David E Kanouse

• Ph.D.
• RAND Corporation

Latinas in the United States are more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage breast cancer (BC) compared to non-Latinas. Literacy-appropriate and culturally sensitive cancer communication interventions can help address existing racial/ethnic BC disparities. We formatively developed a new BC prevention brochure for Spanish-speaking Latinas (≥35 year...

Religious congregations can potentially reach disproportionately affected populations with HIV programming, however, factors that influence congregational involvement in HIV are not well-studied. Utilizing comparative case methods and in-depth qualitative data from a diverse sample of 14 urban congregations, we examine a range of attitudinal, organ...

Faith-based drug treatment programs are common, and many are implemented through congregations; however, little is documented about how congregations conceptualize and implement these programs. We use case study analysis to explore congregational approaches to drug treatment; qualitative findings emerged in three areas: (1) religion’s role in congr...

Embedding health messages into sermons is a potentially valuable strategy to address HIV and other health disparities in churches that predominantly serve racial and ethnic minorities. This study explores implementation of an HIV sermon as part of a multi-component intervention in three churches (Latino Catholic, Latino Pentecostal, and African Ame...

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy for consumers of two potential enhancements to the Medicare Plan Finder (MPF)-a simplified data display and a "quick links" home page designed to match the specific tasks that users seek to accomplish on the MPF. Data sources/study setting: Participants (N = 641) were seniors and adult caregivers of seniors wh...

Community-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing at religious congregations has been proposed as a potentially effective way to increase screening among disproportionately affected populations, such as those self-identifying as African American and Latino. Although congregations may provide reach into these communities, the extent to whic...

HIV-related stigma and mistrust contribute to HIV disparities. Addressing stigma with faith partners may be effective, but few church-based stigma reduction interventions have been tested. We implemented a pilot intervention with 3 Latino and 2 African American churches (4 in matched pairs) in high HIV prevalence areas of Los Angeles County to redu...

Objective: Recent policy initiatives aiming to reduce firearm morbidity focus on mental health and illness. However, few studies have simultaneously examined mental health and behavioral predictors within families, or their longitudinal association with newly acquiring a firearm. Methods: Population-based, longitudinal survey of 4251 parents of...

Background: Patients' comments about doctors are increasingly available on the internet. The effects of these anecdotal accounts on consumers' engagement with reports on doctor quality, use of more statistically reliable performance measures, and ability to choose doctors wisely are unknown. Objective: To examine the effects of providing patient...

Objective To compare patient experiences and disparities for older adults with depressive symptoms in managed care (Medicare Advantage [MA]) versus Medicare Fee-for-Service (FFS).Data SourcesData came from the 2010 Medicare CAHPS survey, to which 220,040 MA and 135,874 FFS enrollees aged 65 and older responded.Study DesignMultivariate linear regres...

Objectives: To inform church-based stigma interventions by exploring dimensions of HIV stigma among African American and Latino religious congregants and determining how these are related to drug addiction and homosexuality stigmas and knowing someone HIV-positive. Method: In-person, self-administered surveys of congregants 18+ years old across 2 A...

The factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of an abbreviated version of the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R) were evaluated across Black, Hispanic, and White early adolescents. Primary caregivers reported on 5 dimensions of temperament for 4,701 children. Five temperament dimensions were identified via maximum likeli...

The factor structure and potential uniform differential item functioning (DIF) among gender and three racial/ethnic groups of adolescents (African American, Latino, White) were evaluated for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptom scores of the DISC Predictive Scales (D...

Substance use patterns among Latinos likely reflect changes in attitudes resulting from acculturation, but little is known about Latinos' attitudes regarding drug addiction. We surveyed a church-based sample of Latinos and African Americans (N = 1,235) about attitudes toward drug addiction and socio-demographics. Linear regression models compared L...

Faith-based organizations can be key settings in which to reach African Americans and Latinos for HIV prevention, but little is known regarding factors that predict congregants' HIV testing behaviors. We examined the extent to which sociodemographic factors, HIV-related cues to action (e.g., knowing someone who is HIV-positive), and the social clim...

