Dariusz Garbiec

• PhD, DSc
• Area leader at Łukasiewicz Research Network – Poznań Institute of Technology

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely recognized as reinforcements in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Numerous studies highlight the impact of CNTs on the mechanical properties and other characteristics of CMCs. However, only a few articles describe the effect of CNTs on the microstructure of the ceramic matrix in CMCs. This paper investigates grain...

With the rapid growth of the lithium-ion battery (LIBs) market, recycling and re-using end-of-life LIBs to reclaim the critical Li, Co, Ni, and Mn has become an urgent task. Presently, high temperature, strong acid, and alkali conditions are required to extract blended critical metals (CM) from the typical battery cathode. Hence, there is a need fo...

This work covers a Mg–Zn–Ca–Pr alloy fabricated by a novel method of mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering (SPS). Currently, magnesium alloys used as biomaterials are mostly commercial alloys without consideration of cytotoxicity from the perspective of biosafety. So far, the tribological and cytotoxic properties of Mg–Zn–Ca–Pr alloys have...

High-temperature conditions are harmful for carbon nanotube-based (CNT-based) composites, as CNTs are susceptible to oxidation. On the other hand, adding CNTs to ceramics with low electrical conductivity, such as 3YSZ, is beneficial because it allows the production of complex-shaped samples with spark plasma sintering (SPS). A shielding coating sys...

Due to their physical and mechanical properties, niobium products are used in the nuclear power industry, chemical industry, electronics, medicine and in the defence industry. Traditional manufacturing technology for these products is characterized by long production cycles and significant material losses during their surface machining. This paper...

Research laboratories worldwide use the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique for sintering metallic and ceramic matrix composites. Typically, the SPS sintered parts are low circular cylinders (discs). The upscaling and industrialization of SPS technology face two challenges: the limitation of shaping non-cylindrical parts and the inhomogeneous si...

Spark plasma sintering as the prominent field‐assisted sintering technique (FAST/SPS) is a novel technology for the rapid, pressure‐assisted consolidation of powder materials. The main feature of FAST/SPS is the direct Joule heating of the applied tooling. Tooling is a challenging part of the FAST/SPS setup, which must withstand high pressure at el...

The article presents the results of the microstructure and tribological properties of Al– x SiC composites ( x = 70 and 90 wt% SiC) produced in spark plasma sintering (SPS). Due to their attractive thermal, physical, and mechanical properties, aluminum matrix composites with high-volume fractions of silicon carbide (> 50%) have become a major area...

A novel approach to developing high entropy alloys (HEAs) using spark plasma sintering (SPS) was explored in this work where a mix of commercial commodity powders like Ni625, CoCrF75, and 316L was used instead of pre-alloyed powders avoiding the expensive pre-alloying steps like mechanical alloying or gas atomizing. Three non-equiatomic HEAs, based...

This paper presents a comparison of surface morphology obtained after machining Inconel 718 by the conventional insert, by Wiper insert and by using the cutting insert made by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). The shape of the special insert was obtained by employing Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM). The paper focuses on the description of su...

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely used in ceramic-matrix composites (CMC) as a filler. An individual carbon nanotube exhibits extremely high thermal conductivity, however, the influence of CNTs on the thermal conductivity of CMCs is moderate. In contrast, even a small quantity of CNTs significantly increases the electrical conductivity of CMCs. Th...

We present the deposition and characterization of tungsten-tantalum diboride (W,Ta)B2 coatings prepared by the high-power impulse magnetron sputtering technique. We evaluated the influence of pulse duration and substrate bias on the properties of (W,Ta)B2 films. A high hardness of up to 35 GPa measured by nanoindentation was simultaneously obtained...

The feasibility of sintering Portland cement clinker powders by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) has been studied. Different SPSed compacts have been successfully obtained by this technique. The compacts have been characterized by means of X-Ray Diffraction, InfraRed spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Raman Microscopy and Vickers hardness. It...

Attempts were made to describe the effect of the sintering temperature and pure iron powder addition on the properties of HSS-based materials produced by the spark plasma sintering method (SPS). After sintering, their density, hardness, flexural strength, and tribological properties were determined. The sintered materials were also subjected to mic...

The tool is a crucial part of the FAST|SPS system. The well-designed tool enables the manufacturing of sintered components with the required quality and with minimal energy expenditure. These requirements can be fulfilled only with a professionally optimized tool design. The present paper introduces the method of tool optimization supported by thre...

