David F. J. Campbell

Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt · Institute of Science Communication and Higher Education Research

For an understanding of the concept of the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Innovation Systems, it is essential to realize that the Quadruple and Quintuple Helices are based on democracy and ecology. This has two implications: (1) the further advancement and evolution of knowledge and innovation are requiring a co-evolution with democracy or knowledge...

Der Bericht umfasst eine Sammlung von 14 internationalen, als innovativ bezeichneten Hochschulkonzepten im Bereich der Lehre, Curriculum sowie Studierendenrekrutierung.

Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Innovation Systems aim to optimize the design and operation of modern, democratic societies and economies in a smart, sustainable, inclusive, resilient and efficacious manner via the cyber-physical ecosystems that align with Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0 precepts. In this context, the Quintuple Innovation Helix Framewor...

The article presents results of an Erasmus+ project that aimed at suggesting a comprehensive performance indicator set for learning and teaching. Based on a benchlearning exercise among the six project universities, the article presents findings of an exploratory research on the assessment of the developed indicator set by members of four stakehold...

Quadruple and Quintuple Helix innovation systems are based on democracy and ecology. Two propositions are here key: (1) without a democracy or knowledge democracy, the further advancement of knowledge and innovation are seriously constrained, so in that sense, knowledge and innovation evolution depend on democracy and knowledge democracy; (2) ecolo...

This paper aims to explore a possible relationship between democracy and the environment, more specifically between freedom and environmental sustainability (environmental performance). The conceptual lenses of the Quadruple and Quintuple Innovation Helix Frameworks were used as they emphasize the importance of democracy and ecology (environmental...

Digital is everywhere; from digitization (the process of transforming analog information in digital data) to digital transformation (problem-solving via digital technology), all sectors focus on the new normal of digital disruption. Driven by the consulting industry, the methodology of digitalization and digital transformation is already nearly sta...

Due to an increased and increasing automatization (robotic manufacturing) and digitalization and a more widespread and increased use of AI (artificial intelligence and logarithms), the character of labor and work in more general will change dramatically in the near future. While the significant transition from an agricultural society toward an indu...

In this chapter, we argue for the pedagogical importance of a nuanced understanding of creativity as a communicative and collaborative phenomenon in the field of university education. Especially training undergraduate students to work in interdisciplinary groups is vital as many of those will have to develop into “young leaders” and solve the major...

The transformation of Industry 4.0 will destroy labor, and the transformation of Industry 4.0 will create new labor, so finally there even may be more (new) labor. This requires, however, to reorganize labor and education in innovative and progressive approaches, so that then the net gain of new labor has the full potential of even to outpace the l...

The “category of labor” is included as a basic concept in the terminology of many humanitarian, social, and economic disciplines, such as philosophy, economics, sociology, psychology, and anthropology. Definitions of this category are spreading over a broad spectrum. The heterogeneity of the concept of labor is related to the fact that, firstly, th...

Asymmetric international mobility of highly talented scientists is well documented. We contribute to the explanation of this phenomenon, looking at the “competitiveness” of research universities in terms of being able to attract talented early stage researchers. We propose a new hybrid quantitative-qualitative methodology for comparing the top tier...

“What can be digitized, will be digitized” (Campbell and Hanschitz 2018, p. 88). Our analysis here is an academic contribution to the innovation of tax policies and digital facilitation. In our view, AI driven (artificial-intelligence-driven) “Online Tax Accounts” could not only make the tax declarations of individuals and companies easier and cheap...

Self-employment, as an economic and labour phenomenon, contributes noticeably to the economy of many countries. This paper presents an analytical review of the literature of 1970–2017, on the subject of self-employment and freelance as a new form of self-employment, and reveals tendencies and perspectives for the development of self-employment in c...

There are higher levels of economic than political freedom in the world. Economic freedom is more widespread, whereas political freedom appears to be more constrained, when referred to as global phenomena. Economic freedom not necessarily requires also political freedom, so there can be economic freedom without political freedom (or a coexistence o...

