Darryl Cochrane

Massey University · School of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition

Purpose: To enhance performance in race riding, knowledge of current training workload is required. The objectives of this study were to quantify the physiological demands and profile the muscle activity of jockeys riding track-work. Methods: Ten apprentice jockeys and 48 horses were instrumented with heart-rate monitors, accelerometers, and a s...

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative levels of engagement novice field-hockey players had with the intent of the game's fundamental performance variables while playing on natural and artificial grass surfaces. Twenty novice male and female players (mean age 10.28 ± 0.62 years) were randomly assigned to two groups. A cross-over st...

Physiological parameters and muscle activity of jockeys may affect their fall and injury risk, performance, and career longevity, as well as the performance and welfare of the horses they ride. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the physiological demands, body displacement, and electromyographic (EMG) activity of twelve jockeys riding 52 trial...

The aim of the study was to determine the differences in hand-grip strength and strength-related anthropometric parameters between the highest-performance international paddlers (HILP) and other international paddlers (ILP) in canoe slalom. In male competitors (n=48; 23 canoeists and 25 kayakers) who took part in the 2018 European championship even...

This study investigates the usefulness of a 10 Hz GPS device for tracking scalar performance in canoe slalom through assessing the validity of automated-informed-aerial video tracking (30 fps and 10 fps) and GPS capability in relation to a known track. Additionally, a real-world (canoe-slalom). A comparison between manual-aerial video tracking (10...

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes progressive changes in the musculoskeletal system compromising neuromuscular control especially in the hands. Whole-body vibration (WBV) could be an alternative for the rehabilitation in this population. This study investigated the immediate effect of WBV while in the modified push-up position on neural...

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of short-term lumbopelvic stability training on muscular endurance and stability in elite female cyclists. Methods: Twenty-four female road cyclists were randomly allocated to a core training group (CTG, n=12) or control group (CG, n=12). In addition to their scheduled training the...

This study aimed to examine thirteen seasons of flat racing starts (n = 388,964) in the context of an ecological system and identify metrics that describe the inherent characteristics and constraints of the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. During the thirteen years examined, there was a 2–3% per year reduction in the number of races, start...

Horse racing and training is a physically demanding sport. The aims of this study were to quantify the physical activities of jockeys during a working week and to investigate self-reported fall and injury incidence rates of jockeys at work. A daily workload diary examining workday and physical activities was emailed to all jockeys licensed to ride...

Objectives: To determine if a change in vertical jump performance from acute whole-body vibration can be explained by indirectly assessing spindle sensitivity from electromechanical delay. Methods: Using a counter-balanced design, twenty college-aged participants performed whole-body vibration (WBV) and control treatments. WBV included 10 interv...

This study utilized resonant frequency vibration to the upper body to determine changes in pain, stiffness and isometric strength of the biceps brachii after eccentric damage. Thirty-one participants without recent resistance training were randomized into three groups: a Control (C) group and two eccentric exercise groups (No vibration (NV) and Vib...

Constipation is common in young children and results in approximately 350 hospitalisations per 100,000 population for 0-4-year-olds. Constipation can become chronic in more than one-third of those affected. The purpose of this article is to provide an awareness and highlight the care planning, diagnosis and management in paediatric functional const...

The primary aim of this study was to determine the morphology of elite canoe slalom paddlers and to identity if morphology differences existed between kayak and canoe paddlers. The survey included a total of 74 canoe slalom paddlers who competed in the 2018 European Championship. These competitors were assessed using a battery of anthropometric dim...

This narrative review collates data from different equestrian disciplines, both amateur and professional, to describe the physiological demands, muscle activity and synchronicity of movement involved in jockeys riding in a race and to identify limitations within our current knowledge. A literature search was conducted in Web of Science, Google Scho...

Abstract: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) can cause functional disability. Neuromuscular function isrelevant in the development and progression of KOA. It can be evaluated by the analysis of the surfaceelectromyography (sEMG), which has an important role in the understanding of KOA. Whole-bodyvibration (WBV) is an intervention suggested to treat KOA. The...

