of sub-Sahara women, and the extent to which a spiritual value of child can be identified on the basis of African's bellef in ancestors and its influence on their daily lives. Two groups of...

During the past couple of decades, as South Africa has undergone a political and social transformation, conditions for reproduction and reproductive health have changed. Against the backdrop of these societal changes, the objectives of this cross-sectional study were to trace continuity and change in reproductive attitudes on an individual level, t...

The present study explores the process of cultural and psychological change that follows intercultural contact (i.e., acculturation) and the wellbeing and social adjustment of 736 Turkish immigrant adolescents aged 13–18 living in six countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. Perceived discrimination was the stronges...

In recent years the topic of acculturation has evolved from a relatively minor research area to one of the most researched subjects in the field of cross-cultural psychology. This edited handbook compiles and systemizes the current state of the art by exploring the broad international scope of acculturation. A collection of the world's leading expe...