BACKGROUND The health and healthcare of sexual minorities have recently been identified as priorities for health research and policy. OBJECTIVE To compare the health and healthcare experiences of sexual minorities with heterosexual people of the same gender, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. DESIGN Multivariate analy...

Purpose Identify and compare predictors of the existence of congregational human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other health programs. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting United States. Subjects A nationally representative sample of 1506 U.S. congregations surveyed in the National Congregations Study (2006–2007). Measures Key informants at...

Abstract Most studies on the impact of playing violent video games on mental health have focused on aggression. Relatively few studies have examined the relationship between playing violent video games and depression, especially among preadolescent youth. In this study, we investigated whether daily violent video game playing over the past year is...

To identify the risk and protective factors for cigarette smoking and future intentions among racially/ethnically diverse preadolescent children. We analyzed data from 5,119 fifth-grade children and their parents living in three U.S. metropolitan areas. Using the multivariate logistic regression models, we examined how cigarette smoking and intenti...

HIV-related stigma negatively affects prevention and care, and community-based interventions are needed. Here we describe the development of a multi-ethnic, faith-based intervention to reduce HIV stigma that included: educational workshops on HIV, testing, and stigma; peer leader workshops using role plays and drawing on principles of motivational...

We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Nathan's insightful questions and to elucidate several aspects of our research. Nathan asks about the implications of grouping together all discrimination sources. As she notes, Greene et al. suggest that discrimination source plays a role in health outcomes, with peer discrimination more highly related t...

Health care consumers often make choices that are imperfectly informed and inconsistent with their expressed preferences. Past research suggests that these shortcomings become more pronounced as choices become more complex, through either additional options or more performance metrics. But it is unclear why this is true: Consumer choice remains a "...

This paper examines facilitators and barriers to HIV activities within religious congregations, the relative internal or external sources of these influences, and suggestive differences across congregational types. Results are based on in-depth interviews with clergy and lay leaders (n = 57) from 14 congregations in Los Angeles County, California,...

Efforts to engage consumers in the use of public reports on health care provider performance have met with limited success. Fostering greater engagement will require new approaches that provide consumers with relevant content at the time and in the context they need to make a decision of consequence. To this end, we identify three key factors influ...

Objectives: We examined the contribution of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination to disparities in problem behaviors among preadolescent Black, Latino, and White youths. Methods: We used cross-sectional data from Healthy Passages, a 3-community study of 5119 fifth graders and their parents from August 2004 through September 2006 in Birmingham,...

To produce reliable and informative health plan performance data by race/ethnicity for the Medicare beneficiary population and to consider appropriate presentation strategies. Patient experience data from the 2008–2009 Medicare Advantage (MA) and fee-for-service (FFS) CAHPS surveys and 2008–2009 HEDIS data (MA beneficiaries only). Mixed effects lin...

Purpose: To examine the cost and cost-effectiveness of implementing Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, a worksite-based parenting program designed to help parents address sexual health with their adolescent children. Methods: We enrolled 535 parents with adolescent children at 13 worksites in southern California in a randomized trial. We used time...

Many young adolescents are dissatisfied with their body due to a discrepancy between their ideal and actual body size, which can lead to weight cycling, eating disorders, depression, and obesity. The current study examined the associations of parental and peer factors with fifth-graders' body image discrepancy, physical self-worth as a mediator bet...

This report describes the findings from a demonstration conducted by RAND with the Florida Medicaid program to test applications of Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study (CAHPS) consumer reports in the Medicaid sector. In collaboration with the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration (AHCA), we designed both paper and computer-based repor...

: As indicators of clinician quality proliferate, public reports increasingly include multiple metrics. This approach provides more complete performance information than did earlier reports but may challenge consumers' ability to understand and use complicated reports. : To assess the effects of report complexity on consumers' understanding and use...

: In 2008, HealthPlus of Michigan introduced an online primary care provider (PCP) report that displays clinical quality data and patients' ratings of their experiences with PCPs on a public web site. : A randomized encouragement design was used to examine the impact of HealthPlus's online physician-quality report on new plan members' choice of a P...

