David T Martin

David T Martin
Australian Catholic University | ACU · School of Exercise Science

PhD, MSci

About

255
Publications
178,222
Reads
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9,443
Citations
Additional affiliations
September 2019 - present
APEIRON Life
Position
  • Managing Director
September 2019 - present
Australian Catholic University
Position
  • Professor
June 2015 - June 2019
Philadelphia 76ers
Position
  • Managing Director

Publications

Publications (255)
Article
Full-text available
Background As basketball match-play requires players to possess a wide range of physical characteristics, many tests have been introduced in the literature to identify talent and quantify fitness in various samples of players. However, a synthesis of the literature to identify the most frequently used tests, outcome variables, and normative values...
Article
Purpose: Modeling intermittent work capacity is an exciting development to the critical power model with many possible applications across elite sport. With the Skiba 2 model validated using subelite participants, an adjustment to the model's recovery rate has been proposed for use in elite cyclists (Bartram adjustment). The team pursuit provides...
Article
Purpose: Professional road cycling races are physiologically demanding, involving successive days of racing over 1 to 3 weeks of competition. Anecdotal evidence indicates that cyclists' sleep duration either increases or deteriorates during these competitions. However, sleep duration in professional cyclists during stage races has not been assesse...
Article
Full-text available
Enhancing practice design is critical to facilitate transfer of learning. Considerable research has focused on the role of perceptual information in practice simulation, yet has neglected how affect and cognition are shaped by practice environments and whether this influences the fidelity of behavior (Headrick et al., 2015). This study filled this...
Article
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Humans commonly ascertain physical dominance through non-lethal fighting by participating in combat sports. However, the behaviours that achieve fight dominance are not fully understood. Amateur boxing competition, which is judged using the subjective “Ten Point Must-System”, provides insight into fight dominance behaviours. Notational analysis was...
Article
Purpose: With knowledge of an individual's critical power (CP) and W' the SKIBA 2 model provides a framework with which to track W' balance during intermittent high intensity work bouts. There are fears the time constant controlling the recovery rate of W' (τW') may require refinement to enable effective use in an elite population. Methods: Four...
Article
Cycling power output was compared to lower body lean mass. Lower body lean mass explained a moderate-to-high proportion of maximal cycling power output for efforts of 60 s or less. Preserving lean mass in this weight conscious population may be important.
Article
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While self-controlled practice has been shown to enhance motor learning with various populations and novel tasks, it remains unclear if such effects would be found with athletes completing familiar tasks. Study 1 used a single case-study design with a world-champion kickboxer. We investigated whether giving the athlete a choice over the order of pu...
Article
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Objective: This study examined the effects of the removal of electronic devices (i.e., smartphones, etc.) for 48 hours on sleep quality and next-day athletic and cognitive performance in elite Judo athletes. Participants: Over 6 days and nights, 23 eliteAustralian Judo athletes were monitored while attending a camp at the Australian Institute of...
Article
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Purpose: New applications of the critical power concept, such as the modelling of intermittent work capabilities, are exciting prospects for elite cycling. However, accurate calculation of the required parameters is traditionally time invasive and somewhat impractical. An alternative single test protocol (3-min All-out) has recently been proposed,...
Article
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Purpose: Given the important role of the brain in regulating endurance performance, this comparative study sought to determine whether professional road cyclists have superior inhibitory control and resistance to mental fatigue compared to recreational road cyclists. Methods: After preliminary testing and familiarization, eleven professional and...
Data
Performance, physiological and psychological data. (XLSX)
Data
Stroop performance data for professional and recreational road cyclists. (XLSX)
Presentation
Full-text available
INTRODUCTION Mental fatigue (MF) has a detrimental effect on endurance performance by altering perceptual responses of effort despite no changes in physiological parameters (Marcora et al., 2009). Moreover, recent studies have proven that MF does not alter anaerobic capacity in a 3 min all out cycling exercise (Martin et al., 2014). The present stu...
Article
Research indicates that instructing athlete's to focus on bodily movements (internal focus of attention [IFA]) may hinder performance, whereas instructing them to focus on the movement outcome (external focus of attention [EFA]) often enhances performance. Despite the importance of instructions in striking combat sports, limited research has examin...
Article
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Despite early and ongoing debate among athletes, coaches, and sport scientists, it is likely that resistance training for endurance cyclists can be tolerated, promotes desired adaptations that support training, and can directly improve performance. Lower-body heavy strength training performed in addition to endurance-cycling training can improve bo...
Article
Feedback is commonly employed to enhance motor learning and performance. While numerous studies have investigated the causal effects of feedback on motor learning, an analysis of real-time feedback provided during training and competitive sporting environments is lacking. Therefore, the feedback provided by 12 boxing coaches to athletes between rou...
Article
Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between ventilatory adaptation and performance during altitude training at 2700 m. Methods: Seven elite cyclists (age: 21.2 ± 1.1 yr, body mass: 69.9 ± 5.6 kg, height 176.3 ± 4.9 cm) participated in this study. A hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) test and a submaximal exercise test were...
Article
Full-text available
This study determined the validity and reliability of an incremental double poling protocol performed on a Concept II ski-ergometer and validated this against an existing treadmill ski-striding protocol. Ten well-trained male cross-country skiers (age: 19 ± 1.4 y; height: 182 ± 72 cm; body mass: 76.0 ± 10.8 kg, whole body VO2Peak: 5.2 ± 1.0 L.min-1...
Article
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of moderate-high altitude on power output, cadence, speed and heart rate during a multi-day cycling tour. Methods: Power output, heart rate, speed and cadence were collected from elite male road cyclists during maximal efforts of 5, 15, 30, 60, 240 and 600 s. The efforts were complet...
Article
Full-text available
Aim: Professional cycling is considered one of the most demanding of all endurance sports. The three major professional cycling stages races (i.e. Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a España) require cyclists to compete daily covering between ~150 - 200 km for three consecutive weeks. Anecdotal evidence indicates that such an event has a sig...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Introduction: Elite athletes tend to utilise electronic devices to stay connected with family and friends and to promote competitive events. However, excessive late night use of electronic devices can decrease the total time available for sleep. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of evening use of electronic devices on overnight slee...
Article
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The aims of this study were to describe normative values and seasonal variation of body composition in female cyclists comparing female road and track endurance cyclists, and to validate the use of anthropometry to monitor lean mass changes. Anthropometric profiles (seven site skinfolds) were measured over 16 years from 126 female cyclists. Lean ma...
Article
Verbal instructions play a key role in motor learning and performance. Whereas directing one's attention towards bodily movements or muscles (internal focus) tends to hinder performance, instructing persons to focus on the movement outcome, or an external object related to the performed task (external focus) enhances performance. The study's purpos...
Article
The aim of this study was to quantify the demands of road competitions ending with sprints in male professional cycling. 17 races finished with top-5 results from 6 male road professional cyclists (age, 27.0±3.8 years; height, 1.76±0.03 m; weight, 71.7±1.1 kg) were analysed. SRM power meters were used to monitor power output, cadence and speed. Dat...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Introduction Elite athletes have busy schedules with commitments to training, competition and media. Increasingly, athletes are staying connected with family, friends, coaches, and news via social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. However, excessive late night use of social media can decrease the total time available for sleep. Such...
Conference Paper
Introduction The cycling season is divided in three periods: offseason (OFF), preparation (PREP) and competition (COMP) (2). Many variables have been suggested to influence periodization strategies (1). Professional cyclists native of the Southern hemisphere usually spend their OFF and PREP phases on home soil, avoiding the winter in the northern h...
Conference Paper
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INTRODUCTION The warm-up characteristics can influence cycling time trial (TT) performance (Christensen and Bangsbo, 2014; Bishop, 2003). When compared to concentric (CON), eccentric (ECC) exercises are associated with a lower cardiovascular response for a given muscular strain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effect of an ECC cycl...
Conference Paper
Introduction: Mental fatigue (MF) increases perceived exertion (RPE) and impairs endurance performance in recreationally-trained athletes (Marcora 2009; Pageaux 2014). The effect of MF on elite athletes is unknown. The aim of the study was to assess the performance, physiological and psychological responses of elite cyclists following a bout of men...
Conference Paper
INTRODUCTION Subjects unaccustomed to eccentric (ECC) exercise can experience muscle damage (MD) and related side effects (decreased resistance and endurance performance) the days following exercises involving ECC contractions. Aim of this study was to measure delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), creatine kinase (CK), maximal voluntary contraction...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
nternational training camps provide relevant challenges and are highly desired by Olympic combat sport athletes. Unfortunately, increased training volume and intensity can expose athletes to an increased risk of injury. Research identifying injuries in elite Jukoda sustained during camp situations is limited. PURPOSE: Record type and severity of in...
Conference Paper
A maximal effort during an explosive non-fatiguing lower-body exercise can be used to assess neuromuscular function. Jumping tests have been adopted in many experimental designs to monitor fatigue in high performance athletes but most involve vertical jumping and use of equipment to measure flight time or vertical displacement. Although vertical ju...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
BACKGROUND: Understanding day to day reliability of techniques used to monitor hydration status is important for interventional studies aimed at manipulating total body water (TBW) and body mass (BM). BM, urine osmolality and TBW (measured via electrical impedance) have all been used to assess hydration status. Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedan...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Exercise-induced hemoglobinuria (HBU) and proteinuria (PU) can be caused by several mechanisms including impact. These phenomena have been documented in several settings including combat sports. Descriptions of judo training document the presence of HBU and PU, however less is known about responses during actual judo competitions. PURPOSE: The purp...
Article
This study compared the sprint performance of professional cyclists following 10 min of variable or non-variable high-intensity cycling with sprint performance in a rested state. Ten internationally competitive male cyclists (mean±SD: 20.1±1.3 y, 1.81±0.07 m, 69.5±4.9 kg, and 72.5±4.4 ml*kg-1*min-1) performed a 12-second maximal sprint in three con...
Article
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Internal validity refers to the degree of control exerted over potential confounding variables to reduce alternative explanations for the effects of various treatments. In exercise and sports science research and routine testing, internal validity is commonly achieved by controlling variables such as exercise and warm-up protocols, prior training,...
Article
Full-text available
Abstract Good sleep is critical for optimising recovery and athletic performance. Yet, few studies have investigated how athletes sleep before and during competition. The aim of this study was to determine whether such sleep is poorer than that before a usual training day. Twenty-one male endurance cyclists' (age: 19.9 ± 1.7 years) sleep/wake behav...
Article
Aim. Professional cycling is considered one of the most demanding of all endurance sports. The three major professional cycling stages races (i.e. Tour de France, Giro d’Italia and Vuelta a España) require cyclists to compete daily covering between ~150-200 km for three consecutive weeks. Anecdotal evidence indicates that such an event has a signif...
Article
Full-text available
This study determined the validity and reliability of an incremental double poling protocol performed on a Concept II ski-ergometer and validated this against an existing treadmill ski-striding protocol. Ten well-trained male cross-country skiers (age: 19 ± 1.4 y; height: 182 ± 72 cm; body mass: 76.0 ± 10.8 kg, whole body VO2Peak: 5.2 ± 1.0 L.min-1...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
For a posture and pedalling frequency representative of an elitelevel time-trialist, wind tunnel experiments show, perhaps for the first time, the changes to the wake flow topology over the course of a dynamic pedal stroke. Velocity field measurements are made in the wake of a full-size pedalling (100 RPM) mannequin in a time-trial position sitting...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose: This study investigated the satisfaction of elite female cyclists with their body weight (BW) in the context of race performance, the magnitude of BW manipulation, and the association of these variables with menstrual function. Methods: Female competitors in the Australian National Road Cycling Championships (n = 32) and the Oceania Cha...
Article
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Some athletes avoid dairy in the meal consumed before exercise due to fears about gastrointestinal discomfort. Regular exclusion of dairy foods may unnecessarily reduce intake of high quality proteins and calcium with possible implications for body composition and bone health. This study compared the effects of meals that included (Dairy) or exclud...
Conference Paper
Introduction The demands of uphill and time trial performances and the physiological characteristics of professional road cyclists have been well documented. Despite the importance of sprinting to the overall outcomes of a race and the high number of sprint finishes within professional road cycling (Menaspà et al. 2013a), research examining the de...
Article
Plasma volume can be modulated by altitude exposure (decrease) and periods of intense exercise (increase). Cycle racing at altitude combines both stimuli, although presently no data exist to document which is dominant. Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), hemoglobin concentration [Hb], and percent reticulocytes (%Retics) of altitude (ALT, n=9) and sea-level (...
Article
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Consumption of inorganic nitrate (NO3-) is known to enhance endurance exercise performance in recreationally trained subjects. Here we report the effect on a high-intensity performance task in national-level cyclists. The performance test consisted of 2 cycle ergometer time trials of 4 min duration with 75 min between trials. In a randomized crosso...
Article
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Cold water immersion may be beneficial for acute recovery from exercise, but it may impair long-term performance by attenuating the stimuli responsible for adaptation to training. We compared effects of cold water immersion and passive rest on cycling performance during a simulated cycling grand tour. Thirty-four male endurance-trained competitive...
Article
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The implications of undertaking DXA scans using best practice protocols (subjects fasted and rested) or a less precise but more practical protocol in assessing chronic changes in body composition following training and a specialized recovery technique were investigated. Twenty-one male cyclists completed an overload training program, in which they...
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to determine the consistency of commercially available devices used for measuring elevation gain in outdoor activities and sports. Two separate observational validation studies were conducted. Garmin (Forerunner 310XT, Edge 500, Edge 750 and Edge 800; with and without elevation correction) and SRM (Power Control 7) devices...
Article
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To investigate the interaction between the development of peripheral locomotor muscle fatigue, muscle recruitment and performance during repeated-sprint exercise (RSE). In a single-blind, randomised and cross-over design, ten male team-sport athletes performed two RSE (fifteen 5-s cycling sprints interspersed with 25 s of rest; power self-selected)...
Article
This pilot study study described and compared the power output (absolute, relative to body weight and relative to frontal area) recorded during successful road sprints in professional and under 23 men’s cycling races. The study also described the exercise intensity and requirements of sprinters throughout final 10 min of the race. Nine successful (...
Article
To observe voluntary fluid and carbohydrate intakes and thermoregulatory characteristics of road cyclists during two multiday, multiple-stage races in temperate conditions. Ten internationally competitive male cyclists competed in two stage-races (2009 Tour of Gippsland, T1; n=5, and 2010 Tour of Geelong, T2; n=5) in temperate conditions (13.2-15.8...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of different recovery strategies on repeat cycling performance where a short duration between exercise bouts is required. Methods Eleven highly trained cyclists (mean ± SD; age = 31 ± 6 y, mass = 74.6 ± 10.6 kg, height = 180.5 ± 8.1 cm) completed 4 trials each consisting of three 30-s maximal sprints (S1, S2,...
Article
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Purpose: To determine the intraday and interday reliability of a 2 × 4-min performance test on a cycle ergometer (Wattbike) separated by 30 min of passive recovery (2 × 4MMP). Methods: Twelve highly trained cyclists (mean ± SD; age = 20 ± 2 y, predicted VO2max = 59.0 ± 3.6 mL · kg-1 · min-1) completed six 2 × 4MMP cycling tests on a Wattbike erg...
Article
A number of laboratory-based performance tests have been designed to mimic the dynamic and stochastic nature of road cycling. However, the distribution of power output and thus physical demands of high-intensity surges performed to establish a breakaway during actual competitive road cycling are unclear. Review of data from professional road-cyclin...
Article
Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution of pace self-selected by cyclists of varying ability, biological age and sex performing in a mountain bike World Championship event. Data were collected on cyclists performing in the Elite Male (ELITEmale; n = 75), Elite Female (ELITEfemale; n = 50), Under 23 Male (U23male; n = 62),...
Article
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Body composition in a female road cyclist was measured using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; five occasions) and anthropometry (ten occasions) at the start of the season (Dec - Mar), during a period of chronic fatigue associated with poor weight management (Jun - Aug), and in the following months of recovery and retraining (Aug - Nov). Dieta...
Article
Purpose: The objective of this study is to compare the effects of constant- and variable-intensity cycling on gross efficiency (GE) and to compare estimates of energy expenditure (EE) made using indirect calorimetry (CAL) with estimates derived from commercially available power meters. Methods: Nine national team female road cyclists completed a...
Article
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Background: Precooling is a popular strategy used to combat the debilitating effects of heat-stress-induced fatigue and extend the period in which an individual can tolerate a heat-gaining environment. Interest in precooling prior to sporting activity has increased over the past three decades, with options including the application (external) and...
Article
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Unlabelled: Background: Hypohydration and hyperthermia are factors that may contribute to fatigue and impairment of endurance performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of combining glycerol hyperhydration and an established precooling technique on cycling time trial performance in hot environmental conditions....