Resource Inventory of Wilpattu National Park

Abstract

The Wilpattu National Park (WNP) is the oldest and largest national park in the country. It was declared as a sanctuary in 1905 and thereafter upgraded to a national park on February 25, 1938. However, as a result of the civil conflict, the WNP was closed from December 1988 until March 2003. WNP is not only siginificant from an ecological standpoint but is also extremely rich in archaeological terms housing a number of ruins and artefacts dating back to various periods of history. The proximity to the ancient city of Anuradhapura has also been a factor contributing to the rich archaeological heritage of the area. In this context, this pioneering effort in preparing a comprehensive resource inventory for the WNP involved documenting ecological resources, hydrological resources, socio-economic aspects and the archaeological resources of the National Park. The systematic inventorying would further facilitate the development of integrated management plans for the conservation and management of the WNP.

Full text

Resource Inventory of
Wilpattu National Park
Final Report
December 2006
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Sri Lanka

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................iv
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Geographical and climatic features ...................................................................................... 1
1.2 Ecological features ................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Historical Aspects of Wilpattu ............................................................................................... 2
1.4 Scope of the Project ............................................................................................................. 2
1.5 Specific Objectives of the study ............................................................................................ 3
2. Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Selection of sampling sites and sampling frequency ............................................................ 4
2.2 Flora Survey Methodology .................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Fauna Survey Methodology ................................................................................................ 5
2.4 Species, identification, classification and nomenclature ...................................................... 5
2.5 Documenting the hydrological resources ............................................................................. 6
2.6 Documenting sites of cultural/archaelogical significance..................................................... 6
2.7 Constraints and limitations of the survey ............................................................................. 6
3. Flora of Wilpattu National Park ............................................................................................... 7
3.1 Inventory of habitats .............................................................................................................. 7
3,2 The structure and dominant plant species in each habitat type. .......................................... 8
3.2.1 Forests and related ecosystems ................................................................................... 8
3.2.2 Inland wetland ecosystems ........................................................................................ 14
3.2.3 Coastal and marine ecosystems ................................................................................ 19
3.3 Inventory of Flora in WNP ................................................................................................... 21
4. Fauna of Wilpattu National Park ............................................................................................ 23
4.1 Species composition of fauna ............................................................................................. 23
5. Archaeological resources of Wilpatu National Park ........................................................... 26
5.1 Fossil sites .......................................................................................................................... 26
5.2 Prehistoric sites ................................................................................................................... 26
5.3 Proto-historic and Historic sites .......................................................................................... 28
5.4 Ancient irrigation systems of WNP ..................................................................................... 38
6. Surface Water Resources of Wilpattu ................................................................................... 42
7. Issues and Threats to Natural and Archaeological Resources within the WNP .............. 43
7.1 Threats to Biodiversity ....................................................................................................... 43
7.2 Threats to archaelogical sites ............................................................................................. 44
7.3 Threats to Surface Water Resources of WNP .................................................................... 44
References .................................................................................................................................... 45

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LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex I: Check list of Plants Recorded in Wilpattu National Park ................................................ 48
Annex II: Plant Species recorded in different transects in Wilpattu National Park ........................ 59
Annex III: Frequency of Occurrence of Plant Species in Each Family ......................................... 314
Annex IV: Occurrence of Plant Species in Different Habitats ....................................................... 317
Annex V: Checklist of Fauna recorded in Wilpattu National Park ............................................... 353
Annex VI: Fauna Species recorded in different habitats in Wilpattu National Park ...................... 364
Annex VII: Geographical Location of each Transects marked during the Survey ........................ 407
Annex VIII: Archaeologically important sites recorded from Wilpattu National Park .................. 413
Annex IX: Published Inscriptions recorded from Wilpattu National Park ..................................... 415
Annex X: Archaeology Photo Catalogue ..................................................................................... 421
Annex XI: General Photo Catalogue of Wilpattu National Park ................................................... 427
Annex XII: Map of the Geographical Locations of the transects Conducted during the Survey .. 432
Annex XIII: Map of the Vegetation types of Wilpattu National Park ............................................. 433
Annex XIV: Map of Archeological sites in Wilpattu National Park ............................................... 434
Annex XV: Map of Surface Water Resources in Wilpattu National Park ..................................... 435
Annex XVI: Distribution Map of Invasive Alien Plant Species in Wilpattu National Park ............. 436
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Transect sizes adopted for different vegetation / habitat types .................................... 4
Table 2.2: Summary of faunal sampling techniques ........................................................................ 5
Table 2.3: Some key references used for species identification...................................................... 6
Table 3.1: List of habitats and sub habitat types of WNP ................................................................ 7
LIST OF FIGURES:
Figure 1: Profile diagram of Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests (DEF)
- Subtype:DEF-Tall forest – Habitat code 1.11 ............................................................. 8
Figure 2: Profile diagram of Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests (DEF)
- Subtype: DEF-Medium height forest – Habitat code 1.12 .......................................... 9
Figure 3: Profile diagram of Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests (DEF)
- Subtype:DEF-Dwarf forest – Habitat code 1.13 ...................................................... 10
Figure 4: Profile diagram of Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests (DEF)
- Subtype:DEF-Rock out-crop forests – Habitat code 1.14 ........................................ 11
Figure 5: Profile diagram of Tropical thorn forests (scrublands) – Habitat code 1.2 ..................... 12
Figure 6: Profile diagram of Riverine forest – Habitat code 1.3 .................................................... 13
Figure 7: Profile diagram of Dry patana grasslands and associated habitats ............................... 14
Figure 8: Profile diagram of Flood plain habitat – Habitat code 2.1 ............................................. 14
Figure 9: Profile diagram of Swamp forest associated with reservoir:
- lentic community (A) and reservoir bund (B) – habitat code - 2.21 ........................ 15
Figure 10: Profile diagram of Herbaceous swamp – Habitat code - 2.22 ...................................... 16
Figure 11: Profile diagram of reservoir/pond habitat – Habitat code - 2.4. ................................... 17
Figure 12: Profile diagram of Wet Villu habitat – Habitat code - 2.5 ........................................... 18
Figure 13: Drawing of a Villu habitat showing white sand (B) separating the edge forests (A)
on higher ground and wetlands (C) on lower ground ................................................. 19
Figure 14: Profile diagram of Mangroves – Habitat code - 3.1 ..................................................... 20
Figure 15: Profile diagram of Saltmarsh – Habitat code -,3.2 ........................................................ 20
Figure 16: Profile diagram of beach habitat – Habitat code - 3.3. ................................................. 21
Figure 17: Total number of plant species recorded in each habitat in WNP ................................. 22
Figure 18: Proportional representation of fauna in WNP ............................................................... 23
Figure 19: Species composition of fauna in WNP ....................................................................... 24

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Acknowledgement
The preparation of the resource inventory of Wilpattu National Park (WNP) would not have been
possible without the support of the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC). IUCN would like to
express its sincere gratitude to Mr. Dayananda Kariyawasam, Director General, DWC, for providing
the opportunity to undertake this task with financial support from the Protected Area Management
(PAM) Project. We also appreciate the support provided by Mr Disanayaka, Deputy Director
(Research), of DWC in coordinating this study and Mr. Wasantha Pushpananda (Park Warden of
WNP) and the park staff for assisting in undertaking the field sampling.
IUCN is extremely grateful to Dr. Senarath Disanayake, Director General, Department of
Archaeological Survey and Dr. Devake Weerakoon, consultant, PAM Project, for their invaluable
advice and support in undertaking the archaeological survey. Additionally, we are grateful to Miss.
Wasana Premachandra for providing some of the background literature on the archaeology of
Wilpattu.
IUCN would also like to acknowledge its gratitude to Dr. D.S.A. Wijesundara, Director, Royal
Botanical Gardens and Mr. D.M. Peramunagama, Curator, National Herbarium for enabling the use of
the National Herbarium for flora related work. We are highly appreciative of Mrs. Ranjani Edirisinha,
Agriculture Instructor, National Herbarium for assisting us in the plant identification work, and Mr.
Samantha Suranjan Fernando, University of Peradeniya for editing the plant taxonomic lists.
IUCN is also grateful to: the villagers of Eluwankulama, Gangewadiya, Hunuwilagama for providing
information; the OIC Vanathawiluwa, and the base commander of Eluwankulama army detachment
for providing security details; efforts of Mr. Romesha Perera in preparing the detailed profile diagrams
of the Wilpattu habitats and; last but not the least to Mr. Madduma Bandara, Pahala Maragahawewa,
for his excellent job in being the care taker of the field camp during the field work.
The team would like to express its gratitude to Mrs. Shiranee Yasaratne, Country Representative of
the IUCN Sri Lanka Office in providing the leadership role for undertaking this nationally significant
task. We are very grateful to Dr. Channa Bambaradeniya (Coordinator Regional Species Programme,
IUCN Regional Office) and Mr. Vimukthi Weeratunga for their continued encouragement and
invaluable technical inputs. We would like to appreciate the coordination role played by Mr Anshuman
Saikia, Programme Coordinator of IUCN Sri Lanka Office and Asha de Vos, Programme Officer
Marine and Coastal Unit for their support in the final editing of the report.
Research Team
The task would not have been accomplished if not for the efforts of the dedicated research team
comprising of the following members:
Dr. Channa Bambaradeniya (Principal Investigator/ Biodiversity Specialist)
Mr. Sarath Ekanayake (Flora Ecologist)
Mr. Bhathiya Kekulandala (Fauna Ecologist)
Mr. Sampath Gunatilake (Fauna Ecologist, Archaeology expert)
Mr. Naalin Perera (Fauna Ecologist)
Mr. Sandun Perera (Fauna Ecologist)
Mr. Mendis Wickramasinge (Fauna Ecologist)
Mr. Asela Chandana (Fauna Ecologist)
Mr, Dilup Chandranimal (Flora Ecologist)
Mr. Prasanna Samarawickrama (GIS Specialist)
Mr. Sameera Karunarathna (Fauna Ecologist)

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Executive Summary
The Wilpattu National Park (WNP) is the oldest and largest national park in the country. It was
declared as a sanctuary in 1905 and thereafter upgraded to a national park on February 25, 1938.
However, as a result of the civil conflict, the WNP was closed from December 1988 until March 2003.
WNP is not only siginificant from an ecological standpoint but is also extremely rich in archaeological
terms housing a number of ruins and artefacts dating back to various periods of history. The proximity
to the ancient city of Anuradhapura has also been a factor contributing to the rich archaeological
heritage of the area.
In this context, this pioneering effort in preparing a comprehensive resource inventory for the WNP
involved documenting ecological resources, hydrological resources, socio-economic aspects and the
archaeological resources of the National Park. The systematic inventorying would further facilitate the
development of integrated management plans for the conservation and management of the WNP.
The landscape of WNP is primarily comprised of dry zone high forest with lianas and thorny scrub
interrupted by extensive open plains and sand dune rimmed water holes known as Villus. The WNP
counts most representative natural habitats of the country in its confines with 13 major habitats under
three major ecosystem classifications of forest & forest related ecosystems, wetland ecosystems and
coastal and marine ecosystems.
The methodology of the flora survey involved the marking of 249 transects as well as the preparation
of the general checklist of plants with the aid of records of initial reconnaissance surveys. The survey
recorded 623 flowering plant species belonging to 123 plant families within transects and outside of
transects. Among them, 27 plants were endemic and 21 plants were recorded as threatened. WNP is
a remarkable live gene bank for a number of economically and scientifically important plants, e.g.
Medicinal plants; Asparagus falcatus (Hathawariya), Coccinia grandis (Kowakka), Crinum defixum
(Goda manel), Eclipta prostrata (Kikiridi), Gymnema sylvestra (Mass badda), Tylophora indica
(Ththathakinda), crop wild relatives; Oryza eichingeri & Oryza perrinis (Wildrice), food or fruit plants;
Schleichera oleosa (Kon), Syzygium cumini (Madan), Tamarindus indica (Siyambala), Walsura
trifoliolata (Kiri kon), Ziziphus rugosa (Maha eraminiya), dry zone timber species; Chloroxylon
swietenia (Burutha), Diospyros ebenum (Kaluwara), Manilkara hexandra (Palu); threatened plants
Adansonia digitata, Salacia reticulata, Scaevola plumieri, Vanilla walkerae & Dendrophthoe ligulata,
endemic plants; Drypetes gardneri, Mangifera zeylanica, Vernonia zeylanica, Dioscorea trimenii,
Habenaria dichopetala and Xylopia nigricans. Additionally, the documented parameters on structure
and composition of various pristine habitats of the park provide valuable reference points for
understanding and modelling for the conservation of various species and habitats throughout Sri
Lanka.
A high diversity of fauna was found due to the high habitat diversity within the WNP. A total of 284
faunal species belonging to 101 families were recorded during the survey period within the Park
amongst which there were 21 endemic and 30 nationally threatened species. On the basis of
proportional representation, birds were found to be the most abundant vertebrate group (52.10 %)
while amphibians were the least abundant (5.94 %).
The only invertebrate surveyed was butterflies of which 41 species belonging to five families were
recorded. Among the vertebrate fauna, 23 species of fresh water fish belonging to 9 families, 17
species of amphibians belonging to 4 families, 57 species of reptiles belonging to 15 families, 149

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species of birds belonging to 53 families, and 41 species of mammals belonging to 21 famlies were
also recorded.
The WNP is one of the least explored areas of the country despite it being documented in some
ancient inscriptions and proto-historic crematoriums. A surface recognition survey was carried out to
record the archaeological sites and their present status, where geo-referenced information was
gathered. A total of 68 archaeologically important sites were recorded, four of which were Miocene
fossil sites. Twelve sites belonging to the prehistoric periods (Paleolithic, and Mesolithic) were also
surveyed. Several sites represent evidence of both prehistoric and historic periods. Forty-two (Black &
Red ware pottery sites, Burials, settlements, and monasteries) were identified as a combination of
proto-historic and historical sites. In addition, 28 irrigation structures such as ruined tanks and
abandoned paddy lands were also identified during the survey. One of the major findings of the
archaeological survey was the discovery of the Weeransole ruins. This site, located near the Palu-
vilandawa tank has not been recorded by previous researchers and consists of three destroyed image
houses and Buddha statues including two seated (Samadhi) and one standing statue. One of the
destroyed Samadhi Buddha statues seated under the hood of a Cobra, is of a rare type. This is the
fourth known Buddha statue belonging to this posture found in Sri Lanka.
The surface water resources of the WNP comprising of natural and man-made water bodies were also
comprehensively surveyed. The natural water resources include perennial rivers, streams (perennial
and seasonal), villus (perennial and seasonal), and seasonal water holes. On the other hand, the man
made water bodies include tanks and seasonal man-made water holes. The main villu system
comprising of a cluster of more than 20 large and small water holes was found to be located in the
middle of the WNP. Several of these water bodies, both natural and man-made maybe considered as
hotspots for the regular congregation of large mammals.
However, these priceless natural and archaeological resources are facing severe pressure from
various anthropogenic factors. The survey team found evidence of encroachment along the southern
and the southwestern border of the WNP by people involved in subsistence agriculture and for human
settlements. This area has also witnessed incidents of poaching which have been further exacerbated
by the political unrest which prevents effective monitoring and control by the Park Staff. One of the
most pervasive threats to the aquatic habitats is the presence of invasive species. The influence of
human beings on their surroundings has aggravated the spread of invasives which would otherwise
be kept in check by the natural regeneration process. A further threat is that caused to the
archaeological finds of the area as unscrupulous bounty hunters have destroyed a significant
proportion of these resources in their quest for treasures.

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1.0 Introduction
As its name implies, Wilpattu (Vil-pattu) National Park (WNP) is truly a land of lakes which provides a
safe haven to the dry zone biodiversity of Sri Lanka. The saucer-shaped ‘Villu’ wetlands are a
topographical feature unique to this area of the country. The WNP is the oldest and most important
national park in the country, in terms of its ecological and archaeological significance. It is located in
close proximity to the ancient historical city of Anuradhapura and houses a number of ancient ruins
and artifacts from various periods of history. The unique landscape of WNP comprises of dry zone
forests and thorny scrub interspersed with extensive open plains, sand dunes and Villu wetlands.
In 1905, the designated protected area in Wilpattu was declared a Sanctuary. Thereafter it was
upgraded to the status of National Park on February 25th, 1938. However, the WNP was closed to
visitors from December 1988 until its re-opening 16 years later on the 16th of March 2003, due to the
proximity to the civil conflict.
1.1 Geographical and climatic features
WNP is located 30km west of Anuradhapura and spans the border between the North Central and
North Western Province. It is bordered by the Moderagam Aru in the south and Kala Oya in the north
and is contiguous with the Indian Ocean in the west. The WNP is located between 8º 12′ – 8º 32′-N
and 79º 52′ – 80º 10′ E, and is one of the largest national parks in the country covering an area of
131,693 hectares. The topography is varied, ranging from mean sea level to 152 masl. The
geomorphological and geological features of the WNP have been extensively studied by Katz (1974).
The average annual temperature in the park is around 27.20 C and it receives an annual rainfall of
approximately 1,000 mm. The main climatic condition is characterized by inter monsoonal rains in
March and April, with an extensive dry spell extending from May to September. This is followed by a
rainy season influenced by the Northeast monsoon between September to December.
1.2 Ecological features
The many Villu wetlands and ancient irrigation tanks in the WNP constitute the main geographical
feature of the Park. Although these Villus resemble lakes, they are actually flat basin like depressions
generally containing rain water. Two of these Villus are saline due to the local soil characteristics and
seepage of saline water. The western sector of Wilpattu is covered with dense forests within which
many species of flora can be seen. There are three types of vegetation; Littoral vegetation, including
Salt marsh and low scrub immediately adjacent to the beach and further inland, monsoon forest with
tall emergents, such as Palu (Manilkara hexandra), and Satin (Chloroxylon swietenia), Milla (Vitex
altissima), Weera (Drypetes sepiaria), Ebony (Disopyros ebenum) and Wewarna (Alseodaphne
semecapriflolia).
The WNP harbours a variety of mammals, with a total of 31 species being recorded by Eisenberg and
Lockhart (1972). The Elephant (Elephas maximus), Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), and Leopard
(Panthera pardus) are some of the threatened mammals found in this protected area. A large number
of scattered herds of Spotted Deer (Axis axis) are present in the park, and have been studied by
Barrette (1991). The other groups of animals in WNP have not been documented adequately in the
past.
A pioneering study by Eisenberg and Lockhart (1972) over three decades ago, enabled the
documentation of valuable ecological information related to the WNP.

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1.3 Historical aspects of Wilpattu
The first settlers, King Vijaya and clan selected the fertile lands of the Kala Oya and Modara Ganga
flood plains for their settlements and agriculture. Before them, prehistoric man had used the beaches
and the areas around the natural lakes or “Vila” habitats as hunting and settlement grounds.
Although this area had an ancient civilization, it is one of the least archaeologically explored areas
with attention only being paid to inscriptions and proto historic crematoriums. A significant amount of
legend and history has been associated with the park and its immediate surroundings.
Tammanna Nuwara, where Prince Vijaya landed in about 600BC and founded the Sinhalese
civilisation, is said to be between Kudiramalaya point and Moderagam Aru mouth. It is believed that
Vijaya and his followers landed here and rested by placing their hands on the ground, which were
then stained red (Annex X - Figure 01). Modern soil surveys indicate a strip of red colour soil
(latosols), running north and south along the western coastal belt, which emerged from the sea level a
millions years ago. According to legend, Vijaya married Kuveni, the Yaksha Princess, whose palace
lies in ruins at Kali Vila. Galbendi Neeravia which is located north-east of Maradanmaduwa tank, is
supposed to be the place where Prince Saliya, the son of King Dutugamunu, lived with his bride of low
caste, Asokamala, some 2000 years ago (Samaraweera, 1970).
Foreign and local experts such as Begley (1981), Bell (1904), Brohier (1929, 1934), Deraniyagala,
(1955, 1957, 1958, 1960a, 1960b, 1972a), Hawkey (2002), Nicholas (1963), Paranavitana, (1956,
1970), Seneviratne (1984), Sitramplam (1990), and Wattala (1979 in de Silva & Karunaratne, 1979)
have directly and indirectly contributed in developing the present knowledge base on the ancient
Wilpattu civilization.
1.4 Scope of the Project
This resource inventory refers to the collection and/or collation of core information of the natural
resources to facilitate park management, including the development of an information base for
specific assessment and monitoring activities. Further, this resource inventory would be extremely
useful in the preparation of management plans for scientific management of the WNP.
The objective of this project is to identify the various habitats/ecosystems types and species of plants
and animals within the WNP, which contribute to the sustenance of the dry-zone biodiversity in Sri
Lanka. It would enable the identification of unique and endangered plant and animal species and
serve to document the existing conservation issues. The information gathered under the above
objectives would be extremely useful in preparing a detailed management plan for the WNP, whilst
also contributing to the promotion of eco-tourism.
The present study focused on inventorying field level information pertaining to the flora, fauna,
archaeology and water resources of WNP. This is expected to facilitate future planning for wildlife
management through appropriate analysis and synthesis of the resource inventories. Hence this
exercise is essentially a precursor study for Protected Area (PA) management planning in Sri Lanka,
and as such, no attempt has been made to provide detailed analyses and recommendations, which
are beyond the scope of this work.

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1.5 Specific Objectives of the study
The present study focussed on the following specific objectives:
• Document the terrestrial and aquatic habitat/ecosystem types within WNP.
• Document the structure and composition of vegetation types within WNP.
• Document the species composition and relative abundance of vertebrate faunal species and
selected invertebrate faunal species in the different habitats/ecosystems of WNP.
• Document the water resources within WNP.
• Document the cultural and archaeological resources within WNP.
• Using the data gathered through field surveys, prepare accurate GIS spatial distribution maps
on the habitats/ecosystem types, water resources and sites of cultural/archaeological interest
in WNP.
• Document the current threats to biodiversity within WNP.