The aim of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional survey of racing greyhound trainers in New Zealand in order to provide an overview of their training practices. A survey regarding training practices was posted to all registered greyhound training license holders in New Zealand in August 2019. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 4...

Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to firstly examine the effects of different whole-body vibration (WBV) frequencies in the lower-body muscles when applied simultaneously during a bridge exercise. Secondly, determine if there were any sex differences in the lower-body muscles of WBV during the bridge. Methods: Seven females and 7 mal...

The objectives of this study were to quantify the external workload of thoroughbred racing jockeys in relation to their experience and racing performance. The number of rides of 786 jockeys and apprentices who rode in 407,948 flat and 13,648 jumps racing starts over 14 seasons were examined. Jockey work (ride numbers, seasons riding) and performanc...

Professional thoroughbred racing jockeys repeatedly work close to physiological capacity during races, whilst maintaining low body weights, on a daily basis with no off-season. The effects of this on their career length is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the career lengths and reasons for loss from the industry of 674 jockeys and appr...

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) can cause functional disability. Neuromuscular function is relevant in the development and progression of KOA. It can be evaluated by the analysis of the surface electromyography (sEMG), which has an important role in the understanding of KOA. Whole-body vibration (WBV) is an intervention suggested to treat KOA. The object...

The importance of warm-up for subsequent exercise performance has been well documented. Various warm-up strategies have been implemented to optimise performance, which is dependent on the exerciser, sport, physical exertion, duration and recovery time between warm-up and the activity. Vibration exercise provides another technique for warming-up. It...

This biomechanistic approach of vibration exercise discusses the human body as a group of segments (foot, shank, thigh, trunk, head) balanced on top of each other. These segments are interlinked by joints, the stiffness of which is generated by the surrounding muscles. Reflexes and pre-tension of the muscles are important factors that modulate the...

Exercise is normally associated with an increased demand for transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide and substrate, thus requiring increases in cardiac output and heart rate. Equally important as the central cardiovascular response is the direction of blood flow towards the working musculature, and the microcirculation herein. Ample evidence indicates...

There are numerous training methods and equipment that can assist an athlete’s performance. Vibration exercise has gained popularity amongst coaches and conditioning experts for athletic development. The use of vibration exercise is varied and includes a single session or repeated bouts of exposure over weeks. Vibration has been included for injury...

COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease which leads to several clinical conditions related to the dysfunction of the respiratory system along with other physical and psychological complaints. Severely affected patients are referred to intensive care units (ICUs), limiting their possibilities for physical exercise. Whole body vibration (...

Objective To determine the incidence of, and risk factors for, race-day jockey falls occurring in Thoroughbred flat and jumps (hurdle and steeplechase) racing. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Incidence rates for race-day jockey falls over 14 racing seasons in New Zealand (n = 421,596 race-day starts) were calculated per 1,000 rides. Un...

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if WBV performed concurrently with static stretching was more effective than static stretching alone to increase dorsiflexion ROM (DFROM) in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Design Controlled laboratory study. Participants Thirty-nine participants with CAI (history of ankle spr...

With fatigue being such a dominant feature, it is important to define the timeline and its impact following exertion in individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). This study aimed to investigate the physiological effects of repeated graded maximal exercise testing at 48 and 72 hours, along with analysing the repor...

Objective: The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine whether a single session of vibration therapy (VT) would improve muscular and functional performance in individuals with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD). Methods: In a randomized, balanced cross-over design fourteen PAD participants with intermittent claudication (mean...

This study evaluated the effects of 6 weeks of whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise on flexibility and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in metabolic syndrome (MetS) individuals using 2 biomechanical conditions (fixed frequency [FF] and variable frequency [VF]). Nineteen MetS individuals were randomly allocated in FF-WBV (n = 9, 7 women and 2 m...

The measurement of body composition has become an important component in the diagnosis of health, physical conditioning and nutritional status. The aim of this study was to compare two methods of detecting body composition, bioelectrical impedance and air displacement plethysmography for athletes and non-athletes. Specifically, we compared the para...

[Purpose] The aim of this case study was to determine if VT could be included into a rehabilitation programme by monitoring the progress of muscle pain, range of motion and muscle strength. [Participant and Methods] An international male master hockey player sustained a medial gastrocnemius 5 cm tear prior to the World Cup. VT was applied early in...

Monaghan, DJ and Cochrane, DJ. Can backward sled towing potentiate sprint performance? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The objectives of this study were to determine whether backward sled towing can elicit a postactivation potentiation response to enhance forward 5-m sprint performance and to determine whether sled loading through a reduct...

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine the highest electromyography (EMG) amplitude of the gluteus maximus from closed and open kinetic gluteal maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs). [Participants and Methods] Ten healthy male rugby players performed three MVIC techniques that included, in random order: single leg squat, prone...

Background Whole body vibration exercise (WBVE) has been shown to improve muscular strength and power, and increase peripheral blood flow. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the skin temperature (Tsk) on regions of the lower limbs from an acute bout of WBVE.Methods and findingsCross-sectional study approved by local ethics commit...

Trial registration (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos—REBEC—RBR-738wng). (PDF)

Trend statement (TREND) checklist. (PDF)

Oliveira, MP, Menzel, H-JK, Cochrane, DJ, Drummond, MD, Demicheli, C, Lage, G, and Couto, BP. Individual responses to different vibration frequencies identified by electromyography and dynamometry in different types of vibration application. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-The application of mechanical vibration is a common neuromuscular t...

Cross-sectional study approved by local ethics committee (Certificado de Apresentação para Apreciação Ética - CAAE - 19826413.8.0000.5259) and Trial registration (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos – REBEC - RBR-738wng). Using Infrared thermography (IRT), Tsk and thermal symmetry of the posterior lower extremities (thigh, knee, calf and heel)...

Barnes, MJ, Petterson, A, and Cochrane, DJ. Peak power output and onset of muscle activation during high pull exercise. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) at which peak power output occurred during the high pull (HP) exercise. In addition, the onset time of th...

Objectives: To compare the effects of local-vibration and active warm-up on knee extensors muscle stiffness and neuromuscular performance. Design: Experimental crossover study. Methods: Thirteen participants performed three 15-min warm-up protocols of control (CON), active (ACT) and local-vibration (LV) in separate testing session. Passive sti...

It has been purported that the mechanism for muscular improvement after a gluteal warm-up protocol is likely to occur from neural activation. However, little is known about whether changes in muscular performance are due to changes in muscle activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether a lower-limb warm-up that targets the gl...

Introduction: Foam roller is a device used as a massage intervention for rehabilitation and fitness performance. Objective: To examine the effects on the ankle dorsiflexion mobility of the foam roller as well as the combination of foam roller and vibration applied to the ankle plantarflexors muscles, and to observe the possible cross-effect. Method...

Cochrane, DJ and Monaghan, D. Using sprint velocity decrement to enhance acute sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-Acute sled towing has the capability to elicit a potentiation. Currently, sled loading is determined from body mass (BM) percent. However, it may be more relevant to use a percentage of maximal sprint reduction...

Little is known about the effect of whole body vibration (WBV) has on specific sports action such as taekwondo kicking technique. Fifteen individuals (10 males and 5 females; 18.6 ± 2.1 years), performed two experimental protocols on separate days: A) 1 minute exposure at 26 Hz frequency of WBV followed by countermovement jump (CMJ) test; B) 1 minu...

During rugby scrummaging, front row forwards encounter high levels of force that has been suggested to cause transient fatigue and is likely to reduce subsequent performance. However, little is known about the effect of repetitive scrummaging on force output and onset of fatigue. Twelve male front row forwards (21.5±2.3 yr; height 185.7±4.4 cm; bod...

PurposeTo examine the acute and short-term effect of a wearable vibration device following strenuous eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Methods Physically active males (n = 13) performed vibration therapy (VT) and control following eccentric exercise. The arms were randomised and counterbalanced, separated by 14 days. 15 min of VT (120 Hz) wa...

A reduction in gluteus maximus (GM) strength may contribute to the etiology of musculoskeletal impairments and lower-extremity injuries. Currently, there is a paucity of evidence regarding the efficacy of implementing a short-term gluteal activation programme to improving muscle performance. Twenty four semi-professional rugby males were assigned r...

Background Nicotine use amongst athletes is high and increasing, especially team sports, yet the limited previous studies investigating the performance consequences of this behaviour have not examined the effects of the principal active ingredient, nicotine, per se. Therefore, we determined whether nicotine gum affected muscular and anaerobic perfo...

The aim of this study is to present a new method for determining the efficiency of take-off during a 60-s Bosco repeated vertical jump test. 15 physical education students (age: 21.5 ± 2.4 years; height: 1.81 ± 0.08 m; mass: 76 ± 9 kg) took part in the study. The data was measured by a pedobarographical system (Pedar-x; Novel, Munich, Germany). The...

This study compared the effects of six warm-up modalities on peak power output (PPO) during the high-pull exercise. Nine resistance-trained males completed six trials using different warm-ups: high-pull specific (HPS), cycle, whole body vibration (WBV), cycle+HPS, WBV+HPS and a control. Intramuscular temperature (Tm) was increased by 2°C using WBV...

The aim of the current study was to examine the acute effect of direct vibration has on bicep curl force-generating capacity. 11 healthy team and individual sport-trained males performed right and left DB bicep curl at 50% of 1 RM where peak force (PF), mean force (MF), rate of force development (RFD) and electromyography (EMG) were assessed during...

[Purpose] Previous studies have shown that stroke is associated with increased arterial stiffness that can be diminished by a program of physical activity. A novel exercise intervention, whole-body vibration (WBV), is reported to significantly improve arterial stiffness in healthy men and older sedentary adults. However, little is known about its e...

This study examined the acute effect of direct vibration on biceps brachii muscular power in master athletes. 10 healthy male national representative master field-hockey players were randomly assigned to receive 10 min of pulsing sinusoidal vibration or no vibration (control) to the right and left biceps brachii. Pre- and post-testing included lift...

The 1997 rule change in field hockey that removed the offside rule was, arguably, a watershed moment in the evolution of the game. Previous research sought to establish how this rule change had affected the way field-goals were being scored and coaches' philosophies towards practising that component of hockey. The Federation of International Hockey...

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of vibration warm-up to enhance sprint performance. 12 males involved in representative team sports performed 4 warm-up conditions in a randomised order performed at least 24 h apart; VbX warm-up (VbX-WU); Neural activation warm-up (Neu-WU); Dynamic warm-up (Dyn-WU) and Control (No VbX). Partici...

The aim of this current study was to assess the segmental fluid distribution, grip strength and injury occurrence in elite slalom kayakers and canoeists. Ninety three world--cup competitors (72 males; 21 females) took part in the study. Impedance analysis assessed segmental fluid asymmetry and a questionnaire evaluated injury occurrence during the...

The aim of this study was to determine the muscle activity and onset time of hip extensors during a closed kinetic chain exercise (deadlift) at sub-maximal loads of 30%, 40%, 50%, and 75% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Twelve healthy males with at least three years of resistance training experience volunteered for the study. Biceps femoris (BF) a...

Abstract The hip extensors are an important muscle group for sporting and functional movements, but assessing this muscle group for musculoskeletal dysfunction and strength testing has been performed in adult males and females as a prone, open-chain exercise, which provides little posture specificity for locomotive activities. Given the importance...

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of climbing ability and slope inclination on vertical loading both in terms the forces involved and physiological responses. Five novice and six intermediate female climbers completed a climbing route at three slope inclinations (85°, 90°, and 98°). The vertical loading during the climb was assessed by...

Vibration exercise (VbX) has gained popularity as a warm-up modality to enhance performance in golf, baseball and sprint cycling but little is known about the efficacy of using VbX as a warm-up prior to resistance exercise, such as deadlifting. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a deadlift (DL) specific warm-up, VbX warm-up and Con...

The aim of the study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of different arm positions for finger flexor strength measurement in sport climbers. Forty six climbers completed finger flexor strength measurement on a climbing specific device with four different arm positions: 1 - handgrip, shoulder flexed at 0°, elbow fully extended; 2 - shoulde...

Background and Study Aim: The pre-competitive weight reduction is very common in combat sports and it can have negative impact not only on performance but also on health. The purpose of this study was the knowledge about the impact weight reduction pre-competitive judo on indicators of body composition, anthropometric variables and maximum isometri...

Hypercapnia impairs cerebrovascular control during rapid changes in blood pressure (BP); however, data concerning the effect of hypercapnia on steady state, nonpharmacological increases in BP is scarce. We recruited fifteen healthy volunteers (mean ± SD: age, 28 ± 6 years; body mass, 77 ± 12 kg) to assess the effect of hypercapnia on cerebrovascula...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute vibration exercise, at 2 different frequencies, on upper body power output. Muscle activity (EMG) and upper-body peak power was measured in 12 healthy males during ballistic bench press throws at 30% of 1-repetition maximum on a Smith machine. Measures were made prior to, 30 s and 5 min...

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of vibration exercise (VbX) on repetitive horizontal jumping performance and to examine the duration of the rest interval between the horizontal jump sets following acute VbX. Fourteen track athlete males (age 20.8 ± 1.8 yr; height 1.80 ± 0.05 m; body mass 73.1 ± 7.5 kg) performed four condi...

Objectives: To examine the post-exercise cross-transfer effects of acute whole body vibration (WBV). Methods: Seventeen healthy male volunteers (20.8 ± 1.2 y) performed three unilateral vibration conditions in a randomized order: 1) WBV-50 Hz [high amplitude]; 2) WBV-30 Hz [low amplitude]; and 3) a control no WBV condition (Sham) applied to the...

The Valsalva maneuver (VM) produces large and abrupt increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at the onset of strain (Phase I), however, hypotension, sufficient to induce syncope, occurs upon VM release (phase III). We examined the effect of VM intensity and duration on middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) responses. Healthy men (n =10; me...

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between submaximal and maximal physiological responses to rock climbing for climbers of differing abilities. Methods: Twenty-six male climbers performed a submaximal climbing test on a known circuit at 90° (vertical) and 105° (15° overhanging) inclination and speed 25 movements · min(-1)...

Vibration exercise (VbX) has been a popular modality to enhancing physical performance, where various training methods and techniques have been employed to improve immediate and long-term sprint performance. However, the use of acute side-alternating VbX on sprint and agility performance remains unclear. Eight female athletes preformed side-alterna...

Introduction/PurposeUpright resistance exercise causes large transient fluctuations in blood pressure during and immediately following the performance. We examined the effect of resistance load and number of repetitions on the middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) response during and following upright squatting exercise. Healthy males (n=12;...

Abstract Issues of high levels of muscular asymmetry have been associated with injury risk, and therefore have potential implications for decremental performance at the elite sport level. The aim of this current study was to assess the relationship between the segmental fluid distribution and the paddle grip in elite male and female slalom kayakers...

Lower body positive pressure (LBPP) has been used in the treatment of haemorrhagic shock and in offsetting g-force induced fluid shifts. However, the middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv) response to supine LBPP is unknown. Fifteen healthy volunteers (mean ± SD: age, 26 ± 5 year; body mass, 79 ± 10 kg; height, 174 ± 9 cm) completed 5 mi...

Abstract Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a resurgence of vibration technology to enhance sport science especially for power and force development. However, vibration exercise has been trialled in other areas that are central to athlete performance such as warm-up, flexibility and sprint speed. Therefore, the aim of this review wa...

Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) has gained rapid popularity as a post-exercise recovery modality. Despite its widespread use and anecdotal claims for enhancing muscle recovery there is no scientific evidence to support its use. 10 healthy, active males performed a strenuous bout of eccentric exercise (3 sets of 100 repetitions) followed by...

To examine whether an 8-week period of side-alternating whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise is an acceptable and effective exercise intervention to improve and maintain functional performance in multiple sclerosis people. A total of 15 participants with MS (11 women [mean age 50.2 ± 6.9 years; body mass 65.7 ± 19.2 kg; height 165.3 ± 6.1 cm; EDSS 3...