David Murphy

University of Nottingham | Notts · School of Education

This prospective study examined (a) the mediating roles of Carl Rogers' facilitative interpersonal conditions (i.e., genuineness, empathic understanding, and unconditional positive regard) and (b) the moderating roles of femininity ideology in the association between dispositional authenticity and dyadic relationship functioning using a dyadic appr...

This dyadic study with 158 same-gender couples examined the relationships between dispositional authenticity, internalised homonegativity, and perceived relationship quality, introducing The Internalised Homonegativity-Authenticity Interaction Theory. Internalised homonegativity was found to moderate the relationships between external aspects of di...

Freedom of information (FoI) legislation has been represented as a valuable but underused means of generating otherwise unavailable data from public authorities in health and social care research. This article complements extant literature on the use of FoI requests for research intended to inform health and social care policy and improve the quali...

Background There have been substantial research efforts demonstrating the effectiveness of person‐centred therapy. However, little research has investigated whether person‐centred therapy is effective in facilitating psychological growth amongst clients experiencing suicidal ideation and serious mental health difficulties. Aim This study aimed to...

Background: Homeless people are at increased risk for developing mental health conditions and mental ill-health can be precipitating factor to episodes of homelessness. The unique profile and risk factors associated with this group means they are best served by dedicated care pathways and partnership working between agencies. Unfortunately, gaps in...

Background People with “severe and multiple disadvantages” (SMD) experience a combination of homelessness, mental health difficulties, alcohol or substance misuse and offending. Despite frequent and cyclical traumatic experiences being commonplace, people who experience SMD are often excluded from appropriate psychotherapeutic support. Methods Two...

This article reports on research that surveyed treatment provision for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in English mental health and psychological therapy services. Survey methods and freedom of information requests were used to obtain data from NHS mental health trusts, clinical commissioning groups, and voluntary and private prov...

Background The COVID-19 pandemic brought a new challenge to medical education—health-care students had fewer opportunities to interact with and treat real patients in clinical settings. Interpersonal communication skills are often developed through human interaction and communication in person, and few studies have proposed feasible digital solutio...

This qualitative study presents an analysis of the experiences of a teacher who had recently left working in an England state funded primary school. Using reflective lifeworld methodology, this study explored the teacher’s struggle to be authentic in the context of state funded education. Three prominent themes were identified as: 1) enhancement of...

The Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (B-L RI; Barrett-Lennard, (2015). The Relationship Inventory A Complete Resource and Guide. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-201602103917) is the most widely used measure of the facilitative conditions described by Carl Rogers as important for constructive personality development in his person-cent...

The Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory was designed to assess the extent to which a person experiences unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, and genuineness in a relationship. This study (N = 1,286) investigated measurement invariance between English, Chinese, and Spanish language versions of the inventory and partial scalar in...

Objective Interest in the concept of well-being within clinical and applied psychology settings has increased, highlighting a need to develop appropriate measures. The aim was to adapt and test the validity of the 14-item Scale of General Well-Being (14-SGWB) originally developed by Longo et al. (2018), as a clinical outcome measure. Method Study...

Teachers’ authenticity is a topic of emerging interest in the field of education. This paper systematically reviews existing qualitative research on the subject of teachers’ authenticity from the perspective of teachers and students. The findings from 12 studies are subject to a metasynthesis. Results show that the authentic teacher is conceptualis...

It has been proposed that boarding schools in England can be used to provide a stable education and care environment for vulnerable children in need and the government is expanding their use. However, for vulnerable children to be placed in boarding schools social workers will need to be willing to contemplate the boarding as a viable care option....

The aim was to investigate the association between experiencing a therapeutic relationship and subsequent authenticity. Forty-six clients completed the Barrett–Lennard Relationship Inventory (B-LRI), Relational Depth Inventory (RDI), a measure of the therapeutic alliance (ARM-5) and the Authenticity Scale (AS) at intervals over 10 therapy sessions....

Recent years have seen much interest in positive education. In this article, we will show how person-centred education, like positive education, is concerned with the promotion of human flourishing. Both offer ways in which education goes beyond traditional skills and knowledge to a concern for the well-being of people. However, we argue that an aw...

The aim of this paper is to critically examine the axiom of Cooper and McLeod that the person-centered approach should incorporate pluralistic practices based on clients’ goals and wants. First, we examine Cooper and McLeod’s argument that the uniqueness of clients means that therapeutic work should orientate around helping clients to identify what...

Humanistic theories provide a fluid, motivational basis for understanding adolescent development, not defined by “stages” or “developmental tasks.” They reject storm‐and‐stress perspectives and view the formation of the self as an ever‐changing process. Based on humanistic axioms—including Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Rogers's actualizing tenden...

Training counselling and psychotherapy skills using new technology is a relatively unresearched area of study. The findings from a pilot evaluation of the effectiveness and acceptability of a new technology, mPath, using a mixed method design are reported. The study found that progressive integration of the new mPath technology into learning helpin...

There is a crisis in higher education internationally whereby the value of a degree is being called into question. One of the contributing factors to this problem is the growth of the sector internationally. Questions have arisen concerning the quality of provision, especially in the case of courses offered in different contexts as part of transnat...