Using data from more self-identified LGB respondents than in any known health survey, we assess whether patients' healthcare experiences differ by sexual orientation among the 2,169,718 respondents to the 2009-2010 English General Practice Patient Survey (8,362 practices). We used linear regressions (separately for men and women) to predict four...

Background: Faith-based organizations are uniquely positioned to address the HIV epidemic. They represent trusted social networks that can disseminate health information, and many have a history of engaging in social issues. However, few congregations have developed HIV programs. We examined the extent to which congregational factors and community...

Issues: Religious congregations in African American and Latino communities are uniquely positioned to address HIV. However, few have done so, in part because of HIV-related stigma and discomfort with harm reduction strategies. Description: Through a partnership between a research organization, religious leaders, and a local health department, we...

For many health-related behaviors and outcomes, racial and ethnic disparities among adolescents are well documented, but less is known about health-related disparities during preadolescence. We studied 5119 randomly selected public-school fifth-graders and their parents in three metropolitan areas in the United States. We examined differences among...

Using a subsample of respondents to the 2005 Los Angeles County health survey, we examined the relationship between perceptions of the seriousness of HIV/AIDS in one's community and HIV testing. We constructed a propensity score-based matched sample of three groups with differing perceptions of the seriousness of HIV in their community: high percei...

HIV-related stigmas have been seen as a barrier to greater religious congregation involvement in HIV prevention and care in the United States and elsewhere. We explored congregational and community norms and attitudes regarding HIV, sexuality, and drug use through a qualitative case study of 14 diverse religious congregations in Los Angeles County,...

To compare health care experiences of Medicare beneficiaries with and without symptoms of depression and investigate the role of patient confidence in shaping these experiences. Data came from the 2009 CAHPS Medicare 4.0 Fee-for-Service (FFS) Survey, which was fielded to a national probability sample of 298,492 FFS Medicare beneficiaries. Linear re...

Faith-based organizations (FBOs) have historically played an important role in delivering health and social services in developing countries; however, little research has been done on their role in HIV prevention and care, particularly in Latin America. This article summarizes a study that describes FBO involvement in HIV/AIDS in three Central Amer...

This study used data from 3 sites to examine the invariance and psychometric characteristics of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 across Black, Hispanic, and White mothers of 5th graders (N = 4,711; M = 38.07 years of age, SD = 7.16). Internal consistencies were satisfactory for all subscale scores of the instrument regardless of ethnic group membersh...

Drinking among HIV-positive individuals increases risks of disease progression and possibly sexual transmission. We examined whether state alcohol sales policies are associated with drinking and sexual risk among people living with HIV. In a multivariate analysis combining national survey and state policy data, we found that HIV-positive residents...

Comparative case studies were used to explore religious congregations' HIV involvement, including types and extent of activities, interaction with external organizations or individuals, and how activities were initiated and have changed over time. The cases included 14 congregations in Los Angeles County representing diverse faith traditions and ra...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the invariance of predictive relations across early-adolescent sex and ethnic groups regarding parenting factors and externalizing and internalizing problems and victimization. Data (n = 598; 54% female) from a triethnic (Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic black) probability sample of fifth grad...

Religious congregations are important community institutions that could help fight HIV/AIDS; however, barriers exist, particularly in the area of prevention. Formative, participatory research is needed to understand the capacity of congregations to address HIV/AIDS. This article describes a study that used community-based participatory research (CB...

Housing has long been the single largest area of unmet need for people living with HIV/AIDS, and there are few published descriptions of programs that address this need. This paper describes Project New Hope in Los Angeles, California, a faith-based program that may be the nation's first housing program exclusively designed for people with HIV/AIDS...

To examine timing of parent-child discussions about sexual topics relative to child-reported sexual behavior. Longitudinal study of employed parents and their children, with an initial survey followed by subsequent surveys 3, 6, and 12 months later. Participants were 141 parents, along with their children (13-17 years), who were control participant...

Patient activation status (PAS) can be identified using the Medicare Segmentation Screening Tool, a 2-item measure assessing patients' health skills and motivation to participate in their own care. To determine whether PAS is predictive of Medicare beneficiary health care experiences with health providers and insurance plans after case-mix adjustme...

Patients are hospitalized for disparate conditions and procedures. Patient experiences with care may depend on hospitalization type (HT). Determine whether the contributions of patient experience composite measures to overall hospital ratings on the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey vary by HT. In cross-section...

Two-thirds of sexually experienced teenagers in the United States say they wish they had waited longer to have intercourse for the first time. Little is known about why such a large proportion of teenagers express disappointment about the timing of their initial experience with sex. Data on television viewing, on regret about the timing of first in...

We describe the lifetime prevalence and associated health-related concerns of family homelessness among fifth-grade students. We used a population-based, cross-sectional survey of 5147 fifth-grade students in 3 US cities to analyze parent-reported measures of family homelessness, child health status, health care access and use, and emotional, devel...

We sought to describe the prevalence, characteristics, and mental health problems of children who experience perceived racial/ethnic discrimination. We analyzed cross-sectional data from a study of 5147 fifth-grade students and their parents from public schools in 3 US metropolitan areas. We used multivariate logistic regression (overall and strati...

Using data from 335,249 Medicare beneficiaries who responded to the 2007 Medicare Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) survey, along with data from 22 cognitive interviews, we investigated the reliability and validity of an instrument designed to assess beneficiaries' experiences with their prescription drug plans. Compos...

Evidence that persons with HIV who reside in states with stricter DUI penalties drink less might suggest that changes to alcohol policy might improve the health of persons with HIV and reduce the rate of new infections. Using multi-level modeling and data from the national HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study, we examined how states' DUI-related...

There is increasing evidence that youth exposure to sexual content on television shapes sexual attitudes and behavior in a manner that may influence reproductive health outcomes. To our knowledge, no previous work has empirically examined associations between exposure to television sexual content and adolescent pregnancy. Data from a national longi...

Adjust for subgroup differences in extreme response tendency (ERT) in ratings of health care, which otherwise obscure disparities in patient experience. 117,102 respondents to the 2004 Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Medicare Fee-for-Service survey. Multinomial logistic regression is used to model respondents' use of...

We examine longitudinal relationships between virginity pledging in adolescence and both sexual initiation and condom use. Prior studies have had mixed results and may not adequately control for prepledge differences between pledgers and nonpledgers. Data came from a national sample of 12- to 17-year-olds surveyed in 2001 and reinterviewed 1 and 3...

Religious congregations reach many lives, and some believe congregations could play an influential role in the fight against HIV/AIDS. However, there have been few systematic assessments of congregational engagement in this area. Here we report on in-depth case studies of 14 congregations located in high-risk, urban areas of a large west coast metr...

Introduction: Alcohol consumption can be harmful, especially among persons with chronic diseases such as HIV. Alcohol policies influence drinking in the general population. However, we are unaware of studies examining this issue among people with HIV. Methods: Using multi-level modeling, we examined how individuals' drinking correlated with state...

To evaluate a worksite based parenting programme-Talking Parents, Healthy Teens-designed to help parents learn to address sexual health with their adolescent children. Randomised controlled trial (April 2002-December 2005). 13 worksites in southern California. 569 parents completed baseline surveys at work, gave permission for confidential surveys...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the propensity of HIV-infected adults to seek care for common symptoms, and to determine whether they would seek care in the emergency department (ED) or with their primary care provider. DESIGN: Cross-sectional interview study. SETTING: Patients in care in the 48 contiguous United States. PARTICIPANTS: A nationally representat...

Most studies of parent-adolescent communication about sexuality focus on the frequency of communication without distinguishing between the breadth of topics covered and repetition. The goal of this study was to assess the independent influence of breadth and repetition of sexual discussion on adolescents' perceptions of their relationship and commu...

This project evaluated the feasibility and safety of a community-planned and financed program of non-occupational post exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) for 100 individuals. Individuals seeking nPEP within 72 hours of a potential HIV exposure were provided 28-day treatment using twice-daily lamivudine and zidovudine. Participants received a physical exam...

We propose the pooled estimator of kappa, an efficient estimator when summarizing the interrater agreement for qualitative data with many items but few subjects. We evaluate this estimator through a simulation of proposed and alternative (average kappa) estimators and subsequently apply our method to calculate pooled and average kappas over 2,176 r...

The enhanced sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) provides an opportunity for estimating the prevalence of untreated Chlamydia trachomatis infections. The transmissibility and public health significance of some NAAT-identified infections are, however, not known. Adults attending an urban emergency department provided specimens for...

A Spanish-language consumer report on health plan quality was developed for the Consumer Assessments of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) project. Multiple translations, a committee review, and a readability assessment were performed to produce a draft Spanish report. The report was revised on the basis of a series of cognitive interviews wi...

Research Objective: To determine whether the contributions of composite measures of patient experience to overall hospital ratings on the HCAHPS Survey (also known as the CAHPS Hospital Survey) vary by hospitalization type. Study Design: We defined 24 hospitalization types using a combination of major diagnostic category and service line (medical,...

Consumer Assessment of Health Care Providers and Systems (CAHPS) is an organized effort to provide consumers with standardized, comprehensible, and usable data regarding consumers' experiences with health care. In its Medicare and other summary reports, CAHPS emphasizes the frequency of the most positive experiences. Cognitive models of survey resp...

This study explored how HIV care differs for infected persons with and without severe mental illness. Data were obtained through interviews with and chart review of 295 patients with severe mental illness and HIV from public mental health agencies in Los Angeles County and New York City. Data were compared with data from 1,294 HIV patients without...

This study sought to describe religiosity and denominational affiliation among the U.S. population living with HIV and to test whether either is associated with HIV-related sexual risk behaviors. A nationally representative sample of 1,421 people in care for HIV, 932 of whom reported recent sexual activity, was utilized. Religiosity was associated...

This article examines the reporting of Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPSO) consumer experience data by sponsors, those that fund data collection and decide how information is summarized and disseminated. We found that sponsors typically publicly reported comparative data to consumers, employers, and/or purchasers. They...

To help Medicare beneficiaries and their intermediaries select the best health plan, CMS publicly reports comparative plan information. Using a laboratory version of Medicare Health Plan Compare that involved a simulated plan choice by 359 Medicare intermediaries, we experimentally investigated plan recommendations with and without disenrollment in...

The American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Society for Adolescent Medicine recommend discussing sexual orientation as part of the health supervision of all adolescents. Little is known about whether lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth hide their orientation from health care providers, which can potentially lead...

Using a national, telephone survey of 1,762 adolescents aged 12-17 years, this study identifies the prospective predictors of exposure to television's sexual content with a particular emphasis on the contributions of teenagers' sexual readiness versus household television policies. Though believing that one's friends approve of sex and having great...

We examined potential correlates of sex without HIV disclosure within a sample of 875 participants from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. Interviews with each participant assessed sexual activities with up to six recent partners, and this study included both respondent and partnership characteristics. Compared with marriage and/or primar...

This study describes persons with serious mental illness and comorbid HIV infection and examines the effect of co-location of mental health and HIV care on satisfaction, service utilization, and appropriateness of care. One hundred and eighteen subjects completed interviews and gave blood samples; medical records were abstracted. Most reported few...

Early sexual activity is a significant problem in the United States. A recent survey suggested that most sexually experienced teens wish they had waited longer to have intercourse; other data indicate that unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases are more common among those who begin sexual activity earlier. Popular music may contribut...

We conducted a randomized, multi-site, controlled trial of a cognitive-behavioral adherence intervention for patients initiating or changing an antiretroviral (ART) regimen. A 3 x 2 factorial design was used with the primary randomization assigning patients (1: 1: 1) to one of two adherence interventions or usual care. The five-session adherence in...

We examined correlates of deliberate sexual abstinence among gay/bisexual men, heterosexual men, and women in a national probability sample of adults with HIV. Participants in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS; n=1339) answered questions about oral, anal, or vaginal sexual intercourse in the past 6 months; those who reported none o...

Individuals with serious mental illness are at higher risk for HIV than are members of the general population. Although studies have shown that individuals with serious mental illness experience less adequate care and worse physical health outcomes than comparable patients without serious mental illness, little is known about HIV care among individ...

