Daniela Laselva

• Nokia

White paper The path to 6G with unparalleled energy savings Contents Executive summary 3 Introduction 4 Foundations of sustainable 6G networks 6 End-to-end energy-saving design for 6G 8 6G RAN energy savings in 3GPP 9 On-demand SIB1 10 Paging adaptations in time domain 12 PRACH adaptation in time domain 13 On-demand SSB SCell for multi-carrier oper...

The rising concerns about climate change motivate the industry and academia to actively work on techniques and strategies that help reduce energy consumption in mobile networks. One avenue under exploration involves methods for intelligently and temporarily deactivating serving cells during low-traffic periods. However, cell switch-off (CSO) decisi...

Data aggregation is one of the crucial features of the 3GPP Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) technology. However, mobility events and radio link failures, which may occur during the data aggregation, may pose challenges in meeting the latency, reliability, and throughput key performance indicators (KPIs). Unlike single connectivity, the user e...

Satisfying the stringent 5G Quality of Service (QoS) requirements necessitates efficient resource utilization by the mobile networks. Consequently, we argue that Multi-Connectivity (MC) is an effective solution to leverage the limited radio resources from multiple base stations (BSs) in order to enhance the user throughput, provide seamless connect...

Satisfying the stringent 5G quality of service requirements necessitates efficient resource utilization by mobile networks. Consequently, we argue that multi-connectivity (MC) is an effective solution to leverage the limited radio resources from multiple base stations in order to enhance user throughput, provide seamless connectivity, and increase...

Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) is a crucial 3GPP technology that enables traffic aggregation to leverage the radio resources of two base stations (BSs), thereby increasing the per-user data rate. However, the traffic aggregation management in MR-DC is left up to vendor implementation. In this paper, we show that enabling an efficient traffic...

For several years, the 3GPP approach has built on the use of complementary wireless local area network (WLAN) technology by integrating, interworking or aggregating it under the control of the mobile operator network. This chapter introduces the unlicensed spectrum access technologies from the 3GPP standard point of view. It provides a description...

Data duplication is studied as a fundamental enabler for ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) in fifth-generation cellular systems. It entails the simultaneous usage of multiple radio links delivering redundant data between a terminal and the network to boost the transmission reliability. However, the improved reliability comes at a cos...

The RRC machinery of 5G NR introduced a new RRC state, RRC Inactive, which enables to suspend and quickly resume a radio connection, thus reducing the delay and network signalling needed for connection establishment, which in turn reduces the UE battery consumption. This paper describes the design of the RRC Inactive state and analyses how it can b...

Multi-connectivity with packet duplication, where the same data packet is duplicated and transmitted from multiple transmitters, is proposed in 5G New Radio as a reliability enhancement feature. This paper presents an analytical study of the outage probability enhancement with multi-connectivity, and analyses its cost in terms of resource usage. Th...

5G New Radio paves the way for introducing novel multi-service radio resource management solutions tailored for enhanced Mobile Broadband and Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication service classes. Multi-Channel Access is a family of such multi-service solutions that enable a user equipment to aggregate radio resources from multiple sources. The...

The use of license-exempt bands offers a promising opportunity to additionally enhance operator networks to meet the future traffic demand. The recent specification efforts in 3GPP have resulted in two major aggregation features that enable LTE networks to benefit from unlicensed spectrum via WLAN. In this article, we provide a thorough overview of...

Mobile network operators (MNOs) are deploying carrier-grade Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) as an important complementary system to cellular networks. Access network selection (ANS) between cellular and WLAN is an essential component to improve network performance and user quality-of-service (QoS) via controlled loading of these systems. In emer...

LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA) has recently emerged as a promising third generation partnership project (3GPP) Release 13 technology to efficiently aggregate long term evolution (LTE) and wireless local area network (WLAN) at the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, allowing uplink traffic to be carried on LTE and downlink on both LTE and WLA...

The continuously growing traffic demand is pushing mobile network operators (MNOs) to investigate ways of distributing user traffic between the cellular and WLAN domain in order to boost the coverage and capacity of their systems. This paper presents an algorithm that performs traffic steering (TS) between LTE and WLAN. Results show that applying T...

Carrier-grade Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is becoming an important complementary system to cellular networks for Mobile Network Operators (MNOs). Network controlled access network selection between cellular and WLAN is an essential functionality to optimize network performance and user experience. Automated configuration and optimisation of...

With an increasing number of SON functions deployed in cellular radio networks, conflicts between the actions proposed by independently-designed and distributed SON functions may arise. The process of minimizing the occurrence, and the consequences, of such conflicts is referred to as SON coordination. SON coordination can be achieved either by a s...

Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) are integrating carrier-grade Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) to cellular networks to improve network performance and user experience. Access network selection (ANS) between cellular and WLAN plays a key role in the integration. Given the complexity of heterogeneous networks characterized by multiple network layer...

Mobile broadband traffic has been increasing in the last years. To cope with such traffic demand, heterogeneous networks are an effective solution characterized by deploying networks with different cell sizes, radio access technologies (RATs) and carrier frequencies. Since the coverage area of these networks (or layers) is partially overlapped, use...