Empathy refers to understanding what another person is experiencing or trying to express. The chapter begins by discussing definitional issues and presenting an integrative definition. It then reviews measures of therapist empathy, including the conceptual problem of separating empathy from other relationship variables. Clinical examples illustrati...

Background: A 3-day workshop in Taiwan, developed in accordance with Carl Rogers’ person-centred theory, used an experiential-learning pedagogy and a helping learning technology mPath. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a short-term course for mental health professional students assessing to the acquisition of therapeutic relationshi...

Background: A 3-day workshop in Taiwan, developed in accordance with Carl Rogers’ person-centred theory, used an experiential-learning pedagogy and a helping learning technology mPath. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a short-term course for mental health professional students assessing to the acquisition of therapeutic relationshi...

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 3-day training on the person-centred therapeutic relationship competence in psychiatric staff and explore the Taiwanese mental health professionals’ learning using the person-centred-theory-designed technology mPath. Design: A mixed-method study consisted of a quasi-experiment and interview....

Aim/Purpose: The aim of this research was to test the effectiveness and acceptability of a counselling skills course that integrated a new online technology system to support students development of competences. Design/Methodology: We used a mixed methods design. The sample for analysis is N=72 (13=male, 59=female) of Master’s level counselling st...

Background The aim of this research was to identify facilitative therapeutic principles in person‐centred and emotion‐focused therapy for working with traumatised clients in the early stages of therapy. Methods Four cases were selected from the Strathclyde Experiential Therapy for Social Anxiety archive: one good and one poor outcome case from eac...

Both mindfulness and authenticity have been found to positively affect psychological well-being. The current study investigated the relationships between an interesting mix of eastern and western phenomena including mindfulness, authenticity and psychological well-being and considered the cultural diversities in measures of these variables. Partici...

Many Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) in the United Kingdom (UK) now offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses in counselling. However, counselling is a relatively new and developing profession only beginning to nurture a future generation of research‐active scholars. As such, its development is vulnerable to pressures arising from HEIs prepar...

The aim of this article is to show how the theory and philosophy of the person-centred experiential approach, originally developed by the psychologist Carl Rogers, can usefully inform the development of professional practice, educational methods and critical social theory of social pedagogy. Social pedagogy is introduced, followed by a description...

Mutualidad en psicoterapia: un metanálisis y meta-síntesis Este artículo presenta una revisión sistemática de la mutualidad en psicoterapia, que incluye metaanálisis de estudios cuantitativos y metasíntesis de estudios cualitativos. Una búsqueda con las combinaciones de palabras clave especificadas produjeron 21 estudios, incluidos 10 estudios cuan...

Put simply, empathy refers to understanding what another person is experiencing or trying to express. Therapist empathy has a long history as a hypothesized key change process in psychotherapy. We begin by discussing definitional issues and presenting an integrative definition. We then review measures of therapist empathy, including the conceptual...

Aim: Counselling for Depression (CfD) is a person-centred experiential therapy developed for implementation in the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme. Training in this model has been available across England since 2011. This study aims to investigate counselling practitioners' experiences of learning the CfD model and impl...

Put simply, empathy refers to understanding what another person is experiencing or trying to express. Therapist empathy has a long history as a hypothesized key change process in psychotherapy. We begin by discussing definitional issues and presenting an integrative definition. We then review measures of therapist empathy, including the conceptual...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report an analysis of arrangements in English mental health trusts to meet the needs of adult service users who are homeless. Homelessness is associated with various forms of mental ill-health, yet homeless people are not always well-served by statutory mental health services. In recent years, practice guida...

Background This study addresses the thorny issue of mandatory personal psychotherapy within counselling and psychotherapy training. It is expensive, emotionally demanding and time‐consuming. Nevertheless, proponents argue that it is essential in protecting the public and keeping clients safe; to ensure psychotherapists develop high levels of self‐a...

•••Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1080/21507686.2017.1419269••• The aim of this study was to translate and provide an initial validation for a full Mandarin-Chinese version of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (B-L RI:MC) to include forms Other toward Self-64 (OS-64) and Other toward Self-40 (OS-40) for use in the Mandarin-Chinese research...

Research on the association between self-reports of post-traumatic growth and well-being show mixed findings. To resolve discrepancies, we suggest that selfreports of post-traumatic growth should not be taken at face value as indicating actual growth as in some cases such reports may be indicative of an illusory selfprotective mechanism. As such we...

The integration of new technologies into counsellor education has progressed slowly. We present mPath; an online system designed to support iterative, multi-levelled and deep reflection on practice in skills training sessions. We propose the integration of new technologies to counsellor education as an area with scope for future research and develo...

Aim Counselling for Depression (CfD) is a person‐centred experiential therapy developed for implementation in the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme. Training in this model has been available across England since 2011. This study aims to investigate counselling practitioners’ experiences of learning the CfD model and imple...

It has been suggested that self-reported posttraumatic growth could sometimes be considered as a way for people to protect themselves from the distress of trauma. In this case, reports of posttraumatic growth could be illusory. We suggest a theory on self-reported constructive (real) posttraumatic growth and illusory posttraumatic growth by using R...