To enhance the properties of tungsten diboride, solid solutions of this ceramic with transition metals such as titanium, zirconium, and tantalum were synthesized by spark plasma sintering from the pure elements. The metallic content was in all cases 24 at.%. The specimens were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X...

The constant development of technology involves the need to enhance materials, including those used for machining, for instance for cutting inserts. The most common material from this group is WC-Co, which is characterized by high hardness and fracture toughness. Nevertheless, cobalt has a high and unstable price, its resources are limited and it i...

FAST|SPS-KOBO manufacturing technology is being developed within the Horizon 2020 project (LightMe) as a promising route for manufacturing aluminum alloy profiles. The main advantages of applying the KOBO cyclic extrusion severe deformation technique are the reduction of the processing energy and the great increase in intensity of the deformation a...

The paper presents the characteristics of Ti-Mo-xTiC composites manufactured under experimentally selected conditions using the upgraded field-assisted sintering technique (U-FAST). Mixtures of microstructural titanium powders and nc-Ti0.9Mo0.1C/C carbide powders protected from oxidation by a carbon shell were subjected to sintering. The powders wi...

The paper presents the effect of the holding time, varying between 1 min 15 s and 10 min, on the microstructure evolution and development of selected properties of spark plasma sintered AA7075-based composites reinforced with 3, 5 and 10 wt% sub-micro B4C powder. The sintering temperature and the compaction pressure were 500 °C and 80 MPa, respecti...

Alloys based on magnesium are of considerable scientific interest as they have very attractive mechanical and biological properties that could be used to manufacture biodegradable materials for medical applications. Mechanical alloying is a very suitable process to obtain alloys that are normally hard to produce as it allows for solid-state diffusi...

Magnetron sputtered WB2 coatings doped with 8, 11 and 16 at.% zirconium were analysed using energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation under the load of 4, 7 and 10 mN. It has been observed that these coatings crystallize in the α-AlB2 and ω-W2B5 prototype structure. Phenomenon responsible for this is an increase of the z...

Three WC-Ti powder mixtures with 5, 10 and 15 wt% titanium were sintered by the spark plasma sintering technique. The microstructures and phase compositions of the samples were investigated by SEM, STEM, EBSD and XRD. The samples consisted of WC, W2C and a (W1-xTx)C phases when the starting amounts of titanium were 5 and 10 wt.%. At the titanium co...

To enhance the properties of tungsten diboride, we have synthesized and characterized solid solutions of this material with chromium, molybdenum, rhenium and zirconium. The obtained materials were subsequently deposited as coatings. Various concentrations of these transition metal elements, ranging from 0.0 to 24.0 at.%, on a metals basis, were mad...

In this paper, the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA7075 with a coarse-fine-grained laminated microstructure produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and the cyclic extrusion severe deformation (KOBO) technique were investigated. It was found that an inhomogeneous grain microstructure was formed from coarse and fine grains by the SPS p...

Zirconium is used as a structural material for use in aggressive environments, including the core of nuclear reactors. The traditional technology of manufacturing the structural elements of zirconium nuclear reactors is characterized by a long technological process and a significant amount of waste in the form of metal shavings. The paper presents...

Tungsten borides (WBx; x = 2.5 or 4.5) with an increasing substitution of tungsten by zirconium from 0 to 24 at.% were synthesized by spark plasma sintering (SPS) for the first time. The influence of the holding time (2.5–30 min) on the densification behavior, microstructure evolution and development of the properties of W–Zr–B compounds were studi...

This paper describes the microstructure and properties of titanium-based composites obtained as a result of a reactive spark plasma sintering of a mixture of titanium and nanostructured (Ti,Mo)C-type carbide in a carbon shell. Composites with different ceramic addition mass percentage (10 and 20 wt %) were produced. Effect of content of elemental c...

Attempts were made to describe the effect of the sintering temperature and pure iron powder addition on the properties of high speed steel based materials produced by the spark plasma sintering technique. After sintering, their density, hardness, flexural strength, and tribological properties were determined. The sintered materials were also subjec...

The paper presents the results of research on the tribological properties of spark-plasma-sintered Al-SiC composites. Composites with contents of 50 and 70 wt.% SiC were prepared. The sintering process was carried out using an HP D 25/3 spark plasma sintering furnace under vacuum, at the sintering temperature of 600 °C and compaction pressures of 5...

The space industry is currently one of the most dynamically developing areas, requiring the use of reliable materials of the highest quality The passage through the earth’s atmosphere during the return of spacecraft from space is a critical moment, therefore the materials from which the nose cone are made must meet a number of requirements includin...

Two different zirconium contents (0.45 and 0.60 wt.%) have been incorporated into a Fe-14Cr-5Al-3W-0.4Ti-0.25Y2O3 oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steel in order to evaluate their effect on the final microstructure and mechanical properties. The powders with the targeted compositions were obtained by mechanical alloying (MA), and subsequently pr...

In this work, (W,Ti)B2 films with different stoichiometric ratio Ti/W deposited on silicon and 304 stainless steel by radio frequency magnetron sputtering are presented. The coatings were deposited from plasma spark sintered targets obtained from the mixture of pure boron, tungsten and titanium powders. It is shown that during plasma spark sinterin...

Among high-temperature ceramics, transition metal borides (Ti, Zr Hf, Ta, etc.) have particularly good properties for some applications. Among others they are characterized by high hardness (WB4), good electrical and thermal conductivity (TiB2, ZrB2) and are stable in many chemically aggressive environments. The electrical conductivity for ceramic...

The most important actual tool materials are sintered carbides produced by powder metallurgy methods. The development of sintered carbides to owe Karl Schröter, who discovered that tungsten carbide powder mixed with metals such as iron, nickel and cobalt compressed in the form of a compact can be sintered with a liquid phase, giving a product chara...

The article discusses the results of the study of microstructure and selected properties of spark plasma sintered Al matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles with the size below 63 μm. Composites with contents of 50 and 70 wt% SiC were prepared. The sintering process was carried out by means of an HP D 25/3 furnace, using sintering temperatu...

WC-Co cemented carbides have been known since the beginning of the 20th century and constitute an important group of tool materials. Their properties such as high hardness and fracture toughness, as well as wear resistance are due to the combination of hard and brittle tungsten carbide and soft and plastic cobalt. Cemented carbides are manufactured...

Due to its outstanding properties, titanium has been a part of the group of materials used in areas where high strength and excellent corrosion resistance are required. The aerospace industry, where it is widely used e.g. in compressors, turbines and pressure pipelines in engines and as elements of hulls, should be mentioned here. Another important...

Due to the negative impact of cobalt on living organisms and the unstable prices of this metal, numerous research works are carried out to replace it as a binding metal in cemented carbides. Alternative metals include nickel, chromium and iron. To increase the hardness and the fracture toughness, cemented carbides with an ultra-fine or nanoscale mi...

The constant development of technology presents new challenges for materials engineering. One of the directions of development in this scientific discipline is the search for new materials. This group includes MAX phases, developed for two decades, also known as plastic ceramics. These materials are characterized by a layered crystal structure and...

This work highlights the promising mechanical properties and oxidation resistance achieved by novel Cr-based WC hardmetals having nanosized tungsten carbide grains, designed by combining thermodynamic calculations and experimental evaluation. The hardmetals are processed by a powder metallurgy route including mechanical milling of powders and subse...

Nanostructured Cr-based WC hardmetals are successfully sintered by spark plasma sintering. The wear behaviour of these Cr-based WC hardmetals with different C contents ranging from 5.57 wt% to 6.91 wt%, is evaluated performing sliding wear tests under two different wear conditions. This work analyses the influence of the C content on the wear perfo...

The article presents the powder metallurgy methods used to make products from metallic and ceramic powders in the Łukasiewicz Research Network – Metal Forming Institute. To produce advanced metallic, ceramic and composite materials, the method of spark plasma sintering employing an SPS HP D 25-3 was used. This device allows sintering processes to b...

The paper presents the results of investigations on the influence of sintering temperature in the range of 900–1000°C on the microstructure and selected properties of composites on an M3/2 high speed steel matrix with a 50 wt% addition of iron produced by spark plasma sintering. M3/2 high speed steel powder and NC 100.24 iron powder were mixed in a...

Combining high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering is one of the most promising technologies in materials science. The mechanical alloying process enables the production of nanostructured composite powders that can be successfully spark plasma sintered in a very short time, while preserving the nanostructure and enhancing the mechanical...

The paper presents the results of study of microstructure and selected properties of spark plasma sintered Al matrix composites reinforced with 2 μm SiC particles. Composites with contents of 10, 20 and 30 wt % SiC were prepared. The sintering process was carried out by means of an HP D 25–3 furnace, using two sintering temperatures: 580 °C and 600...

New graphite tools were designed and produced to fabricate a semi-finished product from which nine cutting inserts were obtained in one spark plasma sintering process. As a result, WC-5Co cemented carbides were spark plasma sintered and the effect of various sintering parameters such as compacting pressure, heating rate and holding time on the main...

Commercially pure titanium is less expensive, generally more corrosion resistant and lower in strength than its alloys, and is not heat-treatable. The use of Ti and its alloys as construction materials under severe friction and wear conditions is limited due to their poor tribological properties. Nevertheless, proper addition of hard ceramic partic...

WC–Co, WC–Co–Cr3C2 and WC–Co–TaC–NbC cemented carbides were spark plasma sintered and the microstructure and main mechanical properties of the obtained specimens were investigated. A series of WC–6Co cemented carbides was heated to the sintering temperature of 1400 °C at 200 and 400 °C/min at compacting pressures of 50 and 60 MPa. It was shown that...

For welding 5xxx aluminum alloys, only welding wires made of Al-Mg alloys with a magnesium content up to a maximum of 5% are available on the market. The paper presents the technology of welding wire production by means of KOBO extrusion with an increased magnesium content for welding profiles of aluminum alloys and the preliminary results of wire...

Tungsten borides belong to the group of potentially superhard materials which hardness could be compared to cubic boron nitride and diamond. However, difficulty in fabrication of single phase material using conventional methods is the main drawback of this group of ceramics. In order to overcome this problem material can be deposited as a thin laye...

This paper investigates the effect of various sintering temperatures from 800 to 1500°C on the microstructure evolution of cp-titanium processed by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). The material processing conditions under consideration may change the obtained atomic order and microstructure. The different relation of the mechanical and corrosion resis...

Cemented carbides constitute the main group of tool materials due to their good cutting and strength properties. To produce cemented carbides powder metallurgy methods are used, among which spark plasma sintering is considered to be highly prospective. The paper presents the results of research on the effect of compaction pressure and heating rate...

Spark plasma sintering has been used to successfully produce WC-6Co-xCr3C2, WC-6Co-xTaC (x = 0.2, 0.6, 1.0) and WC-6Co-xCr3C2-xTaC (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5) cemented carbides. The spark plasma sintered compacts were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, hardness tests and fracture toughness tests. The results were compared to an additives-free WC...

This article presents the results of tribological tests of materials applied in roller bearing parts. The goal of tests was to determine the tribological properties of parts of a large-size cross roller bearing made from 6xxx-series aluminum alloy by means of metal forming methods and from 7xxx-series aluminum alloy by means of powder metallurgy me...

Magnesium, due to its low density of 1/4 the density of steel and 2/3 the density of aluminum, is increasingly used as a material for machine parts, mainly in the automotive and aerospace industries. The most important methods for the production of magnesium parts include casting and powder metallurgy methods. Among the powder metallurgy methods, s...

Spark plasma sintering was successfully used to produce WC–Co cermets with the addition of Cr3C2 and TaC grain growth inhibitors. The spark plasma sintered compacts were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, density measurements, hardness tests, fracture toughness tests and elastic modulus tests. The results were...

For the production of cutting inserts, used spark plasma sintering method. The article include resulting density, hardness, fracture toughness and images of the microstructure cemented carbides (WC-Co). The cutting inserts fabricated from powder with ultrafine particles characterized a required for tool materials hardness.

Mg-matrix composites are increasingly used in automotive and aerospace applications. In this paper, Mg-Al2O3 composites were obtained by the spark plasma sintering method. Various volume contents of Al2O3 particles (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30%) were used. The composites have a relative density ranging between 99.41 and 90.00% which results from the agglo...

Mg based MMCs are increasingly used in automotive and aerospace applications. In this paper, Mg-SiC composites were obtained by the spark plasma sintering method. Various volume contents of SiC particles (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 vol.%) were used. The samples have near full density, over 98%, and SEM observations confirmed the near full density of the...

Mg based MMCs are increasingly used in automotive and aerospace applications. In this paper, Mg-SiC composites were obtained by the spark plasma sintering method. Various volume contents of SiC particles (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 vol.%) were used. The samples have near full density, over 98%, and SEM observations confirmed the near full density of the...

Mg based MMCs are increasingly used in automotive and aerospace applications. In this paper, Mg-SiC composites were obtained by the spark plasma sintering method. Various volume contents of SiC particles (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 vol.%) were used. The samples have near full density, over 98%, and SEM observations confirmed the near full density of the...

Mg based MMCs are increasingly used in automotive and aerospace applications. In this paper, Mg-SiC composites were obtained by the spark plasma sintering method. Various volume contents of SiC particles (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 vol.%) were used. The samples have near full density, over 98%, and SEM observations confirmed the near full density of the...

Mg based MMCs are increasingly used in automotive and aerospace applications. In this paper, Mg-SiC composites were obtained by the spark plasma sintering method. Various volume contents of SiC particles (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 vol.%) were used. The samples have near full density, over 98%, and SEM observations confirmed the near full density of the...

Mg based MMCs are increasingly used in automotive and aerospace applications. In this paper, Mg-SiC composites were obtained by the spark plasma sintering method. Various volume contents of SiC particles (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 vol.%) were used. The samples have near full density, over 98%, and SEM observations confirmed the near full density of the...

Mg based MMCs are increasingly used in automotive and aerospace applications. In this paper, Mg-SiC composites were obtained by the spark plasma sintering method. Various volume contents of SiC particles (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 vol.%) were used. The samples have near full density, over 98%, and SEM observations confirmed the near full density of the...

Mg based MMCs are increasingly used in automotive and aerospace applications. In this paper, Mg-SiC composites were obtained by the spark plasma sintering method. Various volume contents of SiC particles (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 vol.%) were used. The samples have near full density, over 98%, and SEM observations confirmed the near full density of the...

The influence of spark plasma sintering parameters on the structural, mechanical and tribological characteristics of the Ti6Al4V alloy, which is used as implant material in biomedical engineering, was investigated. The experimental data confirm that full density and attractive mechanical properties can be obtained using the spark plasma sintering m...

In the present paper, the use of spark plasma sintering on Ti6Al4V powder was investigated. Sintering experiments were conducted at the temperature of 1000°C for 5 min. The simultaneous effect of compaction pressures of 5, 25 and 50 MPa and heating rates of 200, 300 and 400°C/min on the structure, density, microhardness, elastic modulus and compres...

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) has been used to successfully densify a 7075 aluminium alloy obtained from Alumix 431 powder. Sintering experiments were conducted at the temperature of 450 and 500°C for 2.5, 5 and 10 min. All the presented results confirm the excellent sinterability of Alumix 431 powder in vacuum during the SPS process and clearly sho...

Purpose: The technological properties of WC-Co tool materials fabricated by spark plasma sintering has been investigated. Design/methodology/approach: The technological properties has been investigated using instrumented indentation and a Vickers tip indenter with an applied load of 300 mN. SEM and LM methods were used to characterize the microstru...

This study discusses the method of Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). It presents a historical outline of resistance sintering, and the developmental stages of sintering technology using high-current DC pulses. The material presents a schematic illustration of a spark plasma sintering furnace, and describes its construction approach. It also enables the...

Reactive spark plasma sintering of WB2/WB3 ceramics from elements is presented. The sintering pressure dependence of the ratio of WB3 to WB2 in samples produced by SPS method is discussed. Exemplary WB3 super hard film prepared by pulsed laser deposition method from selected SPS target is demonstrated. WB3 coatings were prepared on Si (100), using...

This work presents fabrication and characterization of Al–Al2O3 composite materials with a 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% volume fraction of reinforcing phase particles. The spark plasma sintering method was applied for the purpose of fabricating these materials. The obtained Al–Al2O3 composites were characterized with an porosity from 1.27% to 5.07%. It was...

For the production of composite materials WC-6Co, the spark plasma sintering method was used. As a result of rapid heating and a short sintering time, materials were obtained with a density close to the theoretical value. The resulting sintered materials were measured for density and hardness. The values of the critical stress intensity factor KIc...

Stosowanie bezniklowej stali austenitycznej 316L na implanty układu kostno--stawowego wiąże się z wieloma problemami eksploatacyjnymi. Jednym ze sposobów radzenia sobie z tymi ograniczeniami może być opracowanie nowych materiałów, w tym kompozytów, z zastosowaniem metalurgii proszków. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań tribologicznych spieków 31...

The paper present the investigation of technological cutting edges with cemented carbides type WC-6%Co-wt. Powder was sintering by Spark Plasma Sintering method and device SPS HP D 25. This device is in Metal Forming Institute in Poznan. In researches used powders with microscopic tungsten carbide size 30-50 μm and cobalt size 4-10 μm. Samples sint...