This study used multiple-group structural equation modeling to test a model explaining the association between exposure to televised sexual content and initiation of intercourse among an ethnically diverse national sample of 1,292 adolescents. The authors hypothesized, on the basis of social-cognitive theory, that exposure to televised sexual conte...

Perceived discrimination in clinical settings could discourage HIV-infected people from seeking health care, adhering to treatment regimens, or returning for follow-up. This study aims to determine whether HIV-infected people perceive that physicians and other health care providers have discriminated against them. Cross-sectional data (1996 to 1997...

We conducted a literature search to review studies that presented quantitative data on sexually transmitted disease (STD) screening in non-traditional settings in the United States. We examined the studies for evidence of the feasibility of screening, population size reached, acceptability, yield, and potential for contributing to STD control. We f...

To assess patients' use of and preferences for information about technical and interpersonal quality when using simulated, computerized health care report cards to select a primary care provider (PCP). Primary data collected from 304 adult consumers living in Los Angeles County in January and February 2003. We constructed computerized report cards...

Previous studies of female sex workers engaged in prostitution have focused primarily on street-based workers, who are more visible and approachable than women working off the street. As part of a study estimating the size and characteristics of the work force of female prostitutes in Los Angeles County, we examined the hidden population of women w...

Concern about duplicates in an anonymous surveyGeneral frameworks for record linkageEstimating probabilities of duplication in the Los Angeles Women's Health Risk StudyDiscussion

Drug-using men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV infection. Efforts to change behaviors in this population have been hampered by difficulties in recruiting drug-using MSM into behavioral interventions. This study sought to develop an effective strategy for recruiting drug-using MSM into behavioral interve...

This study examined the needs of people with severe mental illness and HIV. Results were based on interviews and CD4 counts of 294 individuals who received services from the Los Angeles County or the New York City public mental health system. Common unmet needs included financial assistance, housing, and mental health care. Thirty percent of the pa...

We estimated the proportion of adults receiving HIV care who are involved in abusive close relationships and identified factors associated with abuse perpetration and victimization. A nationally representative sample of 1,421 persons in care for HIV included 51% who reported having a close relationship (a spouse or a primary relationship partner) d...

Early sexual initiation is an important social and health issue. A recent survey suggested that most sexually experienced teens wish they had waited longer to have intercourse; other data indicate that unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases are more common among those who begin sexual activity earlier. The American Academy of Pedia...

To provide an overview of a multisite, long-term study that focuses on risk and protective factors, health behaviors (e.g., dietary practices, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and violent activity), and health outcomes (e.g., diabetes, obesity, and sexually transmitted diseases) for a fifth-grade cohort to be followed biennially from ages 10 to 20...

A review of research on the reporting of health care quality information and related fields in applied social and cognitive science led to identification of seven basic principles that should be followed when planning to report health care quality information to consumers or other audiences: (a) know the audience: who they are, what they care about...

Although several studies have examined the relationship between symptoms of depression or psychological distress and medication adherence, this is the first published study of HIV antiretroviral adherence and its correlates among persons diagnosed with serious mental illness. Forty-five of 47 (96%) participants completed a two-week study in which t...

Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a research approach that includes participants in key roles in design, implementation and dissemination. PAR, therefore, is a useful tool for HIV interventions; especially for African American and Latino communities. This paper examines how PAR can be distinguished from other research designs, the major method...

Television is often decried as a negative influence on the sexual attitudes and behavior of America's adolescents. However, television occasionally includes messages about the risks of having sex that may have a positive effect on youth. To assess the impact of condom-efficacy messages in an episode of Friends on teens. Design, Setting, and Partici...

HIV-infected patients commonly use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), but it is not known how often CAM is used as a complement or as a substitute for conventional HIV therapy. To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with CAM use with potential for adverse effects and CAM substitution for conventional HIV medication. Cross-sect...

Substance use is associated with increased risk for HIV transmission by HIV-positive people to uninfected partners through sexual contact. The largest risk groups for infection, men who have sex with men (MSM) and injecting drug users (IDUs), have high rates of substance use, but little is known about their substance use post-HIV diagnosis. We comp...