Aim/Purpose The Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (B-L RI), formulated on Carl Rogers’ person-centred theory, has been widely used for evaluating interpersonal relationships. The scale is translated into 19 languages enabling research into the utility of the relationship conditions across cultures and languages. This research aimed to address...

Two studies (n = 73, n = 132) explored the association between sense of humour and trauma related well-being outcomes. It was found that sense of humour was not associated with reports of posttraumatic growth as measured by the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Self-enhancing humour was positively associated with positive changes as measured b...

Unconditional positive self-regard (UPSR) is regarded by humanistic psychologists as an important determinant of well-being. However, until recently it has received little empirical attention. The current study aims to examine the association between unconditional positive self-regard and several key constructs consistent with the ideas of well-bei...

Whether conditions of worth theory can explain complex forms of human psychological distress, such as those emanating from early experiences of abuse, neglect and trauma, alongside experiences of physiological events later in life is open to debate. It has been suggested that Rogers’s personality theory should be reconsidered and replaced with an a...

Person-centered psychotherapy is based on the growth paradigm of psychological distress. Person-centered therapy is, therefore, ideally placed to facilitate posttraumatic growth. There were two aims of this study. The first was to explore the association between unconditional positive self-regard and the construct of posttraumatic growth. The secon...

Accessible summary: Homeless persons are known to be highly vulnerable to psychological trauma, in events triggering periods of homelessness and the considerable social isolation and adversity suffered when homeless. This study provides an account of how mental health support work is experienced by homeless service users when it is informed by a p...

This aim of this case study was to build theory on the development of client–therapist mutuality in person-centered psychotherapy. A case study focusing on a 42-year-old female client who had presented for therapy following trauma within interpersonal relationships has been used. A reflective, theory-building, case study method was adopted that use...

Objective: Research on the effects of Rogers's therapeutic relationship conditions has typically focused on the unilateral provision of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence from therapist to client. Method: This study looked at both client and therapist mutuality of the Rogerian therapeutic conditions and the association betwee...

The aim is to show how traumatic stress provides a unifying concept for social work. In the last ten years, there have been significant changes in the nature of organisations that provide social care for people in the UK, with social work practice no longer confined to traditional local authority services. Increasingly, social workers are taking up...

Person-centered psychology and psychotherapy is situated at the interface of other arenas of psychological research and clinical activity that often go unnoticed by the person-centered community. Many of the core ideas associated with the person-centered psychology—such as its focus on therapeutic relationships, intrinsic motivation, and human pote...

Accessible summary At some point in their life, most people experience an event which can be deemed traumatic. Following this experience however, only a minority develop severe and chronic psychological difficulties such as post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For this minority, traumatic experience can have highly adverse consequences including...

It is more than 20 years since the death of one of the most influential American clinical psychologists of the 20th century, Carl Rogers, who founded the client-centered school more than 50 years ago. Client-centered psychology remains a distinctive and alternative approach because of its assertion that the organismic valuing process is the engine...

Research shows that the therapeutic relationship can offer a catalyst for healing, helping traumatized clients to make sense of and rebuild their lives. This book provides practitioners with expert insight into supporting client's recovery from trauma by placing the therapeutic relationship at the heart of the therapeutic process.

A topic that has begun to attract interest from clinical psychologists and psychotherapists is post‐traumatic growth. First, we provide a general overview of the field, setting out the historical development, main concepts, measurement issues and research findings. Second, we review evidence showing that the relationship between post‐traumatic stre...

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in social work towards relationship-based practice. In this article, we discuss the conceptualisation of relationship-based practice from a person-centred point of view and its applicability to contemporary social work. It will be shown that the person-centred point of view has a meta-theoret...

Rogers (195739. Rogers , C. R. 1957. The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21: 95–103. [CrossRef], [PubMed]View all references) hypothesized that, if two people are in psychological contact, and when the client is incongruent and minimally perceives the therapist's empathy, unc...

This article considers a number of issues facing those involved in counselling and psychotherapy training within United Kingdom Higher Education Institutes. It is proposed that the increasing professionalisation of counselling and psychotherapy has significant implications for lecturers and trainers. The article will explore the tension between the...

A number of factors contribute to social workers' states of mind including exposure to intense emotionality and disturbance, job satisfaction, burnout, secondary stress, and the perceived value attached to social work. Together these can lead to placing social workers at risk of vicarious traumatisation. While vicarious traumatisation can lead to p...

A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University. Rogers (1957; 1959) claim that the client's minimal perception of therapist empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence as necessary and sufficient for constructive personality change has been supported...

Aims: This case study demonstrates the experience of client change in non-directive client-centred therapy for a client (‘Mac’) who had experienced severe and repeated childhood abuse within an institutional care setting and shows how complex post-traumatic stress involving difficulties in identity, problems forming and maintaining non-abusive inte...

A small scale qualitative study was carried out to investigate the experiences of attendees of a Masters Degree in counselling. The study used an in depth semi-structured group interview and analysed the data using a form of grounded theory. The key findings suggest that personal therapy for trainees can be a positive experience and can enhance the...