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2.0 Methodology
The standardised, scientifically-based sampling methods used to document the biological resources
(habitats, flora, and fauna), hydrological resources, and archaeology resources were designed to
ensure maximum efficiency in obtaining resource information of the Wilpattu National Park. Aspects
such as availabililty of financial resources, time period, and accessibility were also taken into
consideration, when selecting suitable survey techniques. A literature survey on past work related to
ecology, hydrology and archaeology of the WNP area was also undertaken to identify specific
information gaps.
2.1 Selection of sampling sites and sampling frequency
Sampling sites were selected in a random manner after considering factors such as accessibility,
habitat representativeness, and spatial distribution within the park. In order to determine the spatial
variation and distribution of biodiversity, both aquatic and terrestrial habitats were surveyed for six
months, with 7-9 days of continuous field work in each month. Each selected sampling site was
covered at different times of the day to avoid the time bias when recording fauna. Nocturnal visits
were also made in all sampling sites during each sampling session. The field sampling was preceded
by a one-week reconnaissance survey to finalize the sampling methodology and sampling zones for
the resource inventory study. The sampling locations are highlighted in Figure 1.
2.2 Flora Survey Methodology
Species/population (higher plants) parameters of diverse vegetation types in WNP were studied using
standard scientific techniques, with appropriate modifications to suit field conditions. Vegetation
dominated by woody flora was sampled using 5mx50m transects while other small herbaceous types
were sampled using 2mx10m transects (see Table 2.1). Recording of flora and fauna was done in
designated ‘focus areas’ in the field. A ‘focus area’ refers to a 100m radius circular area whose
central point is a known GPS location. All the fauna and flora studies for a particular location were
conducted within this area. Hence there may be more than one transect within a given focus area
(see Annex for details of transects, habitat types covered and GPS value of the centre of the focus
area).
Table 2.1: Transect sizes adopted for different vegetation/habitat types
Habitat type
Code
Transect size
Forests and related ecosystems
1
Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests (DEF)
1.1
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
DEF-Tall forest
1.11
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
DEF-Medium height forests
1.12
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
DEF-Dwarf forests
1.13
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
DEF-Rock out-crop forests
1.14
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
1.2
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
Riverine forests
1.3
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
Dry patana grasslands
1.4
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
Inland wetland ecosystems
2
Flood plains
2.1
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
Swamps
2.2
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
Swamp forests
2.21
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
Herbaceous swamps
2.22
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
Streams and rivers
2.3
Not studied

5
Habitat type
Code
Transect size
Reservoirs and ponds (RP)
2.4
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
2.41
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
2.42
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
2.43
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
RP-Swamp community
2.44
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
RP-Marsh community
2.45
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
RP-Lentic community
2.46
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
Wet Villu grasslands (VL)
2.5
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
2.51
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
2.52
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
2.53
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
VL-Swamp community
2.54
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
VL-Marsh community
2.55
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
VL-Lentic community
2.56
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
Coastal and marine ecosystems
3
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
Mangroves
3.1
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
Salt marshes
3.2
2mx10m(20 sq.m)
Sand dunes and beaches
3.3
5mx50m (250 sq.m)
Seagrass beds
3.4
Not studied
Lagoons and estuaries
3.5
Not studied
2.3 Fauna Survey Methodology
All groups of vertebrates (Freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) and selected
invertebrate species (butterflies) were identified, quantified and documented. Standard scientific
sampling techniques were used to survey the different groups of fauna in the project area (Table 2.2).
All efforts were made to document the animals without causing them harm. In the event of an inability
to confirm identification of a specimen in the field, a maximum of two specimens were collected to
verify the identity under laboratory conditions.
Table 2.2: Summary of faunal sampling techniques
Group/ taxa
Method
Technique
Fish
Direct
Cast-netting; Bank Counts; funnel traps
Amphibians
Direct
Transects; Plots; Pit-fall traps
Reptiles
Direct
Transects; Plots; Pit-fall traps
Birds
Direct and indirect
Terrestrial habitats: Line transects
Aquatic habitats: Temporal point counts
(Visual & auditory observations)
Mammals
Direct and indirect
Transects (tracks, faecal matter, feeding signs,
carnivore scat analysis calls etc.); Trapping of
small mammals (Sherman’s traps)
Butterflies
Direct
Transects
2.4 Species identification, classification and nomenclature
The species of plants and animals were identified and classified using the latest standard published
guides and keys available in Sri Lanka. In addition, the specimens that form part of the collection
located within the National Herbarium and the National Museum were referred for species
authentification. Some of the key references that were used to identify flora and fauna are given in
Table 2.3 below.

6
Table 2.3: Some key references used for species identification
Group
Source
Flora
Dassanayake, M. D. & Fossberg, F. R. (eds) (1980 – 1991), Dassanayake, M.
D., Fossberg, F. R. & Clayton, W. D. (eds) (1994 - 1995), Dassanayake, M. D.,
Fossberg, F. R. & Clayton, W. D. (eds) (1995 - 1996)
Freshwater Fish
Pethiyagoda, R. (1991), Jayaram, K.C 1991
Amphibians
Dutta, S.K & Manamendra-Arachchi, K (1996)
Reptiles
Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1953), De Silva (1990), De Silva (1996)
Birds
Harrison, J & Worfolk, T (1999), Rassmussen, P.C & Anderton, J.C (2005)
Mammals
Phillips, W. W. A. (1980), Corbet, G.B & Hill, J.E (1992)
Butterflies
D’ Abrera, B (1998)
2.5 Documenting the hydrological resources
Documentation of hydrological resources focused on surface water resources within the National
Park, and seasonal availability of water. All the streams, rivers and other surface water bodies were
documented. Special attention was paid to document the water resources which directly or indirectly
increase the survival of wildlife, especially the requirement of elephants. Hydro-geological aspects
(flow of water, transport of sediments, nature of geomorphology, character of bed material, channel
form etc.) were also closely documented and studied.
Basic information on hydrological resources were collated from past studies and enriched with first
hand field observations. Location information and extent of the water resources were reflected using
GIS technology.
2.6 Documenting sites of cultural/archaeological significance
Due to security reasons, the present survey was limited to four blocks of WNP. The area covered lies
between the northern part of Modera Ganga (Moderagam Aru) and southern Kala Oya. Several areas
within the four blocks were not surveyed due to accessibility issues.
A preliminary literature survey was undertaken to record previous studies conducted in the area, and
one-inch maps (1:63000) published by the Survey Generals Department were used to locate the
studied sites. The surface recognition survey was carried out to record the archaeological sites and
their present status. Pottery fragments, which were found in the sites, were identified in to form and
types using published documents such as Gunasekera et al. (1971) and Deraniyagala, (1972b). GPS
readings were taken for each site using Garmin “Etrex 12 channel GPS”.
2.7 Constraints and limitations of the survey
Certain sites could not be accessed either due to security concerns, or due to a lack of suitable
access road/pathway. These included the segment of the park north of Moderagam Aru river, part of
the north-east area and part of the south-west area (between Pomparippu, Thalawila and Alimaduwa).
Additionally, the small mammals in most parts of WNP could not be documented adequately, as
documentation of such requires extensive trapping efforts. The lack of background information related
to archaeology and lack of field guides to identify and classify ancient artefacts was a major constraint
in documenting and analyzing some archaeological sites.

7
3.0 Flora of Wilpattu National Park.
This section elaborates on the habitats/vegetation types, florisitic composition of habitats, structure of
the floristic habitats and occurrence and distribution of floral species found in these habitats.
3.1 Inventory of habitats.
The habitat types (synonymous with vegetation types) found in the WNP were identified and grouped
according to the classification adopted in a document produced by the Ministry of Forestry and
Environment (1999). In addition to the major habitat types, several sub types were identified and
documented in order to accommodate site specific variations of habitats. Each habitat was given a
specific numerical code for analytical purposes.
Table 3.1: List of habitats and sub habitat types of WNP
Code
Habitat/Sub habitat type
1
Forests and related ecosystems
1.1
Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests (DEF)
1.11
Sub type
DEF-Tall forest
1.12
Sub type
DEF-Medium height forests
1.13
Sub type
DEF-Dwarf forests
1.14
Sub type
DEF-Rock out-crop forests
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
1.3
Riverine forests
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
2
Inland wetland ecosystems
2.1
Flood plains
2.2
Swamps
2.21
Sub type
Swamp forests
2.22
Sub type
Herbaceous swamps
2.3
Streams and rivers
2.4
Reservoirs and ponds (RP)
2.41
Sub type
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
2.42
Sub type
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
2.43
Sub type
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
2.44
Sub type
RP-Swamp community
2.45
Sub type
RP-Marsh community
2.46
Sub type
RP-Lentic community
2.5
Wet Villu grasslands (VL)
2.51
Sub type
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
2.52
Sub type
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
2.53
Sub type
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
2.54
Sub type
VL-Swamp community
2.55
Sub type
VL-Marsh community
2.56
Sub type
VL-Lentic community
3
Coastal and marine ecosystems
3.1
Mangroves
3.2
Salt marshes
3.3
Sand dunes and beaches
3.4
Seagrass beds
3.5
Lagoons and estuaries

8
3.2 The structure and dominant plant species in each habitat type
3.2.1. Forests and related ecosystems
Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests (DEF)
Typical dry zone climax forests are found in the WNP. They comprise of three recognizable vegetation
strata; 20m-30m high continuous tree canopy, sub canopy upto 15m, shrubs upto 5m and herbaceous
plants below 1m. Trees are densely assembled in well developed sites, where poor growth of shrubby
and herbaceous forms is found in the ground layers. Leaves of the plant species found in this layer
can be classified as mesophyllous or microphyllous – typical dry zone habitat characteristics. Exposed
ground is common and the forest regeneration can be observed in many places. However, several
sub types of DEF were recognized in the field.
DEF-Tall forest - The canopy always goes above 20m.
Dominant species: Chloroxylon swietenia, Drypetes sepiaria and Manilkara hexandra.
Figure 1: Profile diagram of Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests (DEF) - Subtype: DEF-Tall
forest – Habitat code 1.11
INDEX: Benkara malabarica (11), Cassipourea ceylanica (15), Derris scandens (13), Diospyros
ebenum (4 & 8), Diospyros ovalifolia, (5) Drypetes sepiaria (1,3 & 17), Glycosmis mauritiana (6 &9),
Mallotusrhamnifolius (10 ), Manilkara hexandra (7,16), Mischodon zeylanicus (2,14,18 & 19) &
Ziziphus oenoplia (12).
DEF-Medium height forests - The canopy lies between 10m-20m.
Dominant species: Chloroxylon swietenia, Diospyros ovalifolia, Drypetes sepiaria and Mischodon
zeylanicus

9
Figure 2: Profile diagram of Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests (DEF) - Subtype: DEF-
Medium height forest – Habitat code 1.12
INDEX: Cissus heyneana (19), Diospyros ovalifolia (4),Drypetes sepiaria
(1,3,11,13,15,17,18,20,22,23,25 &27), Glycosmis mauritiana (2,6,24 & 26), Holoptelea integrifolia
(12), Mallotus eriocarpus (16), Manilkara hexandra (8), Phyllanthus polyphyllus (21), Pleurostylia
opposita (5 &7), Strychnos nux-vomica(10), Walsura
trifoliolata (14) and Ziziphus oenoplia (9).
DEF-Dwarf forests - The canopy never goes beyond 10m. Usually located in infertile and drier sites,
and also towards the western part of the WNP which is characteristically arid in condition.
Dominant species: Drypetes sepiaria, Memecylon capitellatum, Memecylon umbellatum and
Mischodon zeylanicus

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Figure 3: Profile diagram of Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests (DEF) - Subtype:DEF-Dwarf
forest – Habitat code 1.13
INDEX: Cassipourea ceylanica (9), Chionanthus zeylanica (1), Drypetes sepiaria (4,13,14,15,17,18
&19), Erythroxylum monogynum (7), Mischodon zeylanicus (2,3,5,8 &16), Pleurostylia opposita (12),
Sapium insigne (6), Stenosiphonium cordifolium (10 &11).
DEF-Rock out-crop forests - Always located in association with rock out-crops. Vegetation is not dense
and shows patchy distribution over the landscape of WNP. It is a tree dominated vegetation type with a
canopy of 15m-20m, a shrub layer of 3m-4m and a ground layer consisting of herbaceous plants (0.5m).
Forest canopy is discontinuous and leaf fall can be observed during the dry season (July-September).
Many shrubby plants have thorny or spiny structures and are well-adapted to extreme drought conditions.
Understory is sparse on rocky substratum. Ground features are relatively more heterogeneous since
rocky structures and bare ground exist side by side. Plants grow among the boulders, rock crevices or are
fixed in soil. Ground water retention is very low since often bedrock is found beneath the thin soil layer. In
certain places, the depressions formed on the open rock surface act as natural mini pools accumulating
rain water and thereby contributing to the sustenance of animal life. In areas where there are caves, a
host of wild animals use it as a safe abode to survive the harsh climatic conditions.
Dominant species:Euphorbia antiquorum,Ficus amplissima, Ficus benghalensis and Ficus mollis

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Figure 4: Profile diagram of Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests (DEF) - Subtype:DEF-
Rockout crop forests – Habitat code 1.14
INDEX: Croton laccifer (2&,3), Euphorbia antiquorum (6,8 &9), Ficus mollis (7), Hugonia mystax (5),
Tarenna asiatica (4), Vitex altissima (1).
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
Scrublands are thick impenetrable thorny or spiny, woody vegetation growing upto 4m-6m in height.
Two major strata can be recognized; the shrub canopy and the layer of herbaceous (upto 0.5m) plants
that grow underneath; which may be interspersed with larger trees. Many plants have microphyllous
leaves and the exposed shrubs are much branched. The ground layer abounds with herbaceous life
forms as it receives direct sun light. Some of the plant species that are growing in these areas are well
adapted to xerophytic conditions due to the prevailing dry conditions. Some such adaptations include
having thick leaves with well developed surface structures to protect them from strong sunlight and
minimise evaporation, the production of seeds that can successfully remain dormant until the
commencement of the rainy season, possessing vegetation that can withstand heavy structural
damage caused by herbivores, drought or wind, and the ability to recover in the wet season.
Dominant species: Benkara malabarica, Canthium coromandelicum, Capparis zeylanica, Carissa
spinarum, Catunaregam spinosa, Erythroxylum monogynum, Flueggea leucopyrus, Maytenus
emarginata, Memecylon capitellatum, Memecylon umbellatum, Scutia myrtina, Ziziphus oenoplia and
Ziziphus rugosa.

12
Figure 5: Profile diagram of Tropical thorn forests (scrublands) – Habitat code 1.2
INDEX: Aristida setaceae (5) , Cassia auriculata (7 & 8), Catunaregam spinosa (9,10,11,12,13,14,15
&16), Memecylon Capitellatum (1,2,3 &4) and Strychnos nux-vomica (6).
Riverine forests
This vegetation type can be distributed in an area as narrow as a few meters when in association with
minor streams or in areas that are over 10m wide in the flat areas on the lower reaches of rivers.
Vegetation height is about 15m-25m with almost a closed canopy belt of forests. Sub-canopy (10m)
and shrub/herb (0.5m-3m) layers can also be distinguished. General luxuriance compared to other
forests makes it more akin to a rainforest. Lianas are also an important constituent of this forest
framework and constitute considerably high floristic richness. Few deciduous species such as
Terminalia Arjuna, Madhuca longifolia and Diospyros malabarica are situated along the banks of
perennial streams. The evergreen character of these species can be attributed to the unlimited
availability of groundwater throughout the year.
Riverine forests form the interface between streams and terrestrial habitats. They are the frontline
defence against stream bank erosion due to water currents. The thick root system of trees and shrubs
act as a protective cushion for the banks. Well-developed riverine forests associated with Kala Oya
and Moderagam Aru providing convenient resting sites for birds, bats, reptiles, amphibians etc.
Dominant species: Diospyros malabarica, Hydnocarpus venenata, Syzygium cumini and Terminalia
arjuna.

13
Figure 6: Profile diagram of Riverine forest – Habitat code 1.3
INDEX: Diospyros malabarica (6,7 & 8), Diospyros ovalifolia (18 ), Drypetes sepiaria (3), Glycosmis
mauritiana (4,16,17 &19), Hugonia mystax (14), Ixora coccinea (5), Maba buxifolia (13), Memecylon
capitellatum (2), Mischodon zeylanicus (1), Polyalthia korinti (20), Pongamia pinnata (9 &11),
Syzygium cumini (12 &15), Terminalia arjuna (10).
Dry patana grasslands
Dry Patana grasslands are common towards the western part of WNP, especially in association with
scrublands. They generally occur in areas where habitations were present at some point in the past,
as indicated by the archaeological fragments found in these areas. The forest cover has probably
been destroyed through various human activities such as agricultural expansion, constructions, fire,
removal of timber, firewood gathering etc.
Grasslands have a simple vegetation structure which involves a large expanse of closely grown
grassy cover ranging between 0.1m-1m in height. Often, isolated and scattered trees (upto 20m) and
shrub (upto 3m) species can also be observed. As a general pattern, almost all the dry patana
grasslands are small patches dotted in forested landscape of WNP.
Dominant species: Chloris barbata, Chrysopogon fulvus, Eragrostis riparia, Eragrostis riparia,
Evolvulus alsinoides, Fimbristylis cinnamometorum, Fimbristylis triflora, Leucas zeylanica and
Sporobolus maderaspatanus.

14
Figure 7: Profile diagram of Dry patana grasslands and associated habitats
NOTE: Patches of grasslands (B&D) are always found as islands within the forest landscape (A,C &
E). Common grasses of B & D include Alloteropsis cimicina, Chloris barbata, Chrysopogon fulvus,
Eragrostis riparia, Eragrostis riparia, Evolvulus alsinoides, Fimbristylis cinnamometorum, Fimbristylis
triflora, Leucas zeylanica and Sporobolus maderaspatanus.
3.2.2 Inland wetland ecosystems
Flood plains
Flood plains of WNP are the expanse of relatively flat land bordering the Kala oya that experiences
annual flooding during the north-east monsoon period. The amount of land inundated during a flood is
relative to the severity of a flood event. The flora is considerably influenced by the water overflowing
from the rivers and streams which serve as the dominant hydrological input. During a flooding event,
the soil surface of flood plains get temporarily covered with flowing water from the river or its feeder
streams and the silt deposited in the process is the main source of nutrient input to the flood plain
habitat. Forested land is the dominant vegetation cover consisting of species that can tolerate water
currents and periodic inundations. The flood plain habitat comprises of forests that are similar to
riverine forests in structure and composition. The forest canopy is fairly closed and is approximately
20m-30m in height. Sub-canopy (12m) and shrub/herb (0.5m-3m) layers can also be distinguished.
However, unlike riverine forests relatively large patches of grass can also be observed.
Dominant species: Cyperus exaltatus, Cyperus pilosus, Cyperus rotundus, Diospyros malabarica,
Haldina cordifolia, Imperata cylindrica, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia arjuna and Vitex leucoxylon
Figure 8: Profile diagram of Flood plain habitat – Habitat code 2.1

15
INDEX: Diospyros malabarica (5 &6), Gossypium arboreum (2), Haldina cordifolia (9), Imperata
cylindrica (12), Ixora pavetta (17), Limonia acidissima (8 &11), Syzygium cumini (16), Tamarix indica
(7), Terminalia arjuna (1,3 & 15), Vitex leucoxylon (13&14), Zizyphus oenoplea (10).
Swamps
Swamps experience high moisture content for most parts of the year. Unlike marshes however,
swamps are not covered with water for most part of the year, but the soil remains fully saturated with
water (water logged) fed by a variety of sources; precipitation, ground water discharge or seepage
from nearby streams/ ponds/ reservoirs or sometimes, a combination of different sources. They occur
as isolated depressions in the WNP landscape. The soil is known to be hydric and is therefore
characterised by being saturated long enough to develop anaerobic conditions that favor the growth
and regeneration of hydrophillic vegetation. Field indicators of such soils include; a thick layer of
decomposing plant material on the surface; the odour of rotten eggs; and colors of bluish–gray, gray
or black.
Swamps are mainly characterised by two vegetation cover types; Swamp forests dominated by trees
growing up to 15m-25m and herbaceous swamps with 1m-2m high dominant herb cover. Unlike
herbaceous swamps, swamp forests have three basic strata; A closed canopy (15m-25m), shrub layer
(3m-5m) and herb layer (up to 1m).
Dominant species:
Swamp forests - Diospyros malabarica, Syzygium cumini and Terminalia arjuna.
Figure 9: Profile diagram of a Swamp forest associated with a reservoir; lentic community (A)
and reservoir bund (B) – habitat code - 2.21
INDEX: Diospyros malabarica (12), Drypetes sepiaria (4) ,Eupatorium odoratum (6), Haldina cordifolia
(7), Imperata cylindrica (13), Ixora coccinea (1 & 2), Syzygium cumini (5,9,10 &11), Terminalia arjuna
(3).
Herbaceous swamps - Crotalaria lunulata, Eragrostis atrovirens, Eriocaulon quinquangulare,
Hygrophila schulli, Oryza perinnis, Phragmites karka, Schoenoplectus articulatus and Typha
angustifolia.

16
Figure 10: Profile diagram of Herbaceous swamp – Habitat code 2.22
INDEX: Vitex leucoxylon (4, 5, 6 & 8), Paspalum distichum (9), Schoenplectus littoralis (7), Syzygium
cumini (2), Typha angustifolia (1 &3).
(Rivers and streams were studied with reference to fauna)
Reservoirs and ponds
These are relatively small bodies of stagnant fresh water which are usually shallow enough for
sunlight to penetrate through to the bed. Some are man-made. Unlike Villus, they possess clearly
visible water outlet channel(s) and the body of water is surrounded by a narrow belt of wetland
vegetation even during the dry months. These are found in association with the stream network of the
WNP. Several sub habitat types can be recognized which develop in response to the increasing (in
time and space) hydric conditions towards the center of the water body. They are;
▪ Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest.
▪ Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland.
▪ Seasonally flooded damp grassland.
▪ Swamp community.
▪ Marsh community.
▪ Lentic community.
Among which, edge forest is closed vegetation and the rest are open habitat systems. Edge forests
have a similar structure and species composition to riverine forests, but are additionally enriched with
species of the nearby dry zone forests. The forest canopy is almost closed with a height range of
20m-30m. The sub-canopy is about 15m and an underlying shrub/herb (0.5m-3m) layer can also be
distinguished. They are generally more luxuriant compared to dry mixed evergreen forests.
Depending on the specific topography of the site, there will be variation in habitats both in relation to
the structure and composition. Additionally, the structure, species dominance and species
composition of different habitat units are highly variable in relation to the annually fluctuating water
levels.
Dominant species:
▪ Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest: Calophyllum calaba, Diospyros malabarica,
Diospyros ovalifolia, Hydnocarpus venenata and Syzygium cumini.
▪ Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland: Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus javanicus,
Cyperus rotundus, Eragrostis nutans, Eragrostis riparia, Imperata cylindrica, Sporobolus
diande and Tephrosia purpurea.

17
▪ Seasonally flooded damp grassland: Blainvillea acmella, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus
exaltatus, Cyperus rotundus, Eclipta prostrata, Eragrostis nutans, Eriocaulon quinquangulare,
Fimbristylis cinnamometorum and Paspalidium punctatum
▪ Swamp community: Aeschynomene indica,Cyperus distans, Cyperus javanicus,Eriocaulon
quinquangulare, Fimbristylis cinnamometorum,Oryza perinnis and Schoenoplectus
articulatus.
▪ Marsh community: Aeschynomene indica, Bacopa monnieri, Blyxa auberti, Ceratophyllum
demersum; Limnocharis flava, Ludwigia adscendens, Oryza perrinis, Sacciolepis interrupta
and Schoenoplectus articulatus.
▪ Lentic community: Aponogeton crispus, Blyxa auberti, Ceratophyllum demersum, Hydrilla
verticillata, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea nouchali, Nymphaea pubescens and Nymphoides
hydrophylla.
Figure 11: Profile diagram of reservoir/pond habitat – Habitat code - 2.4.
NOTE: Observe the horizontal organization of different sub habitat tyes; A-Occasionally/seasonally
flooded edge forest, B-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland, C-Seasonally flooded
damp grassland, D-Swamp community, E-Marsh community and F-Lentic community.
Wet Villu grasslands
The wet Villu grassland habitat may be the most unique landscape unit of WNP. It is found in natural
shallow depressions of the landscape. The shape may be circular to oval with no outlet for
accumulating water, hence Villus are periodically filled with water. From the periphery to the center,
the terrain is of very low gradient, often not exceeding 10 degrees. Thus, several vegetation belts or
zones have established from the edge to the center of the water body in response to the fluctuating
water levels. They can be categorized as follows;
▪ Occasionally flooded edge forest.
▪ Occasionally flooded dryland grassland.
▪ Seasonally flooded damp grassland.
▪ Swamp community.
▪ Marsh community.
▪ Lentic community.
However, depending on the specific topography of the site, some habitat components may not be
found in a given Wet Villu grassland habitat. Many of these Villus dry up seasonally, mainly through
loss of water by evaporation. Although few studies have been done on Villus, they are known to be of
high ecological importance as part of the broader landscape. Documentation of the biodiversity of

18
Villus at a particular point in time is far from adequate, and requires long term seasonal surveys to
capture the changing biodiversity in a Villu landscape. In addition to changing water regimes of Villus,
trampling and grazing are also the important determinants for the development of different plant
communities.
Figure 12: Profile diagram of Wet Villu habitat – Habitat code – 2.5.
NOTE: Observe the horizontal organization of different sub habitat tyes; A-Occasionally/seasonally
flooded edge forest, B-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland, C-Seasonally flooded
damp grassland, D-Swamp community, E-Marsh community and F-Lentic community
Dominant species:
▪ Occasionally flooded edge forest: Calophyllum calaba, Diospyros malabarica, Garcinia spicata,
Hydnocarpus venenata, Syzygium cumini and Terminalia arjuna.
▪ Occasionally flooded dryland grassland: Aphyllodium biarticulatum, Cynodon dactylon,
▪ Cyperus rotundus, Desmodium triflorum, Eragrostis ciliaris, Eragrostis nutans, Fimbristylis
cinnamometorum, Ischaemum ciliare, Leucas zeylanica, Oldenlandia umbellate and Tephrosia
purpurea.
▪ Seasonally flooded damp grassland: Cyperus iria, Cyperus rotundus, Eclipta prostrata, Eragrostis
nutans, Eriocaulon quinquangulare, Fimbristylis cinnamometorum, Murdannia dimorphoides,
Phyla nodiflora, Schoenoplectus articulatus and Schoenoplectus supinus.
▪ Swamp community: Aeschynomene indica, Bacopa monnieri, Cyperus javanicus, Dopatrium
lobelioides, Eclipta prostrata, Elaeocharis retroflexa, Eriocaulon quinquangulare, Leptochloa
neesii, Leptochloa panicea, Murdannia dimorphoides, Phyla nodiflora, Sacciolepis interrupta,
Schoenoplectus articulatus and Utricularia caerulea.
▪ Marsh community: Aeschynomene indica, Bacopa monnieri, Dopatrium lobelioides, Eriocaulon
quinquangulare, Fimbristylis cinnamometorum, Hygrophila balsamica, Leptochloa neesii, Phyla
nodiflora and Schoenoplectus articulatus.
▪ Lentic community: Bacopa monnieri, Blyxa auberti, Ceratophyllum demersum,
▪ Dopatrium lobelioides, Fimbristylis miliacea, Hydrilla verticillata, Limnophila aquatica, Nymphaea
nouchali, Nymphaea pubescens, Nymphoides hydrophylla, Nymphoides indica and Potamogeton
nodosus

19
Figure 13: Drawing of a Villu habitat showing white sand (B) separating the edge forests (A) on
higher ground and wetlands (C) on lower ground.
3.2.3. Coastal and marine ecosystems
Mangroves
Mangroves are salt-tolerant woody plant assemblages located along sheltered lagoons and estuaries.
Well developed mangroves generally reach upto 5m-10m while some species such as Rhizophora
mucronata and Sonneratia alba may grow beyond that height. In mature stands, the stratification is
limited almost to a single layer of true mangrove tree species forming a dense canopy; e.g
Rhizophora mucronata and Bruguiera cylindrica. Mangroves have developed characteristic structural
features that enable them to live under extreme edaphic conditions; shallow water, thick mud, water
logged saline soil, loose soil, heavy clays containing a large amount of organic matter, daily
fluctuation of salinity etc. These include various anatomical and physiological features such as stilt
roots, prop roots or knee roots for anchorage e.g Bruguiera cylindrica, pneumatophores (breathing
roots) for respiration e.g. Sonneratia alba, succulent leaves for storage of water e.g. Excoecaria
agallocha, the ability to remove excess salt from leaves e.g. Rhizophora mucronata, shiny leaves for
light reflection e.g. Lumnitzera racemosa and a viviparous mode for seed germination e.g. Rhizophora
mucronata and Ceriops tagal. In addition to true Mangrove stands, some patches are also
characterised by a combination of back mangrove species and are therefore referred to as Mangrove
mixed communities e.g. Excoecaria agallocha and Lumnitzera racemosa.
Dominant species: Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrical, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera
racemosa and Rhizophora mucronata.