The large increase in size and complexity experienced by cellular networks in recent years has led to a new paradigm known as heterogeneous networks, or HetNets. In this context, networks with different cell sizes, radio access technologies, or carrier frequencies can be deployed in the same environment. As the coverage area of each of these networ...

This paper analyzes the behavior of a distributed Mobility Load Balancing (MLB) scheme in a multi-layer 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) Long Term Evolution (LTE) deployment with different User Equipment (UE) densities in certain network areas covered with pico cells. Target of the study is to evaluate MLB in terms of efficient pico cell u...

Mobility Robustness OptimisationMobility Load Balancing and Traffic SteeringEnergy SavingCoverage and Capacity OptimisationRACH OptimisationRRM and SON (Interference Coordination, P0 Optimisation)References

In this paper traffic steering between a High- Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) network and a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) network with different carrier frequencies is investigated. First, two traffic steering algorithms, relying on static network information, are assessed from a traffic theoretical point of view and numerically. Furthermore...

In the Long Term Evolution system Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DRX/DTX) has been introduced to extend the terminal battery lifetime. In this paper, we study the energy-saving provided by this mechanism and the impact on the QoS performance of Voice over IP (VoIP) traffic under dynamic and semi persistent packet scheduling strategies. S...

IntroductionOverview of RRM AlgorithmsAdmission Control and QoS ParametersDownlink Dynamic Scheduling and Link AdaptationUplink Dynamic Scheduling and Link AdaptationInterference Management and Power SettingsDiscontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX)RRC Connection MaintenanceSummaryReferences

This paper focuses on the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and describes the impact of its realistic constraints on the performance in E-UTRAN LTE TDD system, particularly considering the asymmetric slot resources between downlink and uplink. It is described, when adopting the same PDCCH manager framework in LTE FDD system as in LTE FDD sy...

This paper deals with packet scheduling for Voiceover-IP (VoIP) traffic in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) EUTRAN Downlink. The more specific target is to optimize the performance of dynamic scheduling for traffic mixes of VoIP and best effort users. To this end, we introduce the Required Activity Detection (RAD) packet scheduling algorithm with Dela...

This paper focuses on the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and describes the impact of its realistic constraints. Specifically, the impact on the performance of the UTRAN LTE FDD downlink and on the QoS provisioning is studied. It is described, when adopting a QoS-aware packet scheduling policy, how scheduling limitations due to control ch...

In the UTRAN long term evolution (LTE), the downlink data channel is shared among the active users through the orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technique, and high gains can be achieved by using dynamic packet scheduling. Control channels introduce an additional overhead, but also play a key role in exploiting such gains. This...

Radio resource management algorithms ranging from bearer admission control to semi-persistent and dynamic packet scheduling, fast link adaptation, and transmission control of multi-antenna transmission modes are addressed in this article for UTRAN long-term evolution. First, a high-level system overview of LTE is given, with special emphasis on the...

Radio resource management algorithms ranging from bearer admission control to semi-persistent and dynamic packet scheduling, fast link adaptation, and transmission control of multi-antenna transmission modes are addressed in this article for UTRAN long-term evolution. First, a high-level system overview of LTE is given, with special emphasis on the...

IntroductionOverview of RRM AlgorithmsAdmission Control and QoS ParametersDownlink Dynamic Scheduling and Link AdaptationUplink Dynamic Scheduling and Link AdaptationInterference Management and Power SettingsDiscontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX)RRC Connection MaintenanceSummaryReferences

This report includes a list of channel models, which are intended for preliminary link and system level simulations. They are selected from existing channel models. The most suitable models are selected to ensure comparable simulations in the beginning of the project.

This paper illustrates the optimization of design parameters for quality-of-service (QoS) aware packet schedulers in multi-service environments with WCDMA/HSDPA. The optimization sets the objective of maximizing the cell throughput while meeting certain minimum QoS criteria and focuses on two variants of the proportional fair with barrier function...

Based on the wideband measurements for indoor, rural and suburban environments at 5.25 GHz with 100 MHz bandwidth, the basic required channel parameters and models such as the rms delay spread, number of clusters, path delays, and tapped delay line models were derived for beyond 3G (B3G) wireless communications. The results derived in the paper cou...

In this paper a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel model, proposed by the IST-WINNER project, is validated against the radio channel measurements by com-paring its predictions of the channel capacity and of several channel eigenvalue-based metrics against their estimations from the measured channels. The WINNER models were parame-terized...

The modeling results from wideband radio channel measurements are presented for two environments: rural and indoor. The paper focuses on the average and instantaneous characteristics of received power including: path loss, shadow fading, power delay profiles, and rms delay spreads. Furthermore, the cross correlation between shadowing of the path lo...

This document presents WINNER channel models. The channel models cover WINNER propagation scenarios for indoor, urban macro-cell and micro-cell, stationary feeder, suburban macro-cell, and rural macro-cell. Both geometric-based stochastic channel model and reduced-variability (clustered delay-line) models are presented. The channel models are mainl...

The power delay profiles (PDPs), tap Ricean factors, and tap Doppler spectra due to channel small scale effects are derived and studied in this paper based on the wideband measurements performed in rural and suburban with 100 MHz bandwidth at 5.25 GHz and 2.45 GHz for beyond 3G (B3G) link and system level simulations.