Arguments can be developed that the higher the degrees of economic development are, then the more likely it is that advanced economic development also requires the development of a democracy. In that respect, we can expect certain associations (or also a coevolution) between quality of democracy, knowledge democracy, and knowledge economy. So there...

With regard to quality of democracy, neither the USA nor the European Union leads clearly, when being compared with each other on empirical grounds. In empirical terms, neither the USA nor the European Union expresses or demonstrates a clear lead in quality of democracy. In political freedom, the EU15 leads marginally over the USA, but the USA lead...

Quality of democracy can also be associated with knowledge democracy. Knowledge democracy emphasizes the importance of knowledge and innovation for the quality of democracy and the sustainable development of democracy, society and economy. Expectations are that democracies with a higher quality of democracy also will be knowledge democracies. “Demo...

The one established standard for democracy research is to refer democracy to the three dimensions of freedom, equality, and control (see, e.g., Lauth 2004). For the purpose of applying an underlying conceptual (and theoretical) model for the empirical measurement of democracies worldwide, the decision was to create and to opt for a quintuple-dimens...

There is a tendency that in world context and averaged as world means the non-political indicators grow (grew) faster and express a more dynamic profile of progress, progressing, and advancement than the political indicators. For example, the redesigned Human Development Index as well as non-political sustainable development outperforms the compreh...

Peaceful political swings and government/opposition cycles mark a crucial distinction and line of division between democracy and non-democracy. Democracies are characterized by substantially higher frequencies of government/opposition cycles (in more particular) and political swings (in more general) than non-democracies (where they are less freque...

The Wikipedia definition of knowledge, also cross-referencing to the Oxford English dictionary, lists as a crucial element of knowledge “the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.” The Wikipedia definition furthermore associates knowledge to “expertise, and skills” that a person may have gained either by experience or through educatio...

The author team of Gibbons, Limoges, Nowotny, Schwartzman, Scott, and Trow (Gibbons et al., 1994) distinguishes between two different modes of knowledge production. “Mode 1” focuses on the traditional role of university research in an elderly “linear model of innovation” understanding. This reflects a basic university research, interested in “first...

The Lancet Commission (2017) has released a critical report on the ecological status of the world, with the following core assessment:

Society could be designed or understood to consist of different subsystems (or systems). The political system and the economic system are such examples. Politics and the economy are being embedded by society; thus society, in this understanding, is more comprehensive than politics and the economy. For every societal subsystem, the other subsystems...

Universities, or higher education institutions (HEIs) in more general, have three main functions: teaching and education, research (research and experimental development, R&D), and the so-called “third mission” activities, for example, innovation (Campbell & Carayannis, 2013b, p. 5). In reference to “arts universities” now, the question and challen...

This book assesses the interconnectedness of democracy and economic development. It concentrates on how to conceptualize and to measure democracy and quality of democracy in global comparison. The author makes the argument that a quality-of-democracy understanding based on sustainable development relates crucially with economic growth, but more so...

This book explores the ways in which education impacts labor markets. Specifically, the contributions in this book indicate that the future of labor is creative, socially aware and inter-disciplinary while identifying the changes and innovations needed in our educational systems to meet this demand. Due to an increasing automatization (robotic manu...

Ever since the evolution towards knowledge society, research interests in domains of Knowledge Management and Learning Sciences have risen exponentially. There is increased focus on understanding processes that enable groups to co-create knowledge, referred to as Collaborative Knowledge Building (CKB). This paper develops a meta-theory for CKB, whe...

This article seeks to shed light on the critical role of interdisciplinary qualities for the societal relevance of Political Science. It traces the historical development of Austrian Political Science embedded in the larger international context and by considering the cases of the United States, France, Germany and Italy. It serves as a means to de...

This book and the contributions to this book look on the future of museums, by focusing on the museum of the future and by moving with further steps “beyond.” The chapters refer all to a specific set of questions that drive the analysis. For further discussion, the following propositions can be identified: (1) Museums continuously play and will pla...

This book focuses on the future of museums. Several questions are being addressed: What is the role of museums for art and society? How will museums change, and how do they have to change? How do museums refer to new modes of art production, and how is this being influenced by shifting and radical technology and technologies? How does the communica...

This introduction to the special issue “Geography & Entrepreneurship: Managing Growth and Change” in the Journal of The Knowledge Economy includes a collection of seven papers. Through theoretical and empirical research, this special issue aims to clarify the connection between geography and entrepreneurship. In doing so, growth strategies and chan...

The main objective of the paper is to examine if 'Mode 3' universities represent a new and advanced type of an entrepreneurial university, perhaps transcending the entrepreneurial university, and identify the specific characteristics of 'Mode 3' universities. According to its definition, a 'Mode 3' university represents a type of organisation capab...

This book explores―at the macro, meso and micro levels and in terms of qualitative as well as quantitative studies―the current and future role of museums for art and society. Given the dynamic developments in art and society, museums need to change in order to remain (and in some ways, regain) relevance. This relevance is in the sense of a power to...

This volume covers a wide spectrum of issues relating to economic and political development enabled by information and communication technology (ICT). Showcasing contributions from researchers, industry leaders, and policymakers, this Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and opportunities created by technological innovations...

Hochschulforschung und -management sind zwei gleichwertige, aber nicht gleichartige Elemente des Hochschulwesens. Hochschulforschung als Forschungsgebiet beschäftigt sich mit Themen der „Hochschulwesen“ auf System-, Institutions- und Akteurenebene. So agiert Hochschulmanagement als neoliberales Konzept innerhalb und zwischen diesen Ebenen und biete...

Digitalization, automatization, and social media interaction do not only influence our everyday lives but also change the way we think (Naughton, J. The internet: Is it changing the way we think? The Guardian, 2010) and especially, how we solve complex tasks. People search and find answers to complex questions via Google, Apple Siri, Amazon Echo, a...

Regions are increasingly being viewed as eco-systemic agglomerations of organizational and institutional entities or stakeholders with socio-technical, socio-economic, and socio-political conflicting as well as converging (co-opetitive) goals, priorities, expectations, and behaviors that they pursue via entrepreneurial development, exploration, exp...

Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Innovation Systems While for the Triple Helix model the existence of a democracy is not necessary for knowledge production and innovation, the Quadruple Helix is here more explicit. The way, how the Quadruple Helix is being engineered, designed and “architected”, from that it is clear that there cannot be a Quadruple H...

The central research question of this paper is how a regional or national (spatial) innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystem (SIEES) can function in a sustainable mode under conditions of uncertainty of an external environment. As an attempt to answer this question, the authors consider to approach the idea of sustainable development from the stand...

The Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Innovation Theory was developed and designed almost 10 years ago (Carayannis and Campbell, Technology Management 46(3/4):201–234, 2009; Carayannis and Campbell, International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 1(1):41–69, 2010; Carayannis and Campbell, Mode 3 knowledge production in quadruple hel...

Access to environment-friendly technologies is the key to enable the implementation of the newly adopted Sustainable Development Goals and especially goal number seven to “ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.” It remains an issue that the transfer of such technologies is highly politicized. This analysis wa...

Blessed and at the same time cursed by the availability and presence of natural resources (African fossil energies), Libya has always constituted to be of a particular interest for the West. Due to the largely underdeveloped and rudimentary Internet use, and with a barely existing shared identity that would contribute to a sense of nationality, the...

The academic firm is a type of firm (firm-based organization or institution) that is being driven by focusing on encouraging, supporting, and advancing knowledge production (research, research and experimental development, R&D) and knowledge application (innovation). The academic firm interprets and qualifies a disciplinary (interdisciplinary) vari...

Epistemic governance and epistemic innovation policy formulate a critique against too-narrowly defined approaches to governance, where governance follows one-sidedly bureaucratic or technocratic considerations. Instead, epistemic governance (also quality management and quality enhancement) and epistemic innovation policy should be regarded as a ple...

While for the Triple Helix model the existence of a democracy is not necessary for knowledge production and innovation, the Quadruple Helix is here more explicit. The way, how the Quadruple Helix is being engineered, designed, and “architected,” from that it is clear that there cannot be a Quadruple Helix innovation system without democracy or a de...

Epistemic governance and epistemic innovation policy formulate a critique against too-narrowly defined approaches to governance, where governance follows one-sidedly bureaucratic or technocratic considerations. Instead, epistemic governance (also quality management and quality enhancement) and epistemic innovation policy should be regarded as a ple...

With the comprehensive term of “Mode 3,” we want to draw a conceptual link between systems and systems theory and want to demonstrate further how this can be applied to knowledge in the next steps. Systems can be understood as being composed of “elements”, which are tied together by a “self-rationale”. For innovation, often innovation clusters and...

The academic firm is a type of firm (firm-based organization or institution) that is being driven by focusing on encouraging, supporting, and advancing knowledge production (research, research and experimental development, R&D) and knowledge application (innovation). The academic firm interprets and qualifies a disciplinary (interdisciplinary) vari...

The academic firm is a type of firm (firm-based organization or institution) that is being driven by focusing on encouraging, supporting, and advancing knowledge production (research, research and experimental development, R&D) and knowledge application (innovation). The academic firm interprets and qualifies a disciplinary (interdisciplinary) vari...

The traditional understanding of arts emphasizes the aesthetic dimension of arts. Art and arts can also be understood (and re-invented) as a manifestation of knowledge, knowledge production and knowledge creation. Furthermore, knowledge production and knowledge creation extend to knowledge application and knowledge use. The here presented approach...

ARIS (Arts, Research, Innovation, and Society) is being conceptualized to add to the understanding of how art, research, innovation, and society are being interlinked in structure and process, and which creative and innovative designs are possible. Arts, artistic research and arts-based innovation are essential for the further progress in sustainab...

From Development as Democracy to Innovation as Development: Current local, regional, and global economic and financial conditions and trends make the need to trigger, catalyze and accelerate high quantity and quality entrepreneurial initiatives that are based on high quality and quantity innovations. Given the uncertainty and change inherent in the...

The analytical research question of this contribution is twofold. (1) To develop (and to proto-type) a conceptual framework of analysis for a global comparison of quality of democracy. This framework also references to the concept of the “Quadruple Helix innovation systems” (Carayannis and Campbell). (2) The same conceptual framework is being used...

The central research question for this article is: How can democracy and the quality of democracy be measured globally and empirically? Certainly, democracy measurement represents a wider research field; however, this article wants to contribute to it by offering to the reader an introduction and by giving first views about the ideas of democracy m...

This book explores - at the macro, meso and micro levels and in terms of qualitative as well as quantitative studies - theories, policies and practices about the contributions of artistic research and innovations towards defining new forms of knowledge, knowledge production, as well as knowledge diffusion, absorption and use. Artistic research, art...

Creativity in general and the arts in particular are increasingly recognized as drivers of cultural, economic, political, social, and scientific innovation and development. The title of this first book and the title of the whole book series are identical. This should underline the character and intent of the first book, which is to explore in an op...

This chapter tries to identify and analyse different stages of an academic career from the early stages as a PhD candidate via the selective postdoctoral phase towards reaching permanent employment, preferably but not necessarily as a tenured university professor. As academic career paths and perspectives are currently in a state of transformation...

Arts, democracy, and innovation co-evolve. While for the Triple Helix model the existence of a democracy is not necessary for knowledge production and innovation, the Quadruple Helix is here more explicit. The way how the Quadruple Helix is being engineered, designed, and ‘architected’ clearly shows that there cannot be a Quadruple Helix innovation...

The analytical research question of this contribution is twofold: (1) to compare the quality of democracy of the USA internationally and to assess (evaluate) American democracy, whereas assessing (evaluation) in this scenario refers to putting results of the comparative rating in the form of propositions (theses) for further discussions; (2) this s...

The effects of the internet have proved to be a major catalyst for democratic reform in the Middle East. These changes have been mainly attributed to social media networks and the free flow of information through the internet. The purpose of this analysis is to uncover the degree and impact these movements have played in the Middle East through cyb...

In this volume, contributors from academia, industry, and policy explore the inter-connections among economic development, socio-political democracy and defense and security in the context of a profound transformation, spurred by globalization and supported by the rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICT). This powerful...

This article presents the semi-aquatic theory motivated to provide an explanation for why or how did language of the modern humans develop? Key propositions of this theory are early hominids went through a semi-aquatic evolutionary phase and that this semi-aquatic environment exposed the early hominids to frequent visual reflections of their own im...

The analysis is guided by the following research question: Based on the self-perception of academic faculty (academic staff) of the evaluation of research and teaching at universities, which groups of countries do emerge or may be indicated for further exploration? The basic idea is to create a comparison of evaluation at universities (in higher ed...

This chapter is being guided by the following main research question: How does the academic profession perceive the evaluation of research and teaching in higher education? Possible governance references for higher education may be the “New Public Management (NPM)” and “Network Governance”. For further discussion, and based on empirical results of...

This article presents the semi-aquatic theory motivated to provide an explanation for why or how did language of the modern humans develop? Key propositions of this theory are early hominids went through a semi-aquatic evolutionary phase and that this semi-aquatic environment exposed the early hominids to frequent visual reflections of their own im...

For the further progress of advanced knowledge society, advanced knowledge economy and advanced knowledge democracy, universities and the higher education sector are crucial for driving development. How should the governance of higher education, the quality enhancement of universities and the careers of academic faculty (the academic profession) be...

Developed and developing economies alike face increased resource scarcity and competitive rivalry. In this context, science and technology appear as an essential source of competitive and sustainable advantage at national and regional levels. However, the key determinant of their efficacy is the quality and quantity of entrepreneurship-enabled inno...

The Triple Helix innovation model focuses on university-industry-government relations. The Quadruple Helix embeds the Triple Helix by adding as a fourth helix the ‘media-based and culture-based public’ and ‘civil society’. The Quintuple Helix innovation model is even broader and more comprehensive by contextualizing the Quadruple Helix and by addit...

Alessandro Cavalli and Ulrich Teichler introduce the following definition for “academic profession”: “The academic profession is the ‘productive workforce’ of higher education institutions and research institutes, the key organizations in society serving the generation, preservation and dissemination of systematic knowledge. There is a general cons...

In the following, we present a comprehensive analysis of governance of and in higher education that is based largely on a literature review, thus representing publicly accessible knowledge. We address and cover key publications on these topics, which were released in recent years. This also defines our first research question. Our second research q...

In etymological terms, the origin of the word “governance” comes from the ancient Greek verb kybernein (κυβερνεĩν, infinitive) or kybernao (κυβερνάω, first person) that meant steering, guiding, or maneuvering a ship or a land-based vehicle, and was used the first time metaphorically by Plato for depicting the governing of men or people (people woul...

Conventionally, in a standard understanding, governance is being associated with governments. However, governance also could be used more generally with regard to strategies and decision-making of political and non-political organizations and institutions. Under the general title of “good governance” the United Nations Economic and Social Commissio...

This article develops an inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary framework of analysis that relates knowledge, innovation and the environment (natural environments) to each other. For that purpose the five-helix structure model of the Quintuple Helix is being introduced. The Triple Helix model, designed by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000), focuse...