20
Figure 14: Profile diagram of Mangroves – Habitat code – 3.1
INDEX: Avicennia marina (13), Excoecaria agallocha (8,9 &10), Lumnitzera racemosa (1),
Rhizophora mucronata (11 &12), Sonneratia alba (2,4,5,6 &7) and Thespesia populnea (3).
Salt marshes
A saltmarsh is an intertidal plant community dominated by herbs (up to 0.25m) and low growing
shrubs (upto 1.5m). There is a clear structural distinction between saltmarsh and mangroves - which
is an intertidal community dominated by trees. The sites become extremely dry during the prolonged
dry period (April-August) and consequently, excessive evaporation intensifies salinity. Often
crystallized free salt can be observed. Plant communities in these habitats include perennial herbs
such as Salicornia brachiata and Suaeda maritime as the dominant species that cover the bare
ground, with prostrate and upright shoots. Generally, the ground is 75% bare soil and sedges such as
Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus spp. can be found in an intermixed manner. Extreme environmental
conditions such as dry atmospheric conditions, increased soil salinity, dessicating salt spray,
perennially high temperatures and excessive evaporation are not conducive to the growth of other
plant species in locations in which salt marshes are found. Salt marshes also function as an important
habitat for coastal aquatic birds.
Dominant species: Salicornia brachiata, Suaeda maritime, Suaeda monoica and Suaeda vermiculata.
Figure 15: Profile diagram of Saltmarsh – Habitat code - 3.2
NOTE: Clumps of Salicornia brachiata (B) scattered in hyper saline muddy soil. Puddles (A) filled with
salty water are common in this habitat.

21
Sand dunes and beaches
The beach vegetation is found in the western part of the park in places where the land is gently
sloping towards the sea. The physiognomy and floristic composition of the beach flora and associated
minor sand dunes depend on the extent and steepness of the shore and the degree of ground
stability. The vegetation is located in the zone beyond the direct impact of waves and tides and
supports a tree cover (4m-6m) , scattered creepers (0.5m) and small shrubs(1m) which help
consolidation of surface soil by restricting wind induced erosion and by providing resistance to
removal of sand by occasional sea water. Trees are characterized by stuntedness, a feature that can
be attributed to the impact of strong wind action, salt spray and insolation. Depending on the
steepness and width of the shore, the beach vegetation zone may extend upto 50m.
Dominant species: Excoecaria agallocha, Opuntia dillenii, Pemphis acidula and Spinifex littoreus.
Figure 16: Profile diagram of beach habitat – Habitat code - 3.3.
INDEX: Dodonaea viscosa (6,7 &8), Manilkara hexandra (5,10,12 &15), Opuntia dillenii (14), Pemphis
acidula (1,2,17,18,19 & 20), Pleurostylia opposita (13), Salvadora persica (9 &11), Syzygium cumini
(3 &4) and Thespesia populnea (16).
3.3 Inventory of flora in WNP
The floristic survey resulted in the recording of approximately 623 flowering plant species belonging to
123 plant families. These species were recorded both within and outside transects. Altogether 249
transects were marked for inventorying of the flora of WNP and the general checklist of plants for
WNP was prepared from initial reconnaissance studies as well. Among them, 27 plants were
categorised as endemic while 21 plants were documented as threatened. The complete set of
information on flora is given in the following annexes.

22
Figure 17: Total number of plant species recorded in each habitat in WNP.

23
Propotional representation of Fauna in VNP
Butterflies
(86 sp.) 23%
Mammals
( 41 sp.) 11%
Birds
( 149 sp.) 39%
Reptiles,
(56 sp.) 15%
Amphibians
(17 sp.) 4%
Frest Wate r Fish
(29 sp.) 8%
4.0 Fauna of Wilpattu National Park
This chapter highlights information related to the fauna inhabiting the WNP, including species
composition, abundance and habitat occupation.
4.1 Species composition of fauna
A total of 284 faunal species belonging to 101 families were recorded within the Wilpattu National
Park (WNP) during the survey period. There were 21 endemic and 30 nationally threatened species
among them. When considering the proportional representation, birds were the most abundant
vertebrate group (39 %) whereas amphibians were the least abundant (4 %).
Figure 18: Proportional representation of fauna in WNP
The most significant record made during this exercise was that of Nessia hickanala, an endemic, very
rare and highly threatened skink species. This was the first record made after the description of the
type specimen in 1955. Furthermore, the rare and nationally threatened Paradoxurus zeylonensis
(Golden Palm Civet Cat) was also recorded along with all larger charismatic species such as Elephas
maximus, Panthera pardus, Melaursus ursinus.

24
Composition of fauna recorded in the survey
9
4
15
53
21
5
29
17
56
149
41
86
2
3
8
3
4
1
2
1
15
7
6
13
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Frest Water Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Butterflies
Taxonomic group
Total number
Families Total number of Species Endemic Threatened
Figure 19: Species composition of fauna in WNP.
29 species of freshwater fishes belonging to nine families were recorded from the seasonal and
perennial aquatic habitats of WNP which include both natural (rivers, streams, villus) and manmade
(tanks) habitats. Of the species recorded, 21 were indigenous and two were exotic. The number of
indigenous species is approximately 25 % of the island’s indigenous species. This is a significant
proportion when considering the parks location in the northwestern arid zone of the country. The
majority of them were recorded in “Moderagam Aru” (Perennial River) and its associated stream
systems, while a lesser number of species were recorded in the villu and tanks situated within the
park.
Puntius singhala and Chela ceylonensis were the only two endemic fish species that were recorded
from WNP. These particular species are widely distributed throughout the country in all major climatic
zones. Horadandia atukorali and Puntius ticto were also recorded from WNP and these species are
considered nationally threatened (IUCN Sri Lanka, 2000). Exotic species such as Oreochromis
mossambicus (Tilapia) and Trichogaster pectoralis (Snakeskin Gouramy) were commonly found in
most of the sampling sites, predominantly in tanks and villu systems.
17 species of amphibians belonging to four families were recorded from WNP. They represent about
15 % of the island’s amphibian fauna and include three endemic species and two nationally
threatened species (Bufo athukorali, Polyphedatus cruciger and Rana gracillis). When considering the
primary mode of living, all amphibian species recorded were either terrestrial or aquatic. The most
common amphibian species that were recorded in Wilpattu were Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Rannidae)
and Microhyla rubrum (Microhylidae).
56 species of reptiles belonging to 15 families were recorded from the park, which included 8 endemic
and 14 nationally threatened species and one highly threatened species. The most significant record
was the finding of a specimen of Nessia hickanala. This is the first record of this species after the type
specimen was described in the 1950’s. Chameleo zeylanicus another threatened and rare species
was also found within the park in scrub/shrub habitats near villus. Sri Lanka’s largest reptiles,
Crocodylus palustris and Python molurus were also recorded from the park. Hemidactylus leschnaultii

25
was the most dominant gecko species recorded from Wilpattu, while Otocryptis nigristigma and Sitana
ponticeriana were the dominant agamids. 30 species of serpentoid reptilians were recorded with
Boiga trigonata being the most abundant.
149 species of birds belonging to 53 families were recorded, which included 3 endemic and 7
nationally threatened species. There were 24 species of migratory winter visitors. Wetlands such as
villus and tanks provide ideal habitat for migratory waterfowl and other aquatic birds. Wilpattu is a
popular destination of a large number of migratory avifauna from late September to late March, since
it is located along the western migratory fly way. In the forested areas, Pycnonotus luteolus (White
browed Bulbul) and Aegithina tiphia (Common Iora) were the most abundant species, while Halcyon
smyrnensis (Lesser whistling Duck) and Phalacrocorax fuscicollis (Little Cormorant) were the most
abundant in wetland habitats.
41 species of mammals belonging to 21 families were recorded from WNP, which included 4 endemic
(Macaca sinica, Trachypithecus vetulus, Paradoxurus zeylonensis, Moschiola meminna) and 12
threatened species (IUCN Sri Lanka, 2000). Among the threatened species, 7 were considered as
globally threatened (e.g. Elephas maximus, Melursus ursinus, Ratufa macroura, Prionailurus
rubiginosus, Macaca sinica, Trachypithecus vetulus) and 10 were considered as nationally threatened
(Eg. Hipposideros galeritus, Felis chaus, Panthera pardus, Lutra lutra, Paradoxurus zeylonensis).
Very few (4-6) Trachypithecus vetulus herds were observed along the riverine network of the Kala
Oya mouth riverine forests. A colorful Painted bat (Kerivoula picta) recorded near the villu habitats of
Pomparippu and other insectivorous bat species are present in the abandoned buildings of the park
premises.
Panthera pardus were occasionally observed around the major lake (Villu) habitats and pug marks
and pellets were found in the surrounding forest areas. Felis chaus, Prionailurus rubiginosus and
Prionailurus viverrinus were rarely sighted in the open in the park area. Few domestic dogs
associated with fishermen were found in Palugahatura beach area. Elephas maximus were more
abundant near the park boundaries (Hunuvila, Kattabuwa, Kala Oya, Alimaduwa, Iluwamkulama,
Kukulkatuwa) and western coastal part of the park area (Pomparippu, Periya Vila, Mila Vila). All rat
species were recorded within the swamp habitats around the lakes, tanks and floodplains.
Among the invertebrates only the butterflies were sampled of which 86 species belonging to 5 families
were recorded. This represents about 35 % of the island’s butterfly fauna. There was one endemic
(Troides darsius – Ceylon Birdwing) and 14 nationally threatened species. Papilio crino (Banded
Peacock), Appias paulina (Lesser Albetross), Neptis jumbah (Chestnut-streaked Sailor), Junonia
iphita (Chocolate Soldier), Ypthima ceylonica (White four-ring), Nissanga patnia (Gladeye
Bushbrown), and Euploea core (Common Crow) were the most commonly encountered species
during the field sampling.

26
5.0 Archaeological Resources of Wilpattu National Park
A total of 68 archaeologically important sites were recorded during the survey period (see Annex IX).
Twelve sites, which were either mentioned in the literature or suggested by local villagers, were not
visited due to inaccessibility or as a result of inadequate information. The surveyed sites can be
divided into five major categories based on the artifacts which were found at them; Fossil sites,
Prehistoric sites, Proto-historic sites, Historic monastery sites and Irrigation or agricultural sites.
Prehistoric sites can be further divided into Palaeolithic and Mesolithic stone tool sites and Proto-
historic sites can be further divided into megalithic burial and Black and Red Ware (BRW) sites. At
several of the sampling locations, the survey team were able to record evidence of two or more
archaeological finds from the above five periods.
5.1 Fossil sites
Tertiary rocks of Miocene age (26 to 7 mys BP) are present along the seacoast. Four Miocene fossil
sites were identified in the park; on top of the Kudiremalaya point, Palugahatura camp site,
Palugahatura beach site near the fishing huts and Pan Ela right bank which is located inside the park.
Fossilized gastropods, corals and vertebrate parts were observed from these sites.
Site No: 6 - Pan- Ela right bank
8º 19' 14.9'' NL 80º 3' 23.4''EL
Miocene limestone was found to be exposed on the right bank of the Pan Ela (small tributary of Kala
Oya), a few meters downstream of the stream crossing the Maradanmaduwa-Ikirigollewa road.
Fossilized coral fragments can be observed in this area. Mica and small fragments of pottery were
also found along the left bank of the stream.
Site No: 38 - Kudiramalaya Miocene uplifts (Annex X - Figure 02)
8º 32' 20.6'' NL; 79º 52' 22.2'' EL
Fossilized shells, corals, and red sandy soil were seen along the ridge. Most of the fossilised rocks
have been weathered due to strong winds. Two surface dwelling land snail species namely Nania
tranqueberica and Criptozona bristralis and Vasum cornigerum which is found near the tidal level
have been previously recorded by Modder (1908).
Site No: 47 – Palugahatura beach (near fishing huts)
8º 28' 27'' NL; 79º 51' 44'' EL (11m+/-)
The research team recorded the presence of exposed Miocene limestone near present fishermen’s
inhabitations. Among the fossils fragments of corals, shells and vertebrate, fossilized bones were also
observed.
Site No: 59 – Palugahatura DWC park camp site
8º 28' 34.9'' NL; 79º 51' 57.7'' EL (14m +/-)
Miocene limestone with coral fragments (Annex X - Figure 03) was found exposed on the footpath
near the DWC park campsite, situated on the western slope of a hill. The site has been exposed due
to soil erosion during the rainy season.
5.2 Prehistoric sites:
Twelve sites surveyed belong to the prehistoric period (upper Palaeolithic or Mesolithic). Stone tools
made by Chert, clear quartz and pebbles were recorded among the open sandy dunes, open
scrubland, and around the natural and artificial water bodies. Among the tools, there are geometric

27
and non-geometric cutting blades, grinding and chopping tools, while a large number of outcrops were
also observed. There were iron slag and even pottery fragments in several sites.
Site No: 05 - Katupiti Diul Wewa
8º 20' 51.9''NL; 80º 6' 3.6''EL (15m +/-)
Breached tank. Open grassland surface gravel consisted of Chert stone tools.
Site No: 08 – Kimbula Ketugala (?)
8º 20' 50.2'' NL; 80º 3’ 47.6''EL (16m +/-)
Upper Palaeolithic Chert tools and Mesolithic quartz tools found among the ruins of destroyed
structure on the rock. Two rock pools were also observed nearby.
Site No: 16– Breached Tank (main road to Maradanmaduwa)
8º 21' 49.3''NL; 80º 0' 32.1''EL (11m +/-)
Upper Palaeolithic Chert tools were found on eroded grassland nearly 300m north of
Maradanmaduwa main road.
Site No: 26 - Kuda Pathessa
8º 26' 4.8'' NL; 79º 59' 33.2'' EL (12m +/-)
Quartz (Annex X - Figure 04) and Chert (Annex X - Figure 05) tools were recorded on the surface of
the sand dune located in the north of the Vila.
Site No: 27 - Iriyan Kulama
8º 26' 22.3'' NL; 80º 00' 16.6''EL (9m +/-)
Quartz and Chert tools were recorded on the surface of the sand dune, which is located on the
eastern side of the Vila. Among the findings there were upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic tools, out
crops, and hammer type stone tools.
Site No: 28 - Open scrub with gravel surface
8º 31' 24.8'' NL; 80º 1' 33.4'' EL (13m +/-)
This site was situated nearly 1km from Kokmota DWC park bungalow. The area consists of shrub
forest with a gravelly open area. Quartz and Chert tools and outcrops were recorded on the eroded
land.
Site No: 29 - Maha Pathessa
8º 26' 4.1'' NL; 80º 0' 9.2'' EL (10 m +/-)
Quartz and Chert tools and out-crops were recorded on the surface of the sand dune on the bank
near the Iriyankulama junction.
Site No: 33 - Kuruttu Pandi Vila
8º 26' 15.2'' NL; 79º 59' 2.5''EL (10m +/-)
Quartz and Chert tools, grinding tools, and out-crops (Annex X - Figure 06) were recorded on the
surface of the sand dune, which is situated on the eastern side of the Park.
Site No: 38 - Kudiramalaya Miocene uplifts
8º 32' 20.6'' NL; 79º 52' 22.2'' EL (10m +/-)
Mesolithic Quartzs and Chert tools were recorded on the surface of the Miocene deposits.
Site No: 56 – Scrub land
8º 31' 28.7'' NL; 80º 1' 33.3'' EL (13m +/-)

28
This site was situated nearly 1km from Kokmota DWC park bungalow. The area consists of shrub
forest with a gravelly open area. Quartz and Chert tools and outcrops were recorded on the eroded
land.
Site No: 57 - Gini Gal Wembuwa
8º 16' 18.9'' NL; 80º 5' 14.1'' EL (10 m +/-)
This site was situated in the upper catchment of the Diul Wewa, few kilometres north of Katupattewa
DWC beat office. Upper Palaeolithic Chert tools (Annex X - Figure 07) were recorded from gravel
surface of the open grassland.
Site No: 62 - Pomparippu old Mannar road
8º 18' 27.4'' NL; 79º 53' 14.2''EL (7m +/-)
Upper Palaeolithic Chert tools were found on the old Mannar road, 300m north of the Urn burial sites.
In the vicinity, a water hole covered with aquatic plants was found.
5.3 Proto-historic and Historic sites:
BRW fragments, burials, iron slag and ruined monasterial structures which belong to the proto-historic
and historic period, were found in the 42 sites. However, without further investigation, it is difficult to
clearly differentiate between the artefacts of the two main periods. Most of these sites were dispersed
in the open scrub and near water bodies. In between the Alam Vila and Eranapala Mote there is a
large iron extraction site, and iron slag remains widespread throughout the area.
Seneviratne (1984) recorded four megalithic BRW and Burial sites within the WNP; Tekkama (urn
burial site), Pomparippu (urn burial site), Karaban Kulama (urn burial site) and Aluthbobuwa (cist
burial site). The IUCN research team was able to visit the Pomparippu site, but could not visit the
remaining three sites due to the lack of specific geographic coordinates. Pottery fragments, which
belong to different technology, were found and can be identified up to forms such as Patraya, Thatiya,
Nabiliya, Mudiya, Muttiya, Kalaya, and funerary urn. In most cases, BRW was found mixed with other
types of pottery fragments.
The Pomparippu Urn burial site was located near the 21st milestone of the old Mannar-Puttalam road.
The site has been explored by several experts such as Deraniyagala (1957, 1958), and Begley
(1981). The most extensive work has been conducted by Prof. Vimala Begley in 1971. In 2002
Hawkey (2002) analyzed and compared the Pomparippu burial remains (human teeth) with
specimens from India belonging to the same period and confirmed that Pomparippu humans were
more similar to the Sinhalese and to Indian Mesolithic populations than to Sri Lankan Tamils or to
Balangoda man. Except for the above location, it was possible to record BRW from the left bank of the
Pomparippu Ara, nearly 2km from the estuary (Annex X- Figure 08) where the present Baobab
(Adansonia digitata) tree is located.
Terracotta figures were recorded from Maradanmaduwa, which is believed to belong to a different
culture, called “Maradanmaduwa-Tabbowa Culture” (Deraniyagala, 1960a, 1960b). Deraniyagala also
studied the manufacturing techniques, ethological aspects, and details of human and animal
representation and provided an interpretation through a comparative study with similar cultures in
India, Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin America. During the present survey, we were unable to trace
the area where terracotta figures were found, but pottery and iron slag fragments were found in the
surface soil of the present campsite area and wild rice was also present in the vicinity of the
Maradanmaduwa tank.

29
Eleven ruined monasteries were recorded from the forested areas associated with large rocks, of
which two sites (Ochchappu Kallu and Veheragala) were found to contain inscriptions. All these sites
have been excavated and destroyed by bounty hunters.
Ochchappu Kallu rock inscription is still well preserved (Annex X- Figure 09) but Veheragala
inscriptions are heavily weathered and limited to few lines. According to previous literature, there were
several inscriptions recorded from the WNP (Annex VII). An inscription of Kanittha Tissa (167-186)
found on the rock of Ochchappu Kallu (Muller, 1883; Packer, 1909) and ten-cave inscriptions
belonging to 2-1 CBC were recorded in the vicinity of the site. In addition, one of the inscriptions
belonged to “Raja Kanasha” which was unknown to chronicles such as the Mahawansa and
Deepawansa (Paranavitana, 1970) . In Sinadiyagala, which is a rock about 11/2miles from the
Moderagam Aru, there is another inscription of King Vasaba which describes a scene of the granting
of Kalapahanaka tank (present breached Karaban Kulama) to the Dakkhina Viharaya at
Anuradhapura. The subdivision of Valapu-bim in Palasa is mentioned in an inscription of King
Kassapa IV (898-913) near Mallimadu (erroneously called Kukurumahandamana by Bell in 1896) in
the WNP in which the village Kerelagama or Venulagam was assigned to a Hospital at
Anuradhapura. Other inscriptions recorded from the park are, Timbiriwewa rock inscription of King
Kumaradasa (508-516AD), Andaragollagala inscription of King Dathopatissa II (667-683AD), and an
inscribed pillar of the 10th century at Pattiya Eliya. Veheragala site, which has two damaged
inscriptions of the 1st century, mentions several village names (Nicholas, 1963).
Ruined Stupas were recorded from Tammannawala (Annex X - Figure 10), Kimbula Ketugala,
Veheragala, Ochchappu Kallu, Naypena Guhawa, Hunuvila Gama and Kali Vila. Bounty hunters have
carried out considerable excavations in all the Stupas. The Stupa at Kimbula Ketugala near the
Timbiriwewa has been completely demolished without any trace of bricks on the rock, but brick
fragments can be seen in the forest below the rock. Legend suggests that the ruined pillars near the
Kali Vila are the remnants of the palace of Kuveni. During the current survey, a ruined Stupa a few
meters north of the pillars was observed. The present road network runs through the site and near the
Stupa and also through the foundation of the structure. Therefore, immediate action has to be taken to
prevent further destruction of this site. Veheragala and Naypena Guhawa are somewhat further south
from the present road network and hence these sites are more vulnerable. Home-guard protection is
provided to the ruins near the Hunuvila Gama tank bund, which constitutes the boundary of the park.
None of these sites inside the National park have been declared or Gazetted as archaeologically
protected monuments (www.mca.gov.lk/D_archeo/dept_archeo.htm).
The Weeransole ruins near the Palu-vilandawa tank which consist of three destroyed Buddha statues,
including two seated (Samadhi) and one standing statue (Annex X - Figure 11) have not been
previously recorded. A well preserved seated (Samadhi) statue was moved to the Park entrance
(Hunuvilagama) during the 1980s by Army officers, and can now be seen in the image house. This
statue is similar to the Samadhi Buddha statue in Anuradhapura. One of the destroyed Samadhi
Buddha statues (Annex X - Figure 12) seated under the hood of Naga King Muchalinda, is of a rare
type. These three Buddha statues have been previously recorded from the eastern province; two from
Seruvila Mangala, Rajamaha Viharaya off Trincomalee and one from Kantale sugar plantation, and
are currently displayed at the Archaeological Museum in Anuradhapura (Godakumbura, undated).
This is only the fourth Buddha statue of its kind in this posture. A broken lotus pedestal (Annex X -
Figure 13), which belongs to the standing Buddha statue also can be seen at the site. The head and
arms of the statue were found to be missing and the body measured 1.15m. The name of the site
remains unknown and no inscriptions indicating the same have yet been discovered at the sites.. The
site has also been excavated and destroyed by bounty hunters, and requires urgent conservation
action (Annex X - Figure 14, 15).

30
Ochchappu Kallu, 8 miles inland from Kudiramalaya, has been identified by past archaeologists as the
Acha Nagara mentioned in the inscription at Tonigala. There are extensive remains of a temple in the
centre of which are two remarkable rocks called Ochchappu (= Ochayappu) Kallu, the learning stone.
The Stupa and other buildings were completely destroyed by bounty hunters, however the rock
inscription is in fairly good condition.
According to Paranavitana (1956), Veli Vehera was about one mile to the east of the Pomparippu
burial site. The ancient name of the site was revealed during a trail excavation carried out by
Paranavitana. A donative inscription in 8th century Sinhalese, on one of the terrace (maluwa) slabs of
the stupa refers to the site as Vali-vehera, which in Pali would be Valei-vihara. According to the
Mahavamsa, King Subha built this in the vicinity of Uruvela nagara, which was founded by Uruvela,
successor to Vijaya as well as brother of Bhadda-kachchana. In another story King Dutugamunu
obtained pearls from Uruvela (Geiger, 1960), which should then logically be located on the coast.
Therefore, the present Kala Oya River mouth area (Illuwamkulama and Pomparippu area) was
identified as ancient Uruvela by Paranavitana (1956). It may be possible that the urn burials found
near Pomparippu were in the cemetery of ancient Uruvela. Among the objects found in the debris of
the Stupa site are some early coins, a silver “punch marked” coin, and two copper pieces of the
mane-less lion type and a highly corroded Roman coin. In addition, another non-brahmic inscription
was recorded believed to be in Kaka language (Vithana, 1987).
In the 1970s, Sarath Wattala also conducted an excavation on this site to conserve the stupa and
subsequently unearthed a Buddha statue, which is believed to be mentioned in the Kaka inscription.
At present, the area is fully covered with thick scrub and jungle, and as a result it was not possible to
trace the location.
According to Nicholas (1963), about 8 miles southeast of Pomparippu, at Galge Viharaya, a 1st
century inscription on a cave refers to Kadahalaka tank, the breached tank near the ruins. At Patti
Eliya, a few miles north of Galge Viharaya, there is a 10th century pillar inscription regarding an
immunity grant. An abandoned road leading to these two sites still exists from Thala Vila Wildlife
Bungalow. The team was able to reach Dangaha Ara, which is the stream flowing near Pattiya eliya,
but were unable to proceed further due to safety reasons relating to the presence of sloth bears.
Several fragments of pillars and pottery were observed on the roadside near the stream.
Kudiramalaya (Horse Mountain) is supposed to be the Hippurus or Hipporas of Pliny. “Hipporos”,
composed of the Greek words Hippos, a horse, and oros, a mountain, is an exact translation of
Kudiremalaya, which is derived from Kudra, the Malabar and Malay for a horse and Maya or Malaya,
a mountain (Modder, 1908). The ruins of an ancient structure sit atop the Kudiremalaya point. This
structure has been destroyed and the western part eroded into the gulf. Nearby, the grave of a Muslim
saint also lies on the beach. Temporary fisherman huts can be found in the vicinity of the river mouth
of Moderagam Aru.
Between Palugahaturai and Kollankanatte lie the remains of an ancient harbour. In 1929, Brohier
found fragments of pottery and an ancient well “Ura lin” (Samaraweera, 1970). Few temporary fishing
huts and a church building can be seen on the beach side of Palugahatura, and several fragmented
BRW and RW were observed near the present fishing huts.
The Catholic Church at Pallakandal is visited by several thousand pilgrims for the annual festival. In
the eastern part are remnants of breached tanks which are remnants from the agricultural systems of
the ancient Sinhalese civilization. Three Baobab (Adansonia digitata) trees can be seen inside the

31
park; two near the left bank of the Pomparippu Ara about 1km upstream from the river mouth and one
in the Palugahatura. These trees are believed to have been brought to Sri Lanka by Arab traders
several centuries ago (Vandercone et al., 2004).
Site No: 01 - Tammannawala (Annex X - Figure 10)
8º 21' 12.9'' NL; 80º 7' 5.1''EL (34m+/-)
The site is situated near the water hole in between the Park entrance and Maradanmaduwa. Ruined
Stupa, stone pillars, foundation stones, and brick fragments have been recorded from the site. The
water hole was probably the main water source for the ruined monastery. Fragments of bricks were
also found along the road from this site to Kukulkatuwa.
Dimensions:
Brick type 1- 41x21x7 cm
Brick type 2- 27x24.5x7.5cm
Stone pillar 1- 280x35x27cm
Stone pillar 2- 123x31x29cm
Stone pillar 3- 300x44x24cm
Foundation stone pit –13x17x18cm
Diameter of water hole – 30m
Circumference of the Stupa – approx. 55m
Status: Stupa was excavated and destroyed by treasure hunters (a 2m hole has been dug in the
middle).
Site No: 04 - Maha-Andaragollewa Wewa ruins
8º 20' 11.6''NL; 80º 5' 17.4'' EL (11m+/-)
This ruined site was recorded on rock at the Maha Andaragollewa tank bund. Two rocky pools were
also observed on the same rock out-crop. The foundation stone, square shaped stone block and
fragments of bricks were spread throughout the rock. Presently the tank is covered with aquatic
vegetation. Recent human activities can also be observed (now ruined) a few meters north of the site.
According to Mr. Mudalihamy (70 years old) of Hunuwilagama, there was a large monastery complex
called “Araliyagala” a few kilometers west of the tank. It contained pillars and statues of Lord Buddha
as well as inscriptions. The field team was unable to locate the site. According to Nicholas (1963), the
site contains inscriptions belonging to the King Dhatopathissa (II) (667-683AD).
Dimensions:
Stone block – 41.8x39x28cm
Foundation stone pit –11x11x4cm
Rock pool 1- 7x12m
Rock pool 2- 4x5m
Status: Site fully destroyed.
Site No: 05 - Katupiti Diul Wewa
8º 20' 51.9''NL; 80º 6' 3.6''EL (15m+/-)
Andaragollewa road runs through this breached tank. Open grassland surface gravel consists of iron
slags and stone tools.
Site No: 07 - Timbiri Wewa
8º 20' 14.6'' NL; 80º 3' 23.4''EL (10m+/-)

32
Thibiri Wewa roads runs near the breached tank, which now consists of large open grassland. Pottery
fragments and iron slag were found on the ground.
Site No: 08 - Kimbula Ketugala ruins
8º 20' 50.2'' NL; 80º 03’ 47.6''EL (16m+/-)
Thibiri Wewa road runs close to the Rock. Bricks, tiles, and stones, which may belong to the ruined
structure are spread all over the rock and jungle. Two rock pools also situated on the rock.
Dimensions:
Brick fragments – 5x13x ??cm
Rock pool – 14m
Rock pool – 15m
Structure ground diameter (stupa?) – 5.5m
Status: Fully destroyed.
According to the Hunuwilagama villagers there was a carving of crocodiles near one of the rock pools
but it is now in ruins due to deliberate damage by bounty hunters. Nicholas’ (1963) reference to the
inscription of Tibiriwewa belonging to King Kumaradasa (508-516AD), is probably of the same site.
During the present survey, we were unable to trace any inscription from this site.
Site No: 09 - Stone pillar manufacturing site (Annex X - Figure 16)
8º 21' 41.3''NL; 80º 3' 55.6''EL (13m+/-)
The rock pillar manufacturing site is situated along the Timbiriwewa road. Complete and fragmented
stone pillars and raw material rocks and rock out-crops were found in the site. This may be the
manufacturing site of the rock pillars for the monasteries, which are located in the northern and
northwestern parts of the National Park.
Dimensions:
Pillar-25cmx45cmx 4m
Site No: 11 - Scrub area- Iron Slag's site 1 (Annex X - Figure 17)
8º 23' 29.8''NL; 80º 0' 42.7'' EL (15m+/-)
Iron slags were recorded from the eroded surface of the ground in the scrub jungle.
Site No: 12 - Scrub area- Iron Slag's site 2
8º 23' 28.6''NL; 80º 0' 42.4'' EL (11m+/-)
Iron slags were recorded from the eroded surface of the ground in the scrub jungle. The site is
approximately 30m south of Site 11.
Site No: 13 - Scrub area- Iron Slag's site 3
8º 23' 1.5'' NL; 80º 0' 34.5''EL (16m+/-)
Iron slags, mica and pottery were recorded from the eroded surface of the open area, which is
surrounded by scrub jungle. In the south, the site borders the stream which flows into the Dangaha
Ara.
Site No: 14 - Stream
8º 22' 59.4'' NL; 80º 0' 34.8'' EL (14m+/-)
Pottery fragments were recorded in the sandy bottom of the stream, which flows into the Dangaha
Ara. Pottery fragments were also found to have been washed from locations upstream to the site.

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Site No: 15 - Maradanmaduwa tank (Annex X - Figure 18)
8º 22' 45''NL; 80º 4' 31.6'' EL (15m+/-)
This is an ancient tank which has been renovated and used by the DWC staff. In the early 50s, the
main park entrance and office were situated near the tank catchments. Recently it has been
converted to an Army Camp and is now a DWC campsite. Iron slags, and pottery fragments (RBW)
were found along the road network of the campsite. A wild rice variety call Uru wee (Oryza rufipogon),
was recorded from the tank beds.
In 1949, forest ranger Mr. B. Herath Banda discovered Urn like vessels surrounded by statuettes of
animals and humans between the (10m from) Game warden hut and (50m from) tank. According to
Deraniyagala (1960a,b), it has resemblance to Nilgiri and Indian Harappa culture and he dated it to
not later than 2AD.
Findings made by Deraniyagala (1960a,b): (32 broken statues found)
Vessels - (Globular shaped /Sub cylindrical /Tetrahedroid)
Human figures - Female (Large realistic/ Small realistic/ Median stylized)
- Male (Display penis)
Jewellery - (Bangles/ Ankles/ Toe rings)
Animals - (Lion, Elephants, Bovines, Parrots)
Pottery - (Globular vessels)
Site No: 16 - Breached Tank
8º 21' 49.3''NL; 80º 0' 32.1'' EL (11m+/-)
Present Maradanmaduwa main road runs through this tank bund.
Site No: 21 - Ruin tank bound – Maila Wewa road
8º 22' 45''NL; 80º 4' 31.6'' EL (15m+/-)
This broken bund was identified by the IUCN team and Iron slag was observed near the bund.
Kunbuk Vila - Maila Vila road.
Site No: 23 - Bangalawa gawa Wewa
8º 22' 14.2''NL; 80º 8' 40.4''EL (38m+/-)
It is a small tank situated near the Kukulkatuwa DWC beat office. Iron slags were recorded from inside
the tank bund.
Dimensions:
Bund height – 1m
Bund Length - 163
Site No: 25 - Weeransole ruins
8º 20' 21.5'' NL; 80º 7' 43.8''EL (11m+/-)
Weeransole ruins located near the Palu-vilandawa tank have not been recorded by any previous
experts and consist of three destroyed image houses (Annex X- Figure 14), and Buddha statues
including two seated (Samadhi) and one standing statue (Annex X - Figures 11, 12, 13, 15). In
addition to the above three, a well preserved Seated (Samadhi) statue was brought to the Park
entrance (Hunuvila Gama) during the 1980s by Army officers, which can now be seen in the image
house. This statue is similar to the Samadhi Lord Buddha statue in Anuradhapura. One of the

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destroyed Samadhi Buddha statues which depicts lord Buddha seated under the hood of Cobra, is of
a rare type. This is the fourth known Buddha statue belonging to this posture. The broken Lotus
pedestal, which belongs to the standing Buddha statue can also be seen in the site. The head and
arms of the statue are missing and the torso was found to measure 1.15 m.
Dimensions:
Buddha statue (seated) 1: width 70cm
Buddha statue (seated) 2: width 74cm
Height approx. 100cm
Buddha statue (Stand) 1: Height up to neck. 115cm
Lotus pedestal: Diameter 73.5cm
Image house: 4.25x5.8m
Status: The name of the site is unknown and no indicative inscriptions have been found at the site.
The site has also been excavated and destroyed by treasure hunters, and therefore requires
immediate conservation action.
Site No: 26 - Kuda Pathessa
8º 26' 4.8''NL; 79º 59' 33.2'' EL (12m+/-)
There were marked pottery fragments recorded together with Quartz and Chert tools on the surface of
the sand dune located in the north of the Vila.
Site No: 27 - Iriyan Kulama
8º 26' 22.3''NL; 80º 0' 16.6''EL (9m+/-)
There were marked pottery fragments (BRW type, and RW type) recorded together with prehistoric
stone tools on the surface of the sand dune on the eastern side of the Vila.
Site No: 29 - Maha Pathessa
8º 26' 4.1''NL; 80º 0' 9.2''EL (10m+/-)
On this site, RW pottery fragments with stone tools were recorded on the surface of the sand dune of
the bank, near the Iriyan Kulama junction.
Site No: 30 - Site near Manik Rala Uraniya
8º 27' 5.7''NL; 79º 59' 42.2''EL (16m+/-)
On this site, RW pottery fragments were recorded from open sandy dune few meters away from the
Manik Pala Uraniaya.
Site No: 31 - Hunuvila Gama (Annex X - Figure 19)
8º 18' 7.1'' NL; 80º 8' 38.9'' EL (9m+/-)
This site was found to have stupas and a shrine house situated on the bank of the spill channel of the
Hunuvila Gama tank, which is located near the WNP entrance. The broken Buddha statue was found
near the image house. Broken tiles and bricks were widespread around the area. The field team also
recorded fifteen short (20-92 cm) pillars standing near the statue.

35
Dimensions:
Bricks: 22x20x6.5cm
Buddha statue (seated): 109cm
Image house: 200x200cm
Status: Recently excavated by treasure hunters
Site No: 32 - Manikka Pola Uttu
8º 27' 4.2'' 'NL; 79º 58' 59.1'' EL (10m+/-)
Renovated tank and abandoned paddy field present near the Manikka Pola DWC bungalow. Iron slag
was observed in between the tank and abandoned paddy field. A type of Wild rice (Oryza rufipogon)
(Annex X - Figure 20) was found in the surrounding marshy fields.
Site No: 33 - Kuruttu Pandi Vila (Annex X - Figure 21)
8º 26' 15.2'' NL; 79º 59' 2.5''' EL (10m+/-)
BRW and RW type pottery were recorded with stone tools and grinding tools recorded on the surface
of the sand dune which is situated in the eastern side of the Park.
Site No: 36 - Kudiramalaya point
Ancient name: “Achagiri” (=Horse Mountain); “Hippurus protum” (=Horse Mountain) in Plinys’
Map.
8º 32' 24.9'' NL; 79º 52' 28.6''' EL (12m+/-)
According to legend, this site was believed to be a landing place for Prince Vijaya. At the extreme
point, there are ruined buildings made of bricks, corals and limestone.
Dimensions: Bricks: 15x12x 5cm
Bricks: 6x21x ?cm
Bricks: 14x21x ?cm
Status:
The site is considerably damaged by bounty hunters as well as natural weathering processes such as
strong sea wind and coastal erosion. On one end of the building foundation, there is a structure
resembling an animal figure.
Site No: 37 - Kudiramalaya beach dome (Annex X - Figure 22)
8º 32' 23.1'' NL; 79º 52' 30.1'' EL (11m+/-)
A semi-cylindrical dome, which is believed to be the grave of a Muslim sailor, lies on the beach, north
of the point. This may belong to the late historic period.
Dimensions: Length: 7m
Width: 1.30m
Height: 1.18m
Site No: 41 - Ochchappu Kallu
Ancient name: Kuba Vehera
8º 29' 51.5'' NL; 80º 2' 36.4'' EL (12m+/-)

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Ochchappu Kallu is 8 miles or more inland from Kudiramalaya and is identified as the Acha Nagara
mentioned in the inscription at Tonigala by several previous archaeologists. This is the largest
monastery complex in the WNP. Caves (Annex X - Figure 23), Stupa, shrine houses and inscriptions
have been recorded from this site by previous archaeologists.
A rock inscription (Annex X - Figure 09) belonging to Kanittha Tissa (167-186) referred to the site
name as Kuba Vehera. Ten-cave inscriptions belonging to the 2-1 CBC were recorded in the vicinity
of the site and one of the inscriptions found, “Raja Kanasha” was unknown to chronicles
(Paranavitana, 1970).
Status:
Bounty hunters have destroyed the stupa building and the tank bund. The survey team was unable to
trace the caves and their inscriptions. A rock inscription, which was situated near the ruined Stupa
was found to be in fairly good condition.
Site No: 42 - Iron slag site. Way to Ochchappu Kallu (Annex X - Figure 24)
Ancient name: Achanagara
8º 29' 31.5'' NL; 80º 2' 37'' EL (7m+/-)
Large boulders of Iron slag were recorded on the roadside on the way to the Ochchappu Kallu site.
The surrounding area is covered with scrub vegetation.
Site No: 43 - Ruins near the Kali Vila (Kuwenige maligawa?) (Annex X - Figure 25)
8º 29' 4.2'' NL; 79º 56' 25.2'' EL (13m+/-)
Situated near the Kali Vila, it was believed to be Kuveni’s palace, however according to
archaeological monuments found in the area, it should be a monastery. Stone pillars, a Stupa mound
and bricks were found within 250m2 of the area. Seventeen stone pillars stand in three lines as the
most prominent archaeological resource of the site.
Dimension:
Stone pillar – With range 16-31cm
Length range 20-56cm
Height range345- 224cm
Site No: 44 - Kanjuran Vila
8º 27' 23.2'' NL; 79º 57' 23.7'' EL (8m+/-)
Iron slags recorded on the sandy banks.
Site No: 45 - Kumutu Vila
8º 27' 36.6'' NL; 79º 58' 25.8''EL (9m+/-)
Iron slags recorded on the sandy banks
Site No: 47 – Palugahatura
8º 28' 27'' NL; 79º 51' 44'' EL (11m+/-)
BRW and RW type pottery fragments found near the present fisherman huts near the beach. The site
was believed to be an ancient port.
Site No: 49 – Open scrub with gravel surface
8º 25' 21.4’’ NL; 79º 57' 30.4'' EL (10 m+/-)
Large and small iron slag fragments are widespread throughout the area.

37
Site No: 50 – Pottery site 1 at Pomparippu Ara
8º 19' 26 .2'' NL; 79º 51' 7.9'' EL (11m+/-)
BRW and RW pottery fragments and pots were recorded on the left bank along the water level.
Site No: 51 – Pottery site 2 at Pomparippu Ara (Annex X - Figure 26)
8º 19' 28.1'' NL; 79º 51' 5.6'' EL (30m+/-)
BRW and RW pottery fragments and pots were recorded on the left bank along the water level.
Site No: 52 – Pottery site 3 and Baobab tree
8º 19' 25.6'' NL; 79º 50' 42.9'' EL (11m+/-)
BRW and RW pottery fragments were recorded on the left bank along the water level near the
Baobab (Adansonia digitata) trees, (Annex X - Figure 08), which are believed to have been brought by
ancient Arabic sailors.
Site No: 53 – Pottery site 4 stream at Pomparippu Ara (Annex X - Figure 27)
8º 19' 269'' NL; 79º 51' 236'' EL (12m+/-)
BRW and RW pottery fragments recorded on the bottom of the stream which is connected to the
Pomparippu Ara.
Site No: 54 – Gange wadiya village
8º 17' 576'' NL; 79º 50' 324'' EL (12m+/-)
BRW, BW and RW pottery fragments of large vessels have been found on the road network of the
fishing Village situated at the mouth of the Kala Oya river bordering the WNP.
Site No: 55 – Nai Pena Guhava
8º 14' 33.3'' NL; 80º 4' 54.9''EL (17m+/-)
This is a large rock complex that can be reached via the Kala Oya Beat office. Two caves and a Stupa
were recorded and a man made pond was found near the Stupa.
Dimensions:
Stupa circumference - 60m
Stupa height - 3m
Brick - 25x22x7cm
Cave 1 height - 2m
Cave 1 width - 5m
Cave 1 length - 4m
Cave 2 height - 2m
Cave 2 width - 2.5m
Cave 2 length - 3.25m
Status: Stupa and cave have been excavated and destroyed.
Site No: 57 – Gini Gal Wembuwa
8º 16' 18.9'' NL; 80º 5' 14.1''EL (10m+/-)
RW pottery fragments recorded with Chert tools (Annex X - Figure 07) on the gravel surface of the
open area.
Site No: 58 – Veheragala ruins
8º 16' 41.4'' NL; 80º 7' 31.7''EL (9m+/-)

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This is the second largest monastery complex of the WNP with a stupa, 5 shrine houses, rock pools
and 2 rock inscriptions. The site was situated west of the Kattabuwawa Village. According to Nicholas
(1963), the inscriptions belong to 1AD, and contains the names of villagers such as Sikalagama,
Mahanameliwala bathagama, Pathagama, Maradaka, Maharukawewa, Chulasumanagama,
Mahadaka, Kabaragama and Manahagama.
Dimensions:
Stupa Platform - 1.2x9.40x9.45m
Status: All monuments dug and destroyed.
Site No: 61 – Urn Burial Site Pompparipuwa 21-mile stone Mannar Puttalam road (Annex X -
Figure 28)
Ancient name: Uruwela Gama
8º 18' 13.4'' NL; 79º 53' 15.8'' EL (18m+/-)
On this site, the research team found BRW, BW, and RW pottery fragments with lime stone, capstone
of urn burials near 21 mile stone old Mannar road. According to previous archaeologists, the burial
grounds covers an area of 3-4 acres and rough estimates indicated about 8000 odd burials at this site
containing the remains of about 10000-12000 human. Hawkey (2002) analysing burial remains
(human teeth), concluded that Pomparippu human migrated from India and are ancestors of the
modern Sinhalese.
Status: The area is fully covered by scrub and thick jungle and faces threats from treasure hunters.
Site No: 65 – Pallekandale St Anthonis church (Annex X - Figure 29)
8º 20' 31.9'' NL; 79º 53' 48.5'' EL (11m+/-)
Annual festivals are organized by villages around the Kalpitiya Wanatha villu area which is situated
near the abandoned Pomparippu Beat office. The survey team was not able to trace the origin of the
church; it may have been buillt during the Portuguese period or later.
Site No: 45 – Ruins near Dangaha Ara (Pattiya Eliya)
Ancient name: Mahari Gama Veheragam vehera
8º 20' 18.7'' NL; 79º 57' 59.1'' EL (41m+/-)
Pottery and pillar fragments were found near Dangaha Ara on the way to Galge vihara from Thalavila
park bungalow. Pillar inscription were discovered from the site indicating the site (Mahari Gama
Veheragam vihara) district, (Satarava) and region (Vuparinagama) names (Ranawella, 2001).
5.4 Ancient irrigation systems of WNP
Two major rivers border the survey area - Moderagam Aru and Kala Oya. In addition, Pomparippu Ara
is one of the major tributaries of Kala Oya starting in the southern part and flowing throughout the
area. It is partly connected to the Kala Oya and also separately flows to the gulf. Nearly 205 water
bodies are present as per the 1:63000 survey maps (Marichchikkaddi, Kudiramai, Kala Oya, and
Kalpitiya) within the park premises. Among them 87 sites, can be categorised as tanks of which only
some are still functioning while the others were abandoned. Several water bodies, which are
erroneously called “Vil” are actually man made tanks where the ancient bunds still exist.
The Kala Oya forms the southern boundary of WNP. After it enters Pomparippu, it divides into several
branches and falls into the Puttalam lagoon (Modder, 1908). Pomparippu Ara is the principle branch
of this river that runs four miles north, below the present DWC beat office of Pomparippu. This

39
tributary was called Siyembalangomuwa Oya in the early 1850s (Chitty, 1834). Casei Chitty (1834)
states that the remains of a stone bridge; built over the Kala Oya by King Mahasena can be found in
Neelabamma. This was verified by Captain Forbes during his journey from Kurunegala to
Anuradhapura in 1826. Modder (1908) pointed out that the remains referred to above were not those
of a bridge but a dam or anicut. This was renovated and the left canal is functioning upto Ottupallama
tank. The trace of the right bank canal can be seen inside the WNP.
Moderagam Aru is referred to as a Sandananpura wetiya Oya, by Modder (1908). The river mouth
was previously called as “Magana” in Ochchappu Kallu inscription and as “Margan” in Ptolemy’s map
(Codrington, 1920). According to ancient chronicles “Seehalawaththupakaranaya”, this area was
referred to as “Bu-mangana” and “Maguna” (Buddhaththa, 2003). Satellite images showed cleared
areas on both side of the river from the river mouth and up to Pilamadu Tekkama, which might be
ancient settlement sites. The team surveyed the areas near Kokmote, and was able to record iron
slag and stone tools made by Cherts. They also found the ancient stone Pilamadu Tekkama anicut or
weir on the Moderagam Aru few miles from present Kokmotai Park bungalow and nearly 2 miles north
of Ochchappu Kallu. One-mile southeast of the anicut there is an Urn burial site (Brohier, 1934; and
Paranavitana, 1970), which was not located during this survey.
Twelve marshy sites which are located downstream of the tanks, can be identified as ancient paddy
lands. In several locations we were able to record two wild rice species (Oryza rufipogon and Oryza
rhizomatis). The rest of the locations are natural water bodies such as “Vila” and water holes. Cotton
plants (Gossypium arboreum), which were the plant associated with the Vijaya and Kuveni legend,
were recorded near the broken crossway of the right bank of Pomparippu Ara.
Twenty-six sites of irrigation structures, including ruined tanks, were recorded during the survey.
Several bunds were breached and abandoned, while some have been renovated by the park
authorities and others can be seen still functioning deep in the Jungle. Periya Vila is erroneously
identified as a Vila or Villu, but this is a man made tank. Its bund and spill canal can be identified and
which feed to the paddy fields, presently known as the Periya Naga Villu area.
Site No: 02 – Persibendi Wewa
8º 20' 0'' NL; 80º 7' 46.31'' EL (12m+/-)
Recently renovated ancient tank
Site No: 03 – Goda-gas Wewa
8º 21' 30.5'' NL; 80º 7' 33'' EL (11m+/-)
Breached tank.
Site No: 04 – Maha-Andaragollagala Wewa ruins
8º 20' 11.6'' NL; 80º 5' 17.4'' EL (11m+/-)
Functioning tank.
Site No: 05 – Katupiti Diul Wewa ? (according to map)
8º 20' 51.9'' NL; 80º 6' 3.6'' EL (15m+/-)
Breached tank.
Site No: 07 – Timbiri Wewa
8º 20' 14.6'' NL; 80º 3' 23.4'' EL (10m+/-)
Functioning tank.

40
Site No: 10 – Mila Wewa
8º 24' 6.8'' NL; 80º 0' 47.2'' EL (12m+/-)
Recently renovated ancient tank.
Site No: 15 – Maradanmaduwa tank
8º 22' 45'' NL; 80º 4' 31.6''EL (15m+/-)
Recently renovated ancient tank.
Site No: 16 – Breached tank - main road to Maradan maduwa
8º 21' 4 9.3'' NL; 80º 0' 32.1''EL (11m+/-)
Breached tank.
Site No: 17 – Breached tank - main road to Maradan maduwa
8º 22' 8.2'' NL; 80º 4' 44.5'' EL (16m+/-)
Breached tank.
Site No: 18 – Breached tank bound - main road to Maradan maduwa
8º 22' 8.2'' NL; 80º 4' 44.7'' EL (17m+/-)
Breached tank.
Site No: 19 – Kumbuk (Vila ?) tank
8º 25' 11.7'' NL; 80º 0' 19.2'' EL (10m+/-)
Currently known as a natural Vila, but the ancient bund can be seen towards the southern end.
Site No: 20 – Nelum (Vila ?) tank
8º 24' 22'' NL; 79º 59' 4.3''EL (11m+/-)
Currently known as a natural Vila, but the ancient bund can be seen towards the southern end.
Site No: 21 – Breached tank bound - Mila Wewa, Nelum Vila road
8º 24' 9.2'' NL; 80º 0' 20.6''EL (17m+/-)
Breached tank.
Site No: 22 – Komban Sanchi Pooval
8º 23' 13.7'' NL; 79º 57' 3.4'' EL (16m+/-)
Water hole with marshy area, where Uru wee (Oryza rufipogon) has been recorded.
Site No: 23 – Bangalawa gawa Wewa
8º 22' 14.2'' NL; 80º 8' 40.4'' EL (38m+/-)
Functioning tank.
Site No: 24 – Keeriya wembuwa tank
8º 22' 4.5'' NL; 80º 8' 31.6'' EL (12m+/-)
Breached tank.
Site No: 32 – Manikka Pola Uttu
8º 27' 4.2'' NL; 79º 58' 59.1''EL (10m+/-)
Functioning tank, and ancient paddy land abounded.
Site No: 34 – Periya (Vila) tank (Annex X - Figure 30)
8º 27' 18.7'' NL; 79º 53' 6.6'' EL (9m+/-)

41
Known as the largest natural Vila in the WNP, the bund and spill of the canal were found during this
survey. . This might be the larger water resource in the Magana nagara (left bank of the Madera
Gaga)
Site No: 35 – Maila Vila
8º 31' 11.3'' NL; 79º 53' 20'' EL (9m+/-)
Known as a natural Vila, despite the shape and species composition not being fixed with the natural
vil system. It has to be an ancient paddy field, which is fed through Periya Wewa (vila).
Site No: 39 – Mailanga Motai or Ilanga Motai
8º 30' 52.3'' NL; 79º 54' 33.4'' EL (9m+/-)
Water hole with marshy area, where Uru wee (Oryza rufipogon) has been recorded.
Site No: 40 – Periya Naga Vila (Maha Naga wela)
8º 28' 17'' NL; 79º 53' 2.1'' EL (9m+/-)
Uru wee (Oryza rufipogon), probably the paddy field of the Periya (Villu) tank.
Site No: 46 – Lunuvila Wewa
8º 26' 54.2'' NL; 80º 1' 9.7'' EL (7m+/-)
A site of functioning tank with abandoned paddy field.
Site No: 48 – Alam Vila
8º 24' 10'' NL; 79º 57' 14.5'' EL (11m+/-)
Water hole with marshy area, where Uru wee (Oryza rufipogon) was recorded.
Site No: 60 – Divul Wewa
8º 16' 10.7'' NL; 80º 5' 32.4'' EL (14m+/-)
Renovated ancient tank with “Olagama”.
Site No: 63 – Tank near Pomparippu Urn burial site
8º 18' 16.5'' NL; 79º 53' 15.8'' EL (10m+/-)
A functioning tank near Pomparippu Urn burial site.
Site No: 66 – Wild rice (near the tank)
8º 19' 16.5'' NL; 79º 53' 15.8'' EL (10m+/-)
Wild rice (Oryza rhizomatis) was recorded near the Pomparippu tank bund.
Site No: 67 – Pomparippu Pitiya (Wild rice) (Annex X - Figure 31)
8º 19' 16.8'' NL; 79º 53' 04.3'' EL (11m+/-)
Near the Pomparippu Bridge small patch of wild rice (Oryza rhizomatis) recorded.
Site No: 64 – Pomparippu Pitiya (Cotton) (Annex X - Figure 32)
8º 19' 16.8'' NL; 79º 53' 04.3'' EL (11m+/-)
Near the Pomparippu bridge small patch of Cotton plants (Gossypium arboreum) recorded.

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6.0 Surface Water Resources of Wilpattu
The Wilpattu national park (WNP) is situated between two river basins that are drained by two
perennial rivers, viz., Kala Oya and Moderagam Aru. The WNP’s surface water resources can be
categorised into natural and man made water resources.
The natural water sources include perennial rivers, streams (perennial and seasonal), villus (perennial
and seasonal), and seasonal (temporary) water holes. Man made water resources include tanks
(perennial and seasonal) and seasonal (temporary) water holes. There are 40 major villus and water
holes and five rivers and tributaries in the WNP (Eisenberg and Lockhart, 1972). In addition after the
reopening of this park in 2003, the DWC has dug several water holes. Furthermore, as reported in the
archaeological resources section, 205 water bodies were identified within the boundary of the park
(both natural and man made). The archaeological research carried out identified that at least 87 of
these are man made ancient tanks. However, most of them have been abandoned for a long period of
time. The study also revealed that a significant number of water bodies that were regarded as “Villus”
or “Vils” are actually either man made tanks or down stream paddy lands of these abandoned tanks.
Major perennial and seasonal water sources
Perennial
Seasonal
Kok Ariya
Maila Villu
Maradan maduwa Tank
Periya Villu
Marawila
Maha Pathassa
Lunuwila
Periya Naga Villu
Thalawila
In relation to the areas accessible to tourists, the main villu (also includes tanks and temporary water
holes) system is situated in the middle part of the WNP where a cluster of more than 20 large and
small villus and water holes are concentrated. This cluster of water bodies includes Kokkariya villu,
Kanchuran villu, Kumbuk vila, Maha Pathassa, Kuda Pathassa, Demata vila and Lunu Vila which are
frequented by groups of large mammal species.
According to field observations of these water bodies, several of them can be identified as hotspots
for animal aggregation. Mara Vila, Maradan maduwa tank and Kumutu Vila are such hotspots where
aggregations of large mammals such as elephants, spotted and barking deer and wild buffalo were
frequently observed. Furthermore, charismatic species such as leopards were frequently observed in
Mara Vila. In addition, jackals, mongooses and wild boar were also very frequently recorded in these
water bodies.
Kumbuk Vila, Kanjuran Villu, Thala Vila, Maila Vila and Kali Vila are other important water bodies that
are used by animals but large aggregations are not frequently observed in these habitats. Wild
buffalos are generally found in the Maradan maduwa tank, Maha Pathassa, Kumutu vila and
Manikrala Uraniya as these water bodies retain water throughout the year.

43
7.0 Issues and Threats to Natural and Archaeological Resources
within the WNP
The Park can be considered amongst the best examples of dry zone protected areas in Sri Lanka in
terms of its pristineness as a result of the species and habitats/biotope types being largely
undisturbed by anthropogenic factors. The area around the Park is sparsely populated with very few
rural settlements. In addition, due to the Park having been closed for more than two decades as a
result of the conflict, the tourist figures are also very low.
7.1 Threats to biodiversity
Encroachment and habitat destruction
There are some blocks of land belonging to the WNP, in the southwestern part that have been
encroached upon by people for subsistence agriculture and for use as settlements. Usually, these
communities engage in slashing and burning of the forests which in turn leads to degradation, soil
erosion, sedimentation and a loss of biodiversity. There are also minor threats from anthropogenic
factors including use of agrochemicals in the buffer zone, collection of firewood, grazing of cattle,
poaching, noise pollution and use of non-biodegradable polymers for packaging.
Timber extraction
According to the local informants and field evidence, there has been semi-organized illegal timber
extraction for commercial purposes especially in the south western part of the WNP. This occurs
mainly in accessible areas with the use of chainsaws. Palugahtura and Kudiramalaya fishing sites
account for significant proportion of the felled wood being used as fire wood and timber.
Poaching
Poaching is occasionally a problem in the southern, southwestern and western part of the WNP and is
carried out by individuals and organised gangs. There were traces of poaching related incidents even
in the core area of the WNP. Several hunting points in Menikrala uraniya, Periya Vila, Mailanga motai,
Palugahatura, Periya Naga Vila Kubuk Vila, Pomparippuwa were also observed during the study.
Since the area has been experiencing a series of armed conflicts over the past 20 years, the survival
of wildlife and the integrity of park are in danger. The political unrest has exacerbated the wildlife
threats because park staff have not been able to effectively patrol the area because of the dangers
involved, and with the breakdown in law and order local people have increasingly engaged in illegal
activities. Moreover, there are certain elements of the security personnel that are involved in the
hunting of large mammals and large birds such as Deer, Sambar, Wild boar, Mouse deer, Pelicans,
Painted Storks, and Jungle fowl.
Impact of invasive species
Invasive species such as Eupatorium odoratum, Imperata cylindrica, Lantana camara, Mikania
cordata, Panicum maximum and Xanthium indicum were found extensively in the peripheral areas of
the water bodies, particularly around human habitations. Under brushed areas, flanking jeep tracks
are gradually being invaded by species such as Abutilon hirtum, Abutilon indicum, Ageratum
conyzoides, Chrysopogon aciculatus, Croton laccifer, Croton officinalis, Cyrtococcum trigonum,
Eupatorium odoratum, Hyptis suaveolens, Imperata cylindrica, Leucas zeylanica, Oplismenus
compositus, Panicum maximum, Pavonia odorata, Plectrathus zeylanicus, Sida acuta, Sida cordata,
Tridax procumbens and Vernonia cinerea that are invasive or have near invasive behavior. However,
it should be noted that the threat of invasive species is minimal in the terrestrial areas in relation to the
threat to the water bodies. Field observations showed that those sites and jeep tracks cleared earlier
and left abandoned for two decades due to park closure are healthily regenerating into natural forests

44
devoid of invasive species; a good indication that human impact is a major causative factor behind
species invasion and once this is removed the natural system has the capacity to eliminate such
species. Several specimens of domestic dog (Carnis familiaris) were observed around the
Palugahtura and Kudiramalaya fishing sites. These domestic dogs can be a great threat to the wildlife
since they hunt most of the small mammals and birds in the park.
General lack of knowledge of the protected area
Nearby settlers, security personnel and local governmental authorities have very little environmental
awareness and sensitivity towards the park. This inhibits their ability to effectively coordinate and take
decisions that would help manage the park. Illegal deforestation contributes to accelerated loss of
biodiversity because of habitat reduction and destruction. Buffer zone settlers are acutely unaware
and lack environmental consciousness.
7.2 Threats to archaeological sites
Many people think that gold and other treasures lie hidden within the archaeological ruins. This
encourages nearby residents or organized gangs from outside to venture into the park in search of
riches. The present team observed that almost all the significant sites had been looted and are in
need of urgent conservation action. Bounty hunters not only destroy existing archaeological ruins,
they become familiar with the area and might indulge in further nefarious activities. Therefore these
findings can be used as baseline data for future detailed exploration, and also to prioritise
conservation action. It is necessary to document and publish the information of this ancient civilization
and carry out public awareness programs for the park visitors.
7.3 Threats to the Surface Water Resources of WNP
The increasing growth of aquatic invasive flora can be identified as a major threat to the surface water
resources of WNP. Several water bodies (ponds and Villus) were infected with invasive species such
as Ceratophyllum demersum, Eichhornia crassipes, Hydrilla verticillata, Ludwigia adscendens,
Ludwigia hyssopifolia, Ludwigia perennis, Najas marina, Phragmites karka, Salvinia molesta, Typha
angustifolia and Xanthium indicum. Invasive fish namely Tilapia (Oreocromis mossambicus) was also
observed in the villus and water holes in the park and pose a threat to the naturally occurring species.

45
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48
Annex I: Check list of Plants Recorded in Wilpattu National Park
Botanical name
Endemic(Y.N)
Threatened(Y/N)
Local name
Family
1
Andrographis alata
N
N
Acanthaceae
2
Barleria prionitis
N
N
Acanthaceae
3
Blepharis maderaspatensis
N
N
Acanthaceae
4
Crossandra infundibuliformis
N
N
Acanthaceae
5
Dicliptera zeylanica
N
N
Acanthaceae
6
Dipteracanthus patulus
N
N
Acanthaceae
7
Dipteracanthus prostratus
N
N
Nil puruk
Acanthaceae
8
Dyschoriste depressa
N
N
Acanthaceae
9
Ecbolium ligustrinum (E.viridae)
N
N
Acanthaceae
10
Elytraria acaulis
N
N
Acanthaceae
11
Hygrophila balsamica
N
N
Acanthaceae
12
Hygrophila ringens
N
N
Acanthaceae
13
Hygrophila schulli
N
N
Acanthaceae
14
Justicia betonica
N
N
Sudu puruk
Acanthaceae
15
Justicia procumbens
N
N
Mayani
Acanthaceae
16
Rhinacanthus nasutus
N
N
Acanthaceae
17
Rungia longifolia
N
N
Acanthaceae
18
Rungia repens
N
N
Acanthaceae
19
Stenosiphonium cordifolium
N
N
Bu nelu
Acanthaceae
20
Sesuvium portulacastrum
N
N
Maha sarana
Aizoaceae
21
Limnophyton obtusifolium
N
N
Alismataceae
22
Sagittaria obtusifolia
N
N
Alsimataceae
23
Achyranthes aspera
N
N
Amaranthaceae
24
Aerva lanata
N
N
Polpala
Amaranthaceae
25
Alternanthera sessilis
N
N
Mukunu-wenna
Amaranthaceae
26
Gomphrena celosioides
N
N
Amaranthaceae
27
Nothosaerva brachiata
N
N
Kirihenda
Amaranthaceae
28
Crinum defixum
N
N
Goda manel
Amaryllidaceae
29
Crinum latifolium
N
N
Goda manel
Amaryllidaceae
30
Alphonsea sclerocarpa
N
N
Annonaceae
31
Alphonsea zeylanica
N
Y
Annonaceae
32
Miliusa indica
N
N
Yabara
Annonaceae
33
Mitrephora heyneana
N
N
Annonaceae
34
Polyalthia korinti
N
N
Ulkenda
Annonaceae
35
Polyalthia longifolia
N
N
Annonaceae
36
Uvaria sphenocarpa
N
N
Annonaceae
37
Uvaria zeylanica
N
N
Annonaceae
38
Centella asiatica
N
N
Gotukola
Apiaceae
39
Carissa spinarum
N
N
Karamba
Apocynaceae
40
Ichnocarpus frutescens
N
N
Kiri wel
Apocynaceae
41
Aponogeton crispus
N
N
Kekatiya
Aponogetonaceae
42
Pothos scandens
N
N
Pota wel
Araceae
43
Therotaphonum minutum
N
N
Araceae
44
Typhonium roxburghii
N
N
Araceae
45
Borassus flabellifer
N
N
Thal
Arecaceae
46
Cocos nucifera
N
N
Pol
Arecaceae
47
Phoenix pusilla
N
N
Walindi
Arecaceae
48
Calotropis gigantea
N
N
Wara
Asclepiadaceae
49
Gymnema lactiferum
N
N
Asclepiadaceae
50
Gymnema pergularioides
N
N
Asclepiadaceae
51
Gymnema sylvestra
N
N
Mass badda
Asclepiadaceae
52
Heterostemma tanjorense
N
Y
Asclepiadaceae
53
Leptadenia reticulata
N
N
Asclepiadaceae
54
Pentatropis capensis
N
N
Asclepiadaceae
55
Secamone emetica
N
N
Asclepiadaceae
56
Tylophora indica
N
N
Ththathakinda
Asclepiadaceae
57
Hemidesmus indicus
N
N
Iramusu
Asclepiadaceae

49
Botanical name
Endemic(Y.N)
Threatened(Y/N)
Local name
Family
(Periplocaceae)
58
Asparagus falcatus
N
N
Hathawariya
Asparagaceae
59
Asparagus racemosus
N
N
Hathawariya
Asparagaceae
60
Ageratum conyzoides
N
N
Hulanthala
Asteraceae
61
Blainvillea acmella
N
N
Asteraceae
62
Blumea obliqua
N
N
Asteraceae
63
Eclipta prostrata
N
N
Kikiridi
Asteraceae
64
Emilia exserta
N
N
Asteraceae
65
Emilia sonchifolia
N
N
Asteraceae
66
Eupatorium odoratum
N
N
Podisinno
Asteraceae
67
Kleinia grandiflora
N
N
Asteraceae
68
Launaea sarmentosa
N
N
Asteraceae
69
Mikania cordata
N
N
Gahalawel
Asteraceae
70
Tridax procumbens
N
N
Asteraceae
71
Vernonia cinerea
N
N
Monarakudumbiya
Asteraceae
72
Vicoa indica
N
N
Asteraceae
73
Xanthium indicum
N
N
Uru kossa
Asteraceae
74
Avicennia marina
N
N
Avicenniaceae
75
Stereospermum colais
N
N
Bignoniaceae
76
Adansonia digitata
N
Y
Baobab
Bombacaceae
77
Carmona retusa
N
N
Heen tabala
Boraginaceae
78
Coldenia procumbens
N
N
Boraginaceae
79
Cordia dichotoma
N
N
Lolu
Boraginaceae
80
Cordia monoica
N
N
Lolu
Boraginaceae
81
Ehretia laevis
N
N
Boraginaceae
82
Heliotropium indicum
N
N
Eth hoda
Boraginaceae
83
Commiphora caudata
N
N
Easuru
Burseraceae
84
Opuntia dillenii
N
N
Katu patok
Cactaceae
85
Cadaba trifoliata
N
N
Capparaceae
86
Capparis divaricata
N
Y
Capparaceae
87
Capparis rotundifolia
N
N
Balalpahuru
Capparaceae
88
Capparis sepiaria
N
N
Capparaceae
89
Capparis zeylanica
N
N
Wellangiriya
Capparaceae
90
Cleome viscosa
N
N
Wal aba
Capparaceae
91
Crateva adansonii
N
N
Lunu warana
Capparaceae
92
Polycarpaea corymbosa
N
N
Caryophyllaceae
93
Maytenus emarginata
N
N
Celastraceae
94
Pleurostylia opposita
N
N
Panakka
Celastraceae
95
Ceratophyllum demersum
N
N
Ceratophyllaceae
96
Chara sp.
N
N
Characeae
97
Halosarcia indica
N
N
Chenopodiaceae
98
Salicornia brachiata
N
N
Chenopodiaceae
99
Suaeda maritima
N
N
Chenopodiaceae
100
Suaeda monoica
N
N
Chenopodiaceae
101
Suaeda vermiculata
N
N
Chenopodiaceae
102
Calophyllum inophyllum
N
N
Domba
Clusiaceae
103
Garcinia morella
N
N
Gokatu
Clusiaceae
104
Garcinia spicata
N
N
Gokatu
Clusiaceae
105
Gloriosa superba
N
N
Niyagala
Colchicaceae
106
Lumnitzera racemosa
N
N
Beriya
Combretaceae
107
Terminalia arjuna
N
N
Kumbuk
Combretaceae
108
Terminalia bellirica
N
N
Bulu
Combretaceae
109
Commelina diffusa
N
N
Girapala
Commelinaceae
110
Commelina benghalensis
N
N
Girapala
Commelinaceae
111
Cyanotis villosa
N
N
Commelinaceae
112
Murdannia blumei
N
N
Commelinaceae
113
Murdannia esculenta
N
N
Commelinaceae
114
Murdannia nudiflora
N
N
Commelinaceae
115
Murdannia spirata
N
N
Commelinaceae

50
Botanical name
Endemic(Y.N)
Threatened(Y/N)
Local name
Family
116
Connarus monocarpus
N
N
Radaliya
Connaraceae
117
Rourea minor
N
N
Radaliya
Connaraceae
118
Cressa cretica
N
N
Convolvulaceae
119
Cuscuta chinensis
N
N
Convolvulaceae
120
Evolvulus alsinoides
N
N
Vishnukranthi
Convolvulaceae
121
Ipomoea aquatica
N
N
Kankun
Convolvulaceae
122
Ipomoea pea-tigridis
N
N
Convolvulaceae
123
Ipomoea sepiaria
N
N
Convolvulaceae
124
Merremia tridentata
N
N
Convolvulaceae
125
Coccinia grandis
N
N
Kowakka
Cucurbitaceae
126
Momordica dioica
N
N
Thumbakarawila
Cucurbitaceae
127
Cycas circinalis
N
N
Madu
Cycadaceae
128
Cymodocea serrulata
N
N
Cymodoceaceae
129
Syringodium isoetifolium
N
N
Cymodoceaceae
130
Bulbostylis barbata
N
N
Cyperaceae
131
Bulbostylis densa
N
N
Cyperaceae
132
Bulbostylis puberula
N
N
Cyperaceae
133
Carex lateralis
N
N
Cyperaceae
134
Cyperus arenarius
N
N
Cyperaceae
135
Cyperus bifax
N
N
Cyperaceae
136
Cyperus compressus
N
N
Cyperaceae
137
Cyperus conglomeratus
N
N
Cyperaceae
138
Cyperus cuspidatus
N
N
Cyperaceae
139
Cyperus digitatus
N
N
Cyperaceae
140
Cyperus distans
N
N
Cyperaceae
141
Cyperus dubius
N
N
Cyperaceae
142
Cyperus haspan
N
N
Cyperaceae
143
Cyperus iria
N
N
Wal hiri
Cyperaceae
144
Cyperus javanicus
N
N
Cyperaceae
145
Cyperus pilosus
N
N
Cyperaceae
146
Cyperus pilosus
N
N
Cyperaceae
147
Cyperus procerus
N
N
Cyperaceae
148
Cyperus pulcherrimus
N
N
Cyperaceae
149
Cyperus pygmaeus
N
N
Cyperaceae
150
Cyperus rotundus
N
N
Kaladuru
Cyperaceae
151
Cyperus squarrosus
N
N
Cyperaceae
152
Cyperus stoloniferus
N
N
Cyperaceae
153
Cyperus tenuispica
N
N
Cyperaceae
154
Cyperus triceps
N
N
Cyperaceae
155
Eleocharis congesta
N
N
Cyperaceae
156
Eleocharis dulcis
N
N
Cyperaceae
157
Eleocharis geniculata
N
N
Cyperaceae
158
Fimbristylis acuminata
N
N
Cyperaceae
159
Fimbristylis cinnamometorum
N
N
Cyperaceae
160
Fimbristylis cymosa
N
N
Cyperaceae
161
Fimbristylis dichotoma
N
N
Cyperaceae
162
Fimbristylis eragrostis
N
N
Cyperaceae
163
Fimbristylis miliacea
N
N
Cyperaceae
164
Fimbristylis schoenoides
N
N
Cyperaceae
165
Fimbristylis triflora
N
N
Cyperaceae
166
Fimbristylus eragrostis
N
N
Cyperaceae
167
Fuirena capitata
N
N
Cyperaceae
168
Kyllinga nemoralis
N
N
Cyperaceae
169
Pycreus polystachyos
N
N
Cyperaceae
170
Pycreus pumilus
N
N
Cyperaceae
171
Pycreus puncticulatus
N
N
Cyperaceae
172
Rikliella squarrosa
N
N
Cyperaceae
173
Schoenoplectus articulatus
N
N
Mahagata pan
Cyperaceae
174
Schoenoplectus supinus
N
N
Cyperaceae

51
Botanical name
Endemic(Y.N)
Threatened(Y/N)
Local name
Family
175
Schoenplectus littoralis
N
N
Cyperaceae
176
Scleria lithosperma
N
N
Cyperaceae
177
Scleria parvula
N
N
Cyperaceae
178
Lindsea venusta
N
N
Dennstaedtiaceae
179
Dioscorea pentaphylla
N
N
Katuala
Dioscoreaceae
180
Dioscorea tomentosa
N
N
Uyala
Dioscoreaceae
181
Sansevieria zeylanica
N
N
Niyada
Dracaenaceae
182
Drosera burmannii
N
N
Kandulessa
Droseraceae
183
Diospyros ebenum
N
Y
Kaluwara
Ebenaceae
184
Diospyros malabarica
N
N
Tibiri
Ebenaceae
185
Diospyros ovalifolia
N
N
Kunumella
Ebenaceae
186
Maba buxifolia
N
N
Jabara
Ebenaceae
187
Bergia capensis
N
N
Elatinaceae
188
Eriocaulon cinereum
N
N
Eriocaulaceae
189
Eriocaulon procera
N
N
Heen kok mota
Eriocaulaceae
190
Eriocaulon quinquangulare
N
N
Heen kok mota
Eriocaulaceae
191
Eriocaulon setaceum
N
N
Penda
Eriocaulaceae
192
Eriocaulon truncatum
N
N
Eriocaulaceae
193
Erythroxylum monogynum
N
N
Dewadara
Erythroxylaceae
194
Acalypha fruticosa
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
195
Acalypha indica
N
N
Kuppameniya
Euphorbiaceae
196
Antidesma alexiteria
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
197
Blachia umbellata
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
198
Breynia retusa
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
199
Croton aromaticus
N
N
Wal keppettiya
Euphorbiaceae
200
Croton laccifer
N
N
Gas Keppetiya
Euphorbiaceae
201
Croton officinalis
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
202
Dimorphocalyx glabellus
N
N
Wali wenna
Euphorbiaceae
203
Drypetes sepiaria
N
N
Wira
Euphorbiaceae
204
Euphorbia antiquorum
N
N
Daluk
Euphorbiaceae
205
Euphorbia hirta
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
206
Euphorbia tirucalli
N
N
Nawa handi
Euphorbiaceae
207
Flueggea leucopyrus
N
N
Katupila
Euphorbiaceae
208
Mallotus philippensis
N
N
Hampirilla
Euphorbiaceae
209
Mallotus rhamnifolius
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
210
Margaritaria indicus
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
211
Mischodon zeylanicus
N
N
Thammenna
Euphorbiaceae
212
Phyllanthus amarus
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
213
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
214
Phyllanthus myrtifolius
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
215
Phyllanthus pinnatus
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
216
Phyllanthus polyphyllus
N
N
Kuratiya
Euphorbiaceae
217
Phyllanthus reticulatus
N
N
Kaila wel
Euphorbiaceae
218
Phyllanthus urinaria
N
N
Rat pitawakka
Euphorbiaceae
219
Sapium insigne
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
220
Sauropus bacciformis
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
221
Sebastiania chamaelea
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
222
Suregada lanceolata
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
223
Tragia plukenetii
N
N
Euphorbiaceae
224
Abrus precatorius
N
N
Fabaceae
225
Acacia chundra
N
N
Diyahinguru
Fabaceae
226
Acacia leucophloea
N
N
Keeriya
Fabaceae
227
Adenanthera pavonina
N
N
Madatiya
Fabaceae
228
Aeschynomene americana
N
N
Diyasiyambala
Fabaceae
229
Aeschynomene indica
N
N
Diyasiyambala
Fabaceae
230
Albizia chinensis
N
N
Kabalmara
Fabaceae
231
Alylosia rugosa
N
N
Fabaceae
232
Alysicarous vaginalis
N
N
Fabaceae
233
Aphyllodium biarticulatum
N
N
Fabaceae

52
Botanical name
Endemic(Y.N)
Threatened(Y/N)
Local name
Family
234
Bauhinia racemosa
N
N
Maila
Fabaceae
235
Bauhinia tomentosa
N
N
Pethan
Fabaceae
236
Caesalpinia bonduc
N
N
Fabaceae
237
Caesalpinia crista
N
Y
Fabaceae
238
Caesalpinia hymenocarpa
N
Y
Fabaceae
239
Caesalpinia major
N
N
Fabaceae
240
Canavalia gladiolata
N
N
Fabaceae
241
Canavalia virosa
N
N
Fabaceae
242
Cassia alata
N
N
Rata tora
Fabaceae
243
Cassia auriculata
N
N
Rana-wara
Fabaceae
244
Cassia fistula
N
N
Ehela
Fabaceae
245
Cassia tora
N
N
Fabaceae
246
Clitoria ternatea
N
N
Katarodu
Fabaceae
247
Crotalaria lunulata
N
N
Andanaheeriya
Fabaceae
248
Crotalaria nana
N
N
Andanaheeriya
Fabaceae
249
Crotalaria pallida
N
N
Andanaheeriya
Fabaceae
250
Crotalaria verrucosa
N
N
Andanaheeriya
Fabaceae
251
Derris scandens
N
N
Kala wel
Fabaceae
252
Desmodium heterophyllum
N
N
Maha undu
piyaliya
Fabaceae
253
Desmodium pryonii
N
N
Fabaceae
254
Desmodium triflorum
N
N
Heen-undupiyali
Fabaceae
255
Dichrostachys cinera
N
N
Andara
Fabaceae
256
Indigofera aspalathoides
N
N
Fabaceae
257
Indigofera tinctoria
N
N
Fabaceae
258
Macroptilium lathyroides
N
N
Cowpea
Fabaceae
259
Mimosa pudica
N
N
Nidi kumba
Fabaceae
260
Mucuna pruriens
N
N
Fabaceae
261
Neptunia oleracea
N
N
Fabaceae
262
Phaseolus lunatus
N
N
Fabaceae
263
Pongamia pinnata
N
N
Gal karada
Fabaceae
264
Pseudarthria viscida
N
N
Fabaceae
265
Rhynchosia minima
N
N
Fabaceae
266
Sesbania bispinosa
N
N
Fabaceae
267
Stylosanthes fruticosa
N
N
Fabaceae
268
Tamarindus indica
N
N
Siyambala
Fabaceae
269
Tephrosia maxima
N
N
Naripila
Fabaceae
270
Tephrosia purpurea
N
N
Gam pila
Fabaceae
271
Tephrosia villosa
N
N
Fabaceae
272
Vigna marina
N
N
Fabaceae
273
Vigna trilobata
N
N
Bin ma
Fabaceae
274
Casearia zeylanica
N
N
Wal waraka
Flacourtiaceae
275
Flacourtia indica
N
N
Uguressa
Flacourtiaceae
276
Canscora decussata
N
N
Gentianaceae
277
Scaevola plumieri
N
Y
Heen takkada
Goodeniaceae
278
Scaevola taccada
N
N
Takkada
Goodeniaceae
279
Myriophyllum indicum
N
N
Haloragaceae
280
Reissantia indica
N
N
Hippocrateaceae
281
Salacia chinensis
N
N
Himbutu
Hippocrateaceae
282
Salacia oblonga
N
Y
Himbutu
Hippocrateaceae
283
Salacia reticulata
N
Y
Kotala hibutu
Hippocrateaceae
284
Blyxa auberti
N
N
Diya hawariya
Hydrocharitaceae
285
Blyxa octandra
N
N
Diya hawariya
Hydrocharitaceae
286
Halophila ovalis
N
N
Hydrocharitaceae
287
Hydrilla verticillata
N
N
Hal penni
Hydrocharitaceae
288
Nechamandra alternifolia
N
Y
Hydrocharitaceae
289
Ottelia alismoides
N
N
Hydrocharitaceae
290
Vallisneria spiralis
N
N
Hydrocharitaceae
291
Hydrolea zeylanica
N
N
Hydrophyllaceae

53
Botanical name
Endemic(Y.N)
Threatened(Y/N)
Local name
Family
292
Molineria trichocarpa
N
N
Maha bin tal
Hypoxidaceae
293
Basilicum polystachyon
N
N
Lamiaceae
294
Hyptis suaveolens
N
N
Lamiaceae
295
Leucas zeylanica
N
N
Gata tumba
Lamiaceae
296
Ocimum tenuiflorum
N
N
Madurutala
Lamiaceae
297
Orthosiphon thymiflorus
N
N
Lamiaceae
298
Platostoma menthoides
N
N
Lamiaceae
299
Plectrathus zeylanicus
N
N
Iriweriya
Lamiaceae
300
Alseodaphne semecarpifolia
N
N
Wewarani
Lauraceae
301
Cassytha filiformis
N
N
Lauraceae
302
Utricularia caerulea
N
N
Nilmonaressa
Lentibulariaceae
303
Utricularia reticulata
N
N
Nilmonaressa
Lentibulariaceae
304
Utricularia stellaris
N
N
Lentibulariaceae
305
Limnocharis flava
N
N
Diyagowa
Limnocharitaceae
306
Hugonia mystax
N
N
Bu gettiya
Linaceae
307
Lobelia alsinoides
N
N
Lobeliaceae
308
Strychnos nux-vomica
N
N
Goda kaduru
Loganiaceae
309
Dendrophthoe falcata
N
N
Ehetu
Loranthaceae
310
Taxillus cuneatus
N
N
Loranthaceae
311
Ammannia baccifera
N
N
Lythraceae
312
Ammannia octandra
N
N
Lythraceae
313
Pemphis acidula
N
N
Lythraceae
314
Rotala densiflora
N
N
Lythraceae
315
Rotala verticillaris
N
N
Lythraceae
316
Hiptage benghalensis
N
N
Puwak gedia wel
Malpighiaceae
317
Abutilon hirtum
N
N
Walanoda
Malvaceae
318
Abutilon indicum
N
N
Walanoda
Malvaceae
319
Abutilon pannosum
N
N
Malvaceae
320
Gossypium arboreum
N
N
Kapu
Malvaceae
321
Hibiscus eriocarpus
N
N
Malvaceae
322
Hibiscus micranthus
N
N
Malvaceae
323
Pavonia odorata
N
N
Malvaceae
324
Sida acuta
N
N
Bevila
Malvaceae
325
Sida cordata
N
N
Malvaceae
326
Sida cordifolia
N
N
Sudubevila
Malvaceae
327
Thespesia populnea
N
N
Gansooria
Malvaceae
328
Marsilea minuta
N
N
Marsileaceae
329
Memecylon capitellatum
N
N
Korakaha
Melastomataceae
330
Memecylon umbellatum
N
N
Korakaha
Melastomataceae
331
Osbeckia zeylanica
N
N
Melastomataceae
332
Aglaia elaeagnoidea
N
N
Meliaceae
333
Azadirachta indica
N
N
Kohomba
Meliaceae
334
Soymida febrifuga
N
N
Meliaceae
335
Walsura trifoliolata
N
N
Kiri kon
Meliaceae
336
Cissampelos pareira
N
N
Menispermaceae
337
Stephania japonica
N
N
Lunu ketiya wel
Menispermaceae
338
Tiliacora acuminata
N
N
Menispermaceae
339
Nymphoides aurantiaca
N
Y
Menyanthaceae
340
Nymphoides hydrophylla
N
N
Heen olu
Menyanthaceae
341
Nymphoides indica
N
N
Heen olu
Menyanthaceae
342
Gisekia pharnaceoides
N
N
Molluginaceae
343
Glinus oppositifolia
N
N
Walpathpadagam
Molluginaceae
344
Mollugo disticha
N
N
Molluginaceae
345
Mollugo pentaphylla
N
N
Molluginaceae
346
Ficus amplissima
N
N
Moraceae
347
Ficus benghalensis
N
N
Mahanuga
Moraceae
348
Ficus drupacea
N
N
Moraceae
349
Ficus hispida
N
N
Budeliya
Moraceae
350
Ficus microcarpa
N
N
Moraceae

54
Botanical name
Endemic(Y.N)
Threatened(Y/N)
Local name
Family
351
Ficus mollis
N
N
Moraceae
352
Ficus racemosa
N
N
Moraceae
353
Plecospermum spinosum
N
N
Thingol
Moraceae
354
Streblus asper
N
N
Netul
Moraceae
355
Aegiceras corniculata
N
N
Myrsinaceae
356
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam
N
N
Myrsinaceae
357
Eugenia bracteata
N
N
Tembiliya
Myrtaceae
358
Syzygium cumini
N
N
Madan
Myrtaceae
359
Najas graminea
N
N
Najadaceae
360
Najas marina
N
N
Najadaceae
361
Nelumbo nucifera
N
N
Nelum
Nelumbonaceae
362
Boerhavia sp.
N
N
Nyctaginaceae
363
Nymphaea nouchali
N
N
Manel
Nymphaeaceae
364
Nymphaea pubescens
N
N
Manel
Nymphaeaceae
365
Gomphia serrata
N
N
Bo keera
Ochnaceae
366
Ochna lanceolata
N
N
Ochnaceae
367
Ochna obtusata
N
N
Ochnaceae
368
Olax scandens
N
N
Olacaceae
369
Chionanthus zeylanica
N
N
Oleaceae
370
Jasminum angustifolium
N
N
Walpichcha
Oleaceae
371
Jasminum auriculatum
N
N
Oleaceae
372
Jasminum rottlerianum
N
N
Oleaceae
373
Ludwigia adscendens
N
N
Beru diya nilla
Onagraceae
374
Ludwigia hyssopifolia
N
N
Beru diya nilla
Onagraceae
375
Ludwigia perennis
N
N
Beru diya nilla
Onagraceae
376
Opilia amentacea
N
N
Opiliaceae
377
Vanda tessellata
N
N
Orchidaceae
378
Vanilla walkerae
N
Y
Orchidaceae
379
Biophytum nervifolium
N
N
Oxalidaceae
380
Oxalis corniculata
N
N
Heen ambiliya
Oxalidaceae
381
Ceratopteris thalictroides
N
N
Parkeriaceae
382
Adenia hondala
N
N
Hondala
Passifloraceae
383
Psaaiflora suberosa
N
N
Delbatu
Passifloraceae
384
Aeluropus lagopoides
N
N
Poaceae
385
Alloteropsis cimicina
N
N
Budeni-tana
Poaceae
386
Apluda mutica
N
N
Poaceae
387
Apocopis mangalorensis
N
N
Poaceae
388
Aristida adscensionis
N
N
Poaceae
389
Aristida setaceae
N
N
Et-tuttiri
Poaceae
390
Bothriochloa pertusa
N
N
Poaceae
391
Brachiaria remota
N
N
Poaceae
392
Chloris barbata
N
N
Poaceae
393
Chrysopogon aciculatus
N
N
Poaceae
394
Chrysopogon fulvus
N
N
Poaceae
395
Cynodon dactylon
N
N
Poaceae
396
Cyrtococcum trigonum
N
N
Poaceae
397
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
N
N
Belathana
Poaceae
398
Digitaria longiflora
N
N
Poaceae
399
Digitaria tomentosa
N
N
Poaceae
400
Dimeria avenacea
N
N
Poaceae
401
Echinochloa colona
N
N
Poaceae
402
Eragrostiella bifaria
N
N
Poaceae
403
Eragrostiella brachyphylla
N
N
Poaceae
404
Eragrostis atrovirens
N
N
Poaceae
405
Eragrostis ciliaris
N
N
Poaceae
406
Eragrostis diarrhena
N
N
Poaceae
407
Eragrostis gangetica
N
N
Poaceae
408
Eragrostis japonica
N
N
Poaceae
409
Eragrostis nutans
N
N
Poaceae

55
Botanical name
Endemic(Y.N)
Threatened(Y/N)
Local name
Family
410
Eragrostis riparia
N
N
Poaceae
411
Eragrostis unioloides
N
N
Poaceae
412
Eremochloa muricata
N
N
Poaceae
413
Eriochloa procera
N
N
Poaceae
414
Hackelochloa granularis
N
N
Poaceae
415
Holcolemma canaliculatum
N
N
Poaceae
416
Hygroryza sristata
N
N
Poaceae
417
Imperata cylindrica
N
N
Illuk
Poaceae
418
Isachne miliacea
N
N
Poaceae
419
Ischaemum barbatum
N
N
Poaceae
420
Ischaemum ciliare
N
N
Poaceae
421
Leptochloa fusca
N
N
Poaceae
422
Leptochloa neesii
N
N
Ashwawalige
Poaceae
423
Leptochloa panicea
N
N
Poaceae
424
Leptochloa uniflora
N
N
Poaceae
425
Oplismenus compositus
N
N
Poaceae
426
Oryza eichingeri
N
N
Wildrice
Poaceae
427
Panicum brevifolium
N
N
Poaceae
428
Panicum humile
N
N
Poaceae
429
Panicum maximum
N
N
Poaceae
430
Panicum repens
N
N
Etora
Poaceae
431
Panicum sparsicomum
N
N
Poaceae
432
Panicum sumatrense
N
N
Poaceae
433
Paspalidium geminatum
N
N
Poaceae
434
Paspalidium punctatum
N
N
Poaceae
435
Paspalum distichum
N
N
Poaceae
436
Paspalum scrobiculatum
N
N
Poaceae
437
Paspalum vaginatum
N
N
Poaceae
438
Perotis indica
N
N
Poaceae
439
Phragmites karka
N
N
Nalagas
Poaceae
440
Polytrias amaura
N
N
Poaceae
441
Sacciolepis indica
N
N
Poaceae
442
Sacciolepis interrupta
N
N
Poaceae
443
Setaria geniculata
N
N
Poaceae
444
Spinifex littoreus
N
N
Poaceae
445
Sporobolus diander
N
N
Poaceae
446
Sporobolus maderaspatanus
N
N
Poaceae
447
Sporobolus tremulus
N
N
Poaceae
448
Sporobolus virginicus
N
N
Poaceae
449
Sporobolus wallichii
N
N
Poaceae
450
Stenotaphrum dimidiatum
N
N
Poaceae
451
Zoysia matrella
N
N
Poaceae
452
Polygala javana
N
N
Polygalaceae
453
Persicaria attenuata
N
N
Polygonaceae
454
Eichhornia crassipes
N
N
Japan jabara
Pontederiaceae
455
Monochoria vaginalis
N
N
Dityahabarala
Pontederiaceae
456
Portulaca quadrifida
N
N
Portulacaceae
457
Potamogeton nodosus
N
N
Potamogetonaceae
458
Acrostichum aureum
N
N
Pteridaceae
459
Parahemionitis arifolia
N
N
Pteridaceae
460
Scutia myrtina
N
N
Rhamnaceae
461
Ventilago madraspatana
N
N
Wembadangawel
Rhamnaceae
462
Ziziphus oenoplia
N
N
Heen eraminiya
Rhamnaceae
463
Ziziphus rugosa
N
N
Maha eraminiya
Rhamnaceae
464
Zizphus mauritiana
N
N
Rhamnaceae
465
Bruguiera cylindrica
N
N
Rhizophoraceae
466
Cassipourea ceylanica
N
N
Rhizophoraceae
467
Ceriops tagal
N
N
Rhizophoraceae
468
Rhizophora apiculata
N
N
Kadol
Rhizophoraceae

56
Botanical name
Endemic(Y.N)
Threatened(Y/N)
Local name
Family
469
Rhizophora mucronata
N
N
Kadol
Rhizophoraceae
470
Benkara malabarica
N
N
Rubiaceae
471
Canthium coromandelicum
N
N
Kara
Rubiaceae
472
Canthium dicoccum
N
N
Rubiaceae
473
Canthium rheedii
N
N
Rubiaceae
474
Catunaregam spinosa
N
N
Kukurumanna
Rubiaceae
475
Discospermum sphaerocarpum
N
N
Rubiaceae
476
Haldina cordifolia
N
N
Rubiaceae
477
Hedyotis cyanantha
N
N
Rubiaceae
478
Hydrophylax maritima
N
N
Rubiaceae
479
Ixora coccinea
N
N
Ratabala
Rubiaceae
480
Ixora pavetta
N
N
Rubiaceae
481
Mitracarpus villosum
N
N
Rubiaceae
482
Mitragyna parvifolia
N
N
Helamba
Rubiaceae
483
Morinda umbellata
N
N
Ahu
Rubiaceae
484
Nauclea orientalis
N
N
Bakmee
Rubiaceae
485
Oldenlandia biflora
N
N
Rubiaceae
486
Oldenlandia herbacea
N
N
Rubiaceae
487
Oldenlandia trinervia
N
N
Rubiaceae
488
Oldenlandia umbellata
N
N
Rubiaceae
489
Pavetta indica
N
N
Rubiaceae
490
Psydrax dicoccos
N
N
Rubiaceae
491
Spermacoce hispida
N
N
Rubiaceae
492
Tarenna asiatica
N
N
Tharana
Rubiaceae
493
Atalantia ceylanica
N
N
Yakdehi
Rutaceae
494
Chloroxylon swietenia
N
N
Burutha
Rutaceae
495
Citrus aurantifolia
N
N
Ambuldodam
Rutaceae
496
Clausena indica
N
N
Walkarapincha
Rutaceae
497
Glycosmis mauritiana
N
N
Dodanpana
Rutaceae
498
Glycosmis pentaphylla
N
N
Rutaceae
499
Limonia acidissima
N
N
divul
Rutaceae
500
Murraya koenigii
N
N
Rutaceae
501
Pamburus missionis
N
N
Rutaceae
502
Pleiospermium alatum
N
N
Tumpat kurudu
Rutaceae
503
Psilanthus wightianus
N
N
Rutaceae
504
Toddalia asiatica
N
N
Kudu miris
Rutaceae
505
Azima tetracanthus
N
N
Salvadoraceae
506
Salvadora persica
N
N
Maliththan
Salvadoraceae
507
Salvinia molesta
N
N
Salviniaceae
508
Allophylus cobbe
N
N
Sapindaceae
509
Cardiospermum halicacabum
N
N
Penela
Sapindaceae
510
Dodonaea viscosa
N
N
Eta Weralla
Sapindaceae
511
Lepisanthes senegalensis
N
N
Poromara
Sapindaceae
512
Lepisanthes tetraphylla
N
N
Kahapenela
Sapindaceae
513
Sapindus emarginata
N
N
penela
Sapindaceae
514
Schleichera oleosa
N
N
Kon
Sapindaceae
515
Madhuca longifolia
N
N
Mee
Sapotaceae
516
Manilkara hexandra
N
N
Palu
Sapotaceae
517
Mimusops elengi
N
N
Muna mal
Sapotaceae
518
Xantolis tomentosa
N
N
Sapotaceae
519
Bacopa monnieri
N
N
Lunuwila
Scrophulariaceae
520
Centranthera indica
N
N
Dutusathutu
Scrophulariaceae
521
Dopatrium lobelioides
N
N
Scrophulariaceae
522
Dopatrium nudicaule
N
N
Scrophulariaceae
523
Limnophila aquatica
N
N
Scrophulariaceae
524
Limnophila heterophylla
N
N
Scrophulariaceae
525
Limnophila indica
N
N
Scrophulariaceae
526
Limnophila sessiliflora
N
N
Scrophulariaceae
527
Lindernia angularis
N
N
Scrophulariaceae

57
Botanical name
Endemic(Y.N)
Threatened(Y/N)
Local name
Family
528
Lindernia antipoda
N
N
Scrophulariaceae
529
Lindernia pusilla
N
N
Scrophulariaceae
530
Lindernia rotundifolia
N
N
Scrophulariaceae
531
Striga angustifolia
N
N
Scrophulariaceae
532
Solanum pubescens
N
N
Solanaceae
533
Solanum seaforthianum
N
N
Solanaceae
534
Solanum trilobatum
N
N
Solanaceae
535
Sonneratia alba
N
N
Kirala
Sonneratiaceae
536
Helicteres isora
N
N
Liniya
Sterculiaceae
537
Melochia corchorifolia
N
N
Sterculiaceae
538
Pterospermum suberifolium
N
N
Welan
Sterculiaceae
539
Sterculia foetida
N
N
Telabu
Sterculiaceae
540
Sterculia urens
N
N
Sterculiaceae
541
Waltheria indica
N
N
Sterculiaceae
542
Tamarix indica
N
N
Tamaricaceae
543
Berrya cordifolia
N
N
Halmilla
Tiliaceae
544
Corchorus aestuans
N
N
Tiliaceae
545
Corchorus olitorius
N
N
Tiliaceae
546
Grewia damine
N
N
Daminiya
Tiliaceae
547
Grewia orientalis
N
N
Wal mediya
Tiliaceae
548
Grewia rothii
N
N
Tiliaceae
549
Grewia tenax
N
N
Tiliaceae
550
Typha angustifolia
N
N
Hambu pan
Typhaceae
551
Holoptelea integrifolia
N
N
Goda kirilla
Ulmaceae
552
Laportea interrupta
N
N
Kahambiliya
Urticaceae
553
Clerodendrum inerme
N
N
Wal gurenda
Verbenaceae
554
Gmelina asiatica
N
N
Demata
Verbenaceae
555
Lantana camara
N
N
Hinguru
Verbenaceae
556
Phyla nodiflora
N
N
Hiramana datta
Verbenaceae
557
Premna obtusifolia
N
N
Maha midi
Verbenaceae
558
Premna tomentosa
N
N
Boo seru
Verbenaceae
559
Vitex altissima
N
N
Milla
Verbenaceae
560
Vitex leucoxylon
N
N
Nebada
Verbenaceae
561
Vitex negundo
N
N
Verbenaceae
562
Rinorea virgata
N
N
Violaceae
563
Cissus heyneana
N
N
Diyalabu
Vitaceae
564
Cissus quadrangularis
N
N
Heeressa
Vitaceae
565
Cissus vitiginea
N
N
Vitaceae
566
Ampelocissus phoenicantha
N
N
Vitaceae
567
Cayratia pedata
N
N
Vitaceae
568
Cayratia trifolia
N
N
Vitaceae
569
Xyris pauciflora
N
N
Xyridaceae
570
Zingiber wightianum
N
N
Zingiberaceae
571
Scripus oryzetorum
N
N
Cyperaceae
572
Cyperus cinnamometorum
N
N
Cyperaceae
573
Excoecaria agallocha
N
N
Tela keeriya
Euphorbiaceae
574
Mangifera zeylanica
Y
N
Etaba
Anacardiaceae
575
Xylopia nigricans
Y
Y
Heen kenda
Annonaceae
576
Wrightia angustifolia
Y
N
Apocynaceae
577
Vernonia zeylanica
Y
N
Asteraceae
578
Cassine balae
Y
N
Neralu
Celastraceae
579
Cassine glauca
Y
N
Celastraceae
580
Calophyllum calaba
Y
Y
Clusiaceae
581
Murdannia dimorphoides
Y
N
Commelinaceae
582
Argyreia populifolia
Y
N
Convolvulaceae
583
Scleria multilacunosa
Y
N
Cyperaceae
584
Dioscorea trimenii
Y
Y
Katuala
Dioscoreaceae
585
Cleistanthus pallidus
Y
N
Euphorbiaceae
586
Drypetes gardneri
Y
N
Eta wira
Euphorbiaceae

58
Botanical name
Endemic(Y.N)
Threatened(Y/N)
Local name
Family
587
Mallotus eriocarpus
Y
N
Bulu petta
Euphorbiaceae
588
Zornia walkeri
Y
N
Fabaceae
589
Hydnocarpus venenata
Y
N
Makulla
Flacourtiaceae
590
Scolopia pusilla
Y
N
Katu keera
Flacourtiaceae
591
Strychnos trichocalyx
Y
N
Gona-karaba
Loganiaceae
592
Dendrophthoe ligulata
Y
Y
Ehetu
Loranthaceae
593
Ochna jabotapita
Y
N
Mal kera
Ochnaceae
594
Habenaria dichopetala
Y
Y
Orchidaceae
595
Pavetta gleniei
Y
N
Rubiaceae
596
Murraya gleniei
Y
N
Rutaceae
597
Glenniea unijuga
Y
N
Wal mora
Sapindaceae
598
Acacia ferruginea
N
Y
Fabaceae
599
Acanthospermum hispidum
N
N
Katu nerenchi
Asteraceae
600
Aponogeton natans
N
Y
Kekatiya
Aponogetonaceae
601
Brachiaria purpuricens
N
N
Poaceae
602
Cyperus bulbosus
N
N
Cyperaceae
603
Cyperus difformis
N
N
Cyperaceae
604
Cyperus exaltatus
N
N
Cyperaceae
605
Cyperus serotinus
N
N
Cyperaceae
606
Dyschoriste madurensis
N
N
Acanthaceae
607
Eragrostis diplachinoides
N
N
Poaceae
608
Fimbristylis argentea
N
N
Cyperaceae
609
Fimbristylis ferruginea
N
N
Cyperaceae
610
Geniosporum tennuflora
N
N
Lamiaceae
611
Diplodiscus verrucosus
Y
N
Dick wenna
Tiliaceae
612
Triumfetta glabra
Y
Y
Tiliaceae
613
Acacia tomentosa
N
N
Fabaceae
614
Atriplex repens
N
N
Chenopodiaceae
615
Derris parviflora
Y
N
Kala wel
Fabaceae
616
Elaeocharis geniculata
N
N
Cyperaceae
617
Elaeocharis retroflexa
N
N
Cyperaceae
618
Fimbristylis falcata
N
N
Cyperaceae
619
Fimbristylis ovata
N
N
Cyperaceae
620
Gelidium sp.
Gelidiaceae
621
Oryza perrinis
N
N
Wildrice
Poaceae
622
Padina sp.
Seagrass
Phaeophyta
623
Suregada angustifolia
N
N
Euphorbiaceae

314
Annex III: Frequency of occurrence of Plant Species in Each Family
Family
Frequency of occurrence
Acanthaceae
71
Aizoaceae
1
Alismataceae
6
Alsimataceae
1
Amaranthaceae
20
Amaryllidaceae
14
Anacardiaceae
1
Annonaceae
39
Apiaceae
6
Apocynaceae
47
Aponogetonaceae
6
Araceae
4
Arecaceae
10
Asclepiadaceae
25
Asclepiadaceae (Periplocaceae)
11
Asparagaceae
10
Asteraceae
91
Avicenniaceae
9
Bignoniaceae
1
Bombacaceae
1
Boraginaceae
49
Burseraceae
2
Cactaceae
2
Capparaceae
71
Caryophyllaceae
3
Celastraceae
64
Ceratophyllaceae
21
Characeae
6
Chenopodiaceae
13
Clusiaceae
15
Colchicaceae
3
Combretaceae
21
Commelinaceae
41
Connaraceae
13
Convolvulaceae
35
Cucurbitaceae
6
Cycadaceae
3
Cyperaceae
471
Dennstaedtiaceae
1
Dioscoreaceae
7
Dracaenaceae
2
Droseraceae
8
Ebenaceae
117
Elatinaceae
2
Eriocaulaceae
70
Erythroxylaceae
10
Euphorbiaceae
256
Fabaceae
271
Flacourtiaceae
27

315
Family
Frequency of occurrence
Gelidiaceae
1
Gentianaceae
1
Goodeniaceae
7
Hippocrateaceae
37
Hydrocharitaceae
53
Hydrophyllaceae
8
Hypoxidaceae
4
Lamiaceae
67
Lauraceae
7
Lentibulariaceae
10
Limnocharitaceae
4
Linaceae
17
Lobeliaceae
3
Loganiaceae
25
Loranthaceae
14
Lythraceae
19
Malpighiaceae
7
Malvaceae
45
Marsileaceae
4
Melastomataceae
94
Meliaceae
38
Menispermaceae
3
Menyanthaceae
14
Molluginaceae
18
Moraceae
16
Myrsinaceae
2
Myrtaceae
43
Najadaceae
3
Nelumbonaceae
4
Nyctaginaceae
1
Nymphaeaceae
18
Ochnaceae
31
Ochnaceae
11
Olacaceae
2
Oleaceae
30
Onagraceae
9
Opiliaceae
1
Orchidaceae
11
Oxalidaceae
6
Parkeriaceae
4
Passifloraceae
3
Phaeophyta
1
Poaceae
459
Polygalaceae
11
Polygonaceae
4
Pontederiaceae
3
Portulacaceae
1
Potamogetonaceae
11
Pteridaceae
5
Rhamnaceae
49
Rhizophoraceae
31

316
Family
Frequency of occurrence
Rubiaceae
203
Rutaceae
173
Salvadoraceae
24
Salviniaceae
9
Sapindaceae
61
Sapotaceae
44
Scrophulariaceae
81
Solanaceae
2
Sonneratiaceae
2
Sterculiaceae
24
Tamaricaceae
4
Tiliaceae
20
Typhaceae
4
Ulmaceae
1
Urticaceae
1
Verbenaceae
86
Violaceae
2
Vitaceae
43
Vitaceae
3
Xyridaceae
29
Zingiberaceae
1
Grand Total
4071

317
Annex IV: Occurrence of Plant Species in Different Habitats
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Abrus precatorius
1
1
Abutilon hirtum
1
1
Abutilon indicum
2
1
1
4
Acacia chundra
1
1
1
3
Acacia leucophloea
1
1
Acalypha indica
1
1
Achyranthes aspera
1
1
2
Acrostichum aureum
2
1
3
Adansonia digitata
1
1
Adenanthera pavonina
1
1
Adenia hondala
1
1
Aegiceras corniculata
1
1
Aeluropus lagopoides
1
1
Aerva lanata
1
2
1
1
1
6

318
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Aeschynomene americana
1
1
1
1
4
Aeschynomene indica
1
1
5
2
3
6
1
3
5
27
Ageratum conyzoides
2
1
2
1
6
Aglaia elaeagnoidea
3
1
1
1
6
Albizia chinensis
1
1
Allophylus cobbe
1
2
2
5
Alloteropsis cimicina
4
1
1
3
2
1
12
Alphonsea sclerocarpa
2
4
6
Alphonsea zeylanica
1
1
Alseodaphne semecarpifolia
2
4
6
Alternanthera sessilis
1
1
1
3
Alylosia rugosa
1
1
2
Alysicarous vaginalis
1
1
1
3
Ammannia baccifera
1
1
Ammannia octandra
1
1
2
Ampelocissus phoenicantha
1
1

319
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Andrographis alata
1
1
Antidesma alexiteria
2
2
Aphyllodium biarticulatum
1
1
1
1
6
1
3
1
15
Apluda mutica
1
3
1
1
4
10
Apocopis mangalorensis
2
1
1
2
1
7
Aponogeton crispus
1
1
1
2
5
Aponogeton natans
1
1
Argyreia populifolia
1
1
2
Aristida adscensionis
1
1
Aristida setaceae
1
1
1
8
2
13
Asparagus falcatus
1
1
2
Asparagus racemosus
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
Atalantia ceylanica
1
4
1
4
1
1
9
3
24
Avicennia marina
7
1
1
9
Azadirachta indica
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
9
3
22
Azima tetracanthus
1
2
1
5
2
11

320
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Bacopa monnieri
1
1
5
5
1
2
2
10
27
Barleria prionitis
1
1
Basilicum polystachyon
1
1
1
3
Bauhinia racemosa
1
2
1
10
4
18
Bauhinia tomentosa
4
1
3
8
Benkara malabarica
3
7
3
5
3
3
12
7
43
Bergia capensis
1
1
2
Berrya cordifolia
1
1
1
3
Biophytum nervifolium
2
1
1
4
Blachia umbellata
1
1
Blainvillea acmella
2
3
1
6
Blepharis maderaspatensis
1
1
1
3
Blyxa auberti
2
1
1
1
12
3
5
25
Blyxa octandra
1
1
2
Boerhavia sp.
1
1
Borassus flabellifer
1
1
1
3

321
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Bothriochloa pertusa
1
2
3
Brachiaria purpuricens
1
1
2
Brachiaria remota
1
1
Breynia retusa
1
1
Bruguiera cylindrica
3
3
Bulbostylis barbata
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
14
Bulbostylis densa
1
1
2
Bulbostylis puberula
1
1
Cadaba trifoliata
1
1
1
1
4
8
Caesalpinia bonduc
1
1
2
Caesalpinia crista
1
1
Caesalpinia hymenocarpa
1
1
1
3
Calophyllum calaba
1
2
1
3
7
Calophyllum inophyllum
1
1
Calotropis gigantea
1
1
1
1
1
5
Canavalia gladiolata
1
1

322
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Canavalia virosa
1
1
Canscora decussata
1
1
Canthium coromandelicum
1
4
7
12
Canthium dicoccum
1
1
2
Capparis divaricata
3
3
Capparis rotundifolia
2
1
4
1
2
6
16
Capparis sepiaria
1
1
2
4
Capparis zeylanica
2
2
5
2
1
9
2
23
Cardiospermum halicacabum
2
2
4
Carex lateralis
5
4
1
1
4
4
19
Carissa spinarum
2
7
1
5
1
3
2
17
9
47
Carmona retusa
1
5
3
4
3
7
3
26
Casearia zeylanica
2
1
3
Cassia alata
1
1
2
Cassia auriculata
1
1
3
2
15
2
24
Cassia fistula
1
1
2
5
9

323
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Cassia tora
1
1
Cassine balae
1
1
1
5
2
10
Cassine glauca
1
1
Cassipourea ceylanica
2
3
6
1
1
5
3
21
Cassytha filiformis
1
1
Catunaregam spinosa
1
2
1
1
1
3
9
Cayratia pedata
1
1
Cayratia trifolia
1
1
Centella asiatica
1
2
1
1
1
6
Centranthera indica
1
1
1
1
4
Ceratophyllum demersum
1
4
2
7
4
3
21
Ceratopteris thalictroides
2
1
1
4
Ceriops tagal
1
1
Chara sp.
3
2
1
6
Chionanthus zeylanica
1
1
1
3
Chloris barbata
1
1
2
1
1
4
10

324
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Chloroxylon swietenia
1
8
8
1
2
4
2
26
Chrysopogon aciculatus
1
1
2
Chrysopogon fulvus
2
1
3
Cissampelos pareira
1
1
Cissus heyneana
2
2
3
1
1
9
Cissus quadrangularis
2
2
3
1
1
1
2
9
8
29
Cissus vitiginea
1
1
3
5
Citrus aurantifolia
1
1
Clausena indica
1
3
1
3
2
2
12
Cleome viscosa
1
1
2
Clerodendrum inerme
1
1
2
Clerodendrum inrme
1
3
4
Clitoria ternatea
1
3
1
5
Coccinia grandis
1
1
2
Cocos nucifera
1
1
Coldenia procumbens
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
11

325
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Commelina diffusa
1
1
2
Commelina benghalensis
1
1
1
1
4
Commiphora caudata
2
2
Connarus monocarpus
2
2
Corchorus aestuans
1
1
1
3
Corchorus olitorius
1
1
1
3
Cordia dichotoma
1
1
1
3
Cordia monoica
1
1
1
3
Crateva adansonii
1
2
2
6
4
15
Crinum defixum
1
1
1
1
1
5
Crinum latifolium
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
9
Crotalaria lunulata
2
2
1
1
6
Crotalaria nana
1
1
Crotalaria pallida
1
1
2
Crotalaria verrucosa
1
1
1
3
Croton aromaticus
1
1

326
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Croton laccifer
2
3
1
1
5
1
13
Croton officinalis
2
2
1
5
Cuscuta chinensis
1
1
Cyanotis villosa
1
1
2
Cycas circinalis
1
1
1
3
Cynodon dactylon
1
1
1
1
3
2
3
1
4
5
22
Cyperus bifax
1
1
1
3
Cyperus cinnamometorum
1
1
Cyperus compressus
1
1
2
4
Cyperus cuspidatus
1
1
Cyperus difformis
1
1
7
9
Cyperus distans
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
10
Cyperus dubius
2
2
Cyperus exaltatus
1
1
1
1
9
1
1
1
16
Cyperus haspan
1
1
1
3
Cyperus iria
2
1
3
3
9

327
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Cyperus javanicus
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
3
1
3
19
Cyperus pilosus
2
1
1
1
5
Cyperus procerus
1
1
1
1
1
5
Cyperus pulcherrimus
1
1
1
1
4
Cyperus pygmaeus
1
1
Cyperus rotundus
1
2
1
2
3
1
4
1
1
2
4
4
5
3
34
Cyperus serotinus
1
1
Cyperus stoloniferus
1
1
2
Cyperus tenuispica
1
1
1
1
1
5
Cyperus triceps
1
1
Cyrtococcum trigonum
2
4
1
1
1
2
3
14
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
1
1
2
Dendrophthoe falcata
1
1
1
2
5
10
Dendrophthoe ligulata
1
1
2
Derris parviflora
1
2
2
1
1
7
Derris scandens
4
3
5
2
2
3
1
3
1
4
3
31

328
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Desmodium heterophyllum
1
2
2
1
1
7
Desmodium pryonii
1
1
1
3
Desmodium triflorum
1
1
1
2
5
Dichrostachys cinera
1
3
1
1
1
10
1
18
Dicliptera zeylanica
1
1
Digitaria longiflora
1
1
1
3
Digitaria tomentosa
1
1
Dimeria avenacea
1
1
Dimorphocalyx glabellus
1
1
1
3
Dioscorea pentaphylla
1
1
1
3
Dioscorea tomentosa
1
1
Dioscorea trimenii
3
3
Diospyros ebenum
1
5
6
1
1
1
1
16
Diospyros malabarica
1
2
2
5
2
17
1
30
Diospyros ovalifolia
2
10
1
8
2
3
2
4
1
17
9
59
Dipteracanthus patulus
1
1

329
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Dipteracanthus prostratus
1
1
1
3
Discospermum sphaerocarpum
1
4
2
3
1
1
12
Dodonaea viscosa
2
1
3
Dopatrium lobelioides
8
5
1
5
19
Drosera burmannii
1
1
2
2
2
8
Drypetes gardneri
2
1
2
5
Drypetes sepiaria
4
11
4
10
1
3
7
3
43
Dyschoriste depressa
1
1
2
Dyschoriste madurensis
1
1
Ecbolium ligustrinum
1
1
1
2
5
Eclipta prostrata
3
1
3
1
6
5
19
Eichhornia crassipes
1
1
2
Elaeocharis geniculata
1
1
2
Elaeocharis retroflexa
1
1
4
6
Eleocharis congesta
1
1
2
Eleocharis dulcis
1
3
2
2
8

330
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Eleocharis geniculata
1
1
2
Elytraria acaulis
1
1
2
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam
1
1
Emilia exserta
1
1
Emilia sonchifolia
2
2
Eragrostiella bifaria
1
1
Eragrostiella brachyphylla
1
1
Eragrostis atrovirens
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
11
Eragrostis ciliaris
3
1
4
Eragrostis diarrhena
1
1
Eragrostis diplachinoides
1
1
1
1
1
5
Eragrostis gangetica
1
1
2
4
Eragrostis japonica
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
12
Eragrostis nutans
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
9
1
3
4
4
6
2
40
Eragrostis riparia
1
2
2
6
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
5
5
1
1
1
35
Eragrostis unioloides
1
1

331
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Eriocaulon cinereum
1
1
2
Eriocaulon procera
1
1
Eriocaulon quinquangulare
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
4
1
3
8
7
3
16
15
67
Eriochloa procera
2
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
16
Erythroxylum monogynum
1
1
1
7
10
Eugenia bracteata
2
1
3
Eupatorium odoratum
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
6
19
Euphorbia antiquorum
1
3
2
6
Euphorbia hirta
1
1
1
1
4
Euphorbia tirucalli
1
1
Evolvulus alsinoides
1
3
2
5
1
3
1
1
17
Excoecaria agallocha
1
10
1
2
1
1
16
Ficus amplissima
1
1
2
Ficus benghalensis
1
1
2
4
Ficus hispida
2
2
4
Ficus microcarpa
1
1

332
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Ficus mollis
2
2
Ficus racemosa
1
1
Fimbristylis acuminata
1
1
Fimbristylis argentea
1
1
1
7
1
11
Fimbristylis cinnamometorum
1
6
1
1
1
2
1
10
3
1
3
7
1
8
7
53
Fimbristylis cymosa
1
1
1
3
Fimbristylis dichotoma
1
1
Fimbristylis falcata
1
1
Fimbristylis miliacea
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
3
15
Fimbristylis ovata
3
7
2
1
1
14
Fimbristylis schoenoides
1
1
1
3
Fimbristylis triflora
5
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
14
Fimbristylus eragrostis
2
2
1
1
3
2
3
2
1
1
18
Flacourtia indica
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
5
13
Flueggea leucopyrus
2
2
3
1
1
1
6
1
1
18
Fuirena capitata
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
12

333
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Garcinia morella
1
1
Garcinia spicata
2
1
1
2
6
Gelidium sp.
1
1
Geniosporum tennuflora
1
1
Gisekia pharnaceoides
1
1
1
1
1
5
Glenniea unijuga
1
1
1
1
5
9
Glinus oppositifolia
1
1
2
Gloriosa superba
1
1
1
3
Glycosmis mauritiana
2
10
2
9
1
4
1
8
9
46
Glycosmis pentaphylla
1
1
2
Gmelina asiatica
1
1
1
3
2
7
15
Gomphia serrata
1
1
Gossypium arboreum
2
2
Grewia damine
1
1
Grewia orientalis
1
1
1
2
1
6
Grewia rothii
1
1
2

334
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Grewia tenax
1
1
2
Gymnema lactiferum
1
1
Gymnema pergularioides
1
1
Gymnema sylvestra
2
2
1
4
1
10
Habenaria dichopetala
1
1
Hackelochloa granularis
2
1
3
Haldina cordifolia
2
2
4
Halophila ovalis
1
1
Halosarcia indica
1
1
Hedyotis cyanantha
1
1
2
Helicteres isora
1
1
2
Heliotropium indicum
6
6
Hemidesmus indicus
3
3
1
4
11
Heterostemma tanjorense
1
1
Hibiscus eriocarpus
1
3
2
1
7
Hibiscus furcatus
1
1
1
3

335
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Hibiscus micranthus
1
1
1
4
1
8
Hiptage benghalensis
2
1
2
1
1
7
Holcolemma canaliculatum
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
11
Holoptelea integrifolia
1
1
Hugonia mystax
1
3
4
1
1
2
5
17
Hydnocarpus venenata
1
2
6
9
Hydrilla verticillata
4
1
1
1
11
3
4
25
Hydrolea zeylanica
1
7
8
Hydrophylax maritima
2
2
Hygrophila balsamica
1
1
4
5
2
13
Hygrophila ringens
1
1
2
Hygrophila schulli
2
1
1
1
5
Hyptis suaveolens
1
5
1
3
10
Imperata cylindrica
2
1
1
1
2
7
Indigofera aspalathoides
1
1
Indigofera oblongifolia
1
1

336
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Indigofera tinctoria
1
1
2
Ipomoea aquatica
1
2
1
4
Ipomoea pea-tigridis
1
1
2
Ipomoea sepiaria
1
1
5
1
8
Isachne miliacea
1
1
2
Ischaemum barbatum
1
1
1
3
Ischaemum ciliare
1
1
1
1
4
2
10
Ixora coccinea
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
10
Ixora pavetta
2
1
2
1
1
8
2
17
Jasminum angustifolium
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
7
6
25
Jasminum auriculatum
1
1
2
Justicia betonica
1
1
Justicia procumbens
1
2
2
1
6
Kleinia grandiflora
1
1
1
3
Kyllinga nemoralis
1
1
2
Lantana camara
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
8

337
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Laportea interrupta
1
1
Launaea sarmentosa
1
1
2
Lepisanthes senegalensis
1
2
1
5
2
1
12
Lepisanthes tetraphylla
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
6
1
1
19
Leptadenia reticulata
1
1
2
Leptochloa neesii
1
2
2
5
Leptochloa panicea
1
1
1
1
2
2
5
3
1
2
6
25
Leptochloa uniflora
1
1
1
3
Leucas zeylanica
3
2
3
2
1
3
2
8
8
5
1
38
Limnocharis flava
2
1
1
4
Limnophila aquatica
1
3
2
2
8
Limnophila sessiliflora
1
2
1
2
6
Limnophyton obtusifolium
2
1
1
1
1
6
Limonia acidissima
1
1
3
1
12
1
19
Lindernia angularis
1
1
Lindernia antipoda
1
1

338
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Lindernia pusilla
1
1
1
1
4
Lindsea venusta
1
1
Lobelia alsinoides
1
1
1
3
Ludwigia adscendens
3
3
Ludwigia hyssopifolia
2
2
4
Ludwigia perennis
1
1
2
Lumnitzera racemosa
1
3
2
1
7
Maba buxifolia
2
1
1
1
5
2
12
Macroptilium lathyroides
1
1
2
Madhuca longifolia
1
1
Mallotus eriocarpus
5
5
1
1
12
Mallotus philippensis
2
2
Mallotus rhamnifolius
1
1
3
1
1
7
Mangifera zeylanica
1
1
Manilkara hexandra
2
6
1
8
2
1
5
1
12
2
40
Margaritaria indicus
1
1

339
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Marsilea minuta
2
1
1
4
Maytenus emarginata
2
1
2
2
15
1
23
Melochia corchorifolia
1
1
2
1
5
Memecylon capitellatum
2
7
2
6
2
1
2
1
11
10
44
Memecylon umbellatum
4
4
1
7
1
4
1
11
1
8
1
43
Merremia tridentata
1
1
Mikania cordata
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
13
Miliusa indica
1
1
2
Mimosa pudica
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
Mimusops elengi
1
1
2
Mischodon zeylanicus
3
3
1
7
1
1
2
1
9
7
35
Mitracarpus villosum
1
1
Mitragyna parvifolia
1
1
2
Mitrephora heyneana
2
2
Molineria trichocarpa
1
1
1
1
4
Mollugo disticha
1
1

340
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Mollugo pentaphylla
2
1
1
4
2
10
Momordica dioica
1
1
2
4
Monochoria vaginalis
1
1
Morinda umbellata
1
1
2
4
Murdannia blumei
2
2
4
Murdannia dimorphoides
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
5
17
Murdannia esculenta
1
1
2
Murdannia nudiflora
1
1
Murdannia spirata
1
1
1
2
2
2
9
Murraya gleniei
1
1
2
Murraya koenigii
1
1
1
2
5
Najas graminea
1
1
Najas marina
1
1
2
Nauclea orientalis
1
1
2
Nelumbo nucifera
2
1
1
4
Neptunia oleracea
1
1

341
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Nothosaerva brachiata
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
9
Nymphaea nouchali
6
1
1
2
1
11
Nymphaea pubescens
1
2
2
1
1
7
Nymphoides hydrophylla
3
1
1
5
Nymphoides indica
2
3
2
2
9
Ochna jabotapita
3
3
1
1
1
1
6
14
30
Ochna lanceolata
1
3
1
1
6
Ochna obtusata
1
2
2
5
Ocimum tenuiflorum
1
6
7
Olax scandens
2
2
Oldenlandia biflora
1
2
1
6
1
1
12
Oldenlandia herbacea
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
12
Oldenlandia trinervia
1
1
Oldenlandia umbellata
5
2
1
8
Opilia amentacea
1
1
Oplismenus compositus
5
1
2
1
1
3
13

342
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Opuntia dillenii
1
1
2
Orthosiphon thymiflorus
1
1
Oryza eichingeri
2
2
Oryza perrinis
1
1
2
4
3
3
3
1
2
4
24
Osbeckia zeylanica
1
2
1
2
1
7
Oxalis corniculata
2
2
Padina sp.
1
1
Panicum brevifolium
1
1
Panicum maximum
1
1
2
Panicum repens
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
Panicum sparsicomum
1
1
2
4
Panicum sumatrense
1
1
Parahemionitis arifolia
1
1
2
Paspalidium punctatum
1
1
3
1
1
2
9
Paspalum distichum
1
1
2
Paspalum scrobiculatum
2
1
1
2
2
8

343
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Paspalum vaginatum
1
1
Pavetta gleniei
1
1
2
4
Pavetta indica
1
1
2
Pavonia odorata
1
1
Pemphis acidula
1
2
2
5
Pentatropis capensis
1
1
2
4
Perotis indica
1
1
Persicaria attenuata
2
1
1
4
Phaseolus lunatus
1
1
Phoenix pusilla
1
4
1
6
Phragmites karka
1
1
Phyla nodiflora
1
2
4
2
2
3
9
23
Phyllanthus amarus
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis
1
1
1
1
4
Phyllanthus pinnatus
1
1
2
Phyllanthus polyphyllus
5
1
6
1
3
3
19

344
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Phyllanthus reticulatus
2
1
2
1
1
6
1
14
Phyllanthus urinaria
1
1
1
5
1
9
Platostoma menthoides
1
1
2
1
1
6
Plecospermum spinosum
1
1
Plectrathus zeylanicus
1
1
Pleiospermium alatum
1
5
1
7
1
1
4
3
23
Pleurostylia opposita
3
1
3
1
1
2
2
10
7
30
Polyalthia korinti
6
1
8
1
2
3
21
Polyalthia longifolia
1
1
Polycarpaea corymbosa
3
3
Polygala javana
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
11
Polytrias amaura
1
1
2
Pongamia pinnata
1
1
1
3
6
Portulaca quadrifida
1
1
Potamogeton nodosus
6
3
2
11
Pothos scandens
2
2

345
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Premna obtusifolia
1
1
2
Premna tomentosa
2
2
1
1
1
5
1
1
14
Psaaiflora suberosa
1
1
Psaciflora suberosa
1
1
Pseudarthria viscida
1
1
Psilanthus wightianus
1
1
2
Psydrax dicoccos
2
3
2
2
9
Pterospermum suberifolium
1
1
1
4
3
4
14
Pycreus polystachyos
2
2
Pycreus pumilus
1
2
1
1
5
Pycreus puncticulatus
1
1
Reissantia indica
3
2
1
1
1
5
1
14
Rhinacanthus nasutus
1
1
2
Rhizophora apiculata
2
2
Rhizophora mucronata
1
3
4
Rhynchosia minima
1
1
2

346
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Rinorea virgata
2
2
Rotala verticillaris
1
1
2
1
3
3
11
Rourea minor
1
1
2
1
6
11
Rungia longifolia
1
2
3
Rungia repens
2
1
1
4
Sacciolepis indica
1
1
2
4
Sacciolepis interrupta
1
2
3
2
2
1
6
7
2
1
6
33
Sagittaria obtusifolia
1
1
Salacia chinensis
1
1
2
1
5
Salacia oblonga
1
1
Salacia reticulata
1
2
1
4
7
2
17
Salicornia brachiata
1
1
Salvadora persica
1
1
1
1
1
8
13
Salvinia molesta
3
5
1
9
Sansevieria zeylanica
1
1
2
Sapindus emarginata
2
1
3

347
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Sapium insigne
1
1
Sauropus bacciformis
1
1
1
1
4
Scaevola plumieri
1
1
2
Scaevola taccada
1
2
1
1
5
Schleichera oleosa
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
Schoenoplectus articulatus
1
1
1
6
8
2
3
7
1
15
12
3
3
6
16
85
Schoenoplectus supinus
1
1
1
3
4
1
4
8
23
Schoenplectus littoralis
1
1
2
Scleria lithosperma
1
2
2
1
1
7
Scleria multilacunosa
1
1
1
1
4
Scleria parvula
1
1
2
Scolopia pusilla
2
2
Scripus oryzetorum
1
1
Scutia myrtina
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
3
16
Sebastiania chamaelea
3
1
4
8
Sesbania bispinosa
1
1
2

348
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Sesuvium portulacastrum
1
1
Setaria geniculata
1
1
Sida acuta
1
1
1
1
4
Sida cordata
3
3
Sida cordifolia
1
1
1
1
4
Solanum pubescens
1
1
2
Sonneratia alba
1
1
2
Soymida febrifuga
1
1
Spermacoce hispida
2
1
3
Spinifex littoreus
1
1
Sporobolus diander
1
1
1
1
1
2
7
Sporobolus maderaspatanus
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
Sporobolus tremulus
1
1
2
1
5
Sporobolus virginicus
1
1
2
Sporobolus wallichii
1
1
Stenosiphonium cordifolium
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
5
15

349
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Stenotaphrum dimidiatum
1
3
2
6
Stephania japonica
1
1
Sterculia foetida
1
1
Sterculia urens
1
1
Stereospermum colais
1
1
Streblus asper
1
1
Striga angustifolia
1
1
3
1
2
3
11
Strychnos nux-vomica
3
1
4
3
11
Strychnos trichocalyx
1
2
5
2
4
14
Stylosanthes fruticosa
1
1
Suaeda maritima
1
1
2
Suaeda monoica
2
3
1
6
Suaeda vermiculata
1
2
3
Suregada lanceolata
1
2
1
3
7
Syzygium cumini
1
2
2
1
1
6
1
2
4
1
17
2
40
Tamarindus indica
1
1

350
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Tamarix indica
2
1
1
4
Tarenna asiatica
2
5
2
7
1
4
6
3
30
Taxillus cuneatus
1
1
2
Tephrosia maxima
1
1
1
3
Tephrosia purpurea
2
1
1
2
1
3
5
5
3
23
Terminalia arjuna
2
3
2
4
2
13
Terminalia bellirica
1
1
Therotaphonum minutum
1
1
Thespesia populnea
1
4
1
2
8
Tiliacora acuminata
1
1
Toddalia asiatica
2
1
2
6
11
Tragia plukenetii
1
1
2
Tridax procumbens
1
1
Tylophora indica
1
1
Typha angustifolia
1
2
1
4
Typhonium roxburghii
1
1

351
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Utricularia caerulea
1
6
7
Utricularia reticulata
1
2
3
Uvaria sphenocarpa
1
1
Uvaria zeylanica
1
1
1
2
5
Vanda tessellata
1
1
1
2
5
Vanilla walkerae
1
1
3
5
Ventilago madraspatana
1
1
Vernonia cinerea
1
2
1
1
3
8
Vernonia zeylanica
2
1
3
Vicoa indica
1
1
2
Vigna marina
1
1
Vitex altissima
2
3
2
2
1
2
12
Vitex leucoxylon
1
1
1
2
5
Vitex negundo
1
1
Walsura trifoliolata
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
9
Waltheria indica
1
1

352
Species Name
Habitat Type
DEF-Dwarf forests
DEF-Medium height forests
DEF-Rockout crop forests
DEF-Tall forest
Dry patana grasslands
Flood plains
Herbaceous swamps
Mangroves
Riverine forests
RP-Lentic community
RP-Marsh community
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
RP-Swamp community
Salt marshes
Sand dunes and beaches
Swamp forests
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
VL-Lentic community
VL-Marsh community
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
VL-Swamp community
Grand Total
Xanthium indicum
1
1
1
2
1
6
Xantolis tomentosa
1
1
Xyris pauciflora
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
5
2
6
7
29
Zingiber wightianum
1
1
Ziziphus oenoplia
1
3
2
2
3
1
6
6
24
Ziziphus rugosa
1
1
5
7
Zizphus mauritiana
1
1
Zornia walkeri
1
1
Zoysia matrella
1
1
1
1
4
Grand Total
103
278
159
261
110
183
44
96
98
59
106
37
222
192
54
30
38
41
671
127
139
161
481
153
228
4071

353
Annex V: Ckecklist of Fauna recorded in Wilpattu National Park
Checklist of Butterflies
Family
Species
Common Name
Status
Papilionidae
Troides darsius
Ceylon Birdwing
TR
Pachliopta hector
Crimson Rose
Pachliopta aristolochiae
Common Rose
Papilio crino
Banded Peacock
Papilio demoleus
Lime Butterfly
Papilio polytes
Common Mormon
Papilio polymnestor
Blue Mormon
Graphium agamemnon
Tailed Jay
Graphium doson
Common Jay
Pieridae
Leptosia nina
Psyche
Delias eucharis
Jezebel
Catopsilia pyranthe
Mottled Emigrant
Catopsilia pomona
Lemon Emigrant
Belenois aurota
Pioneer
Cepora nerissa
Common Gull
Appias paulina T
Lesser Albatross
TR
Appias libythea
Striped Albatross
TR
Ixias marianne
White Orange Tip
Ixias pyrene
Yellow Orange Tip
Hebomoia glaucippe
Great Orange Tip
Pareronia ceylanica
Dark Wanderer
Colotis amata
Small Salmon Arab
Colotis fausta
Large Salmon Arab
Colotis aurora
Plain Orange Tip
TR
Colotis danae
Crimson Tip
Colotis etrida
Little Orange Tip
Eurema hecabe
Common Grass Yellow
Eurema brigitta
Small Grass Yellow
Nymphalidae
Tirumala limniace
Blue Tiger
Tirumala septentrionis
Dark Blue Tiger
Parantica aglea
Glassy Tiger
Danaus chrysippus
Plain Tiger
Danaus genutia
Common Tiger
Euploea core
Common Crow
Euploea sylvester
Double- banded Crow
DD
Ariadne ariadne
Angled Castor
Byblia ilithyia
Joker
Phalanta phalantha
Leopard
Junonia almana
Peacock Pansy
Junonia atlites
Grey Pansy
Junonia iphita
Chocolate Soldier
Junonia lemonias
Lemon Pancy
Junonia orithya
Blue Pansy
DD
Hypolimnas bolina
Great Eggfly
Hypolimnas misippus
Danaid Eggfly

354
Checklist of Butterflies
Family
Species
Common Name
Status
Neptis hylas
Common Sailor
Neptis jumbah
Chesnut-streaked Sailor
Dophla evelina
Red spot Duke
Acraea violae
Tawny Coster
Melanitis leda
Common Evening Brown
Mycalesis perseus
Common Bushbrown
Orsotriaena medus
Nigger
Nissanga patnia
Gladeye Bushbrown
Ypthima ceylonica
White Four-ring
Elymnias hypermnestra
Common Palmfly
Lycaenidae
Spalgis epeus
Apefly
TR
Curetis thetis
Indian Sunbeam
Arhopala amantes
Large Oakblue
TR
Zesius chrysomallus
Redspot
TR
Rathinda amor
Monkey-puzzle
Spindasis vulcanus
Common Silverline
TR
Spindasis ictis
Ceylon Silverline
TR
Tajuria cippus
Peacock Royal
Deudorix epijarbas
Cornelian
Jamides celeno
Common Cerulean
Lampides boeticus
Pea Blue
Catochrysops strabo
Forget-me-not
Syntarucus plinius
Zebra Blue
Castalius rosimon
Common Pierrot
Freyeria trochilus
Grass Jewel
Zizeeria karsandra
Dark Grass Blue
TR
Zizula hylax
Tiny Grass Blue
TR
Zizina otis
Lesser Grass Blue
Megisba malaya
Malayan
Chilades lajus
Lime Blue
Talicada nyseus
Red pierrot
Azanus jesous
African Babul Blue
TR
Chilades pandawa
Plains Cupid
Chilades parrhasius
Small Cupid
DD
Hesperiidae
Hasora taminatus
White Banded Awl
Ampittia dioscorides
Bush Hopper
Caprona ransonnettii
Golden Angle
TR
Taractrocera maevius
Common Grass Dart
Iambrix salsala
Chesnut Bob
Spalia galba
Indian Skipper
Pelopidas sp.
Number of species – 86
Bold- endemic
Number of endemic species - 1
TR-threatened
DD- data deficient

355
Checklist of Freshwater Fish species
Family
Scientific
Common Name
Status
Anguillidae
Anguilla nebulosa
Level finned eel
Cyprinidae
Horadandia atukorali
Horadandia
TR
Chela ceylonensis
Blue labuca
Devario malabaricus
Gaint Danio
Puntius bimaculatus
Redside Barb
Puntius chola
Scarlet banded Barb
Puntius dorsalis
Long snouted Barb
Puntius singhala
Filamented Barb
Puntius sarana
Olive Barb
Puntius vittatus
Silver Barb
Puntius sp. "ticto"
Tic-tac-toe barb
TR
Rasbora carverii
Caverii Barb
Amblypharingodon meletinus
Green Carplet
Cobitidae
Lepidocephalicthes thermalis
Common spiny loach
Belontidae
Pseudopremonus cupanus
Spiketailed paradisefish
Trichogaster pectoralis
Snakesking gourami
Bagridae
Mystus vittatus
Striped Dwarf Catfish
Mystus sp.
Siluridae
Ompock bimaculatus
Butter catfish
Wallago attu
Shark catfish
Claridae
Clarias brachysoma
Walking catfish
Heteropneustidae
Heteropneustes fossilis
Stinging catfish
Channidae
Channa ara
Gaint Snakehead
Channa punctata
Spotted snakehead
Channa striata
Murrel
Mastecembelidae
Mastecembels armatus
Marbled spiny eel
Gobiidae
Glossogobius giuris
Bar eyed Goby
Awaous melanocephalus
Scribbled Goby
Cichlidae
Oreocromis mossambicus
Tilapia
Number of species - 29
Bold- endemic
Number of endemic species - 2
TR-threatened

356
Checklist of Amphibians
Family
Species
Common Name
Status
Bufonidae
Bufo melanostictus
Common House Toad
Bufo scaber
Ferguson"s Dwarf Toad
Bufo atukoralei
Athukorale's Dwarf Toad
TR
Mycrohylidae
Microhyla ornata
Ornate Narrow Mouth Frog
Microhyla rubrum
Red Narrow Mouth Frog
Uperodon systoma
Balloon Frog
Ramanella variegata
White- bellied Pugsnout Frog
Kaloula taprobanica
Common Bull Frog
Rannidae
Euphlyctis hexadactylus
Six toed - Green Frog
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
Skipper Frog
Sphaerotheca breviceps
Banded Sand Frog
Sphaerotheca rolandae
Marbled Sand Frog
Haplobatrachus crassus
Jerdon's Bull Frog
Fejervarya limnocharis
Common Paddy Field Frog
Rana gracilis
Sri Lanka Wood Frog
TR
Polypedatus cruciger
Common Hour glass Tree Frog
TR
Polypedatus maculatus
Chunam Tree Frog
Number of species – 17
Bold- endemic
Number of endemic species - 3
TR -threatened

357
Checklist of Reptiles
Family
Species
Common Name
Status
Bataguridae
Melanochelys trijuga
Parker's Black Turtle
TR
Trionychidae
Lissemys punctata
Flapshell Turtle
TR
Testudinidae
Geochelone elegans
Star Tortoise
TR
Crocodylidae
Crocodylus palustris
Mugger Crocodile
TR
Gekkonidae
Geckoella yakhuna
Blotch Bowfinger Gecko
Gehyra mutilata
Hemidactylus brookii
Spotted House Gecko
Hemidactylus depressus
Kandian Gecko
TR
Hemidactylus frenatus
Common House Gecko
Hemidactylus leschenaulti
Bark Gecko
Hemidactylus triedrus
Termitehill Gecko
Agamidae
Calotes calotes
Green Garden Lizard
Calotes ceylonensis
Paintedlip Lizard
TR
Calotes versicolor
Common Garden Lizard
Otocryptis nigristigma
Sri Lanka Kangaroo Lizard
Sitana ponticeriana
Fanthroat Lizard
Chamaeleonidae
Chamaeleo zeylanicus
Sri Lanka Chameleon
TR
Scincidae
Dasia halianus
Haly's tree Skink
TR
Lankascincus fallax
Common Lanka Skink
Mabuya carinata
Common Skink
Mabuya macularia
Bronzegreen Little Skink
Mabuya madaraszi
Spotted Skink
TR
Sphenomorphus rufogulus
Lygosoma punctatus
Dotted skink
Nessia hickanala
TR
Varanidae
Varanus bengalensis
Land Monitor
Varanus salvator
Water Monitor
Uropeltidae
Cylindrophis maculata
Pipe Snake
Rhinophis oxyrhynchus
Scheneider's earth Snake
Colubridae
Ahaetulla nasuta
Green Vine Snake
Ahaetulla pulverulenta
Brown Vine Snake
Amphiesma stolatum
Buff-striped Keelback
Atretium schistosum
The Olive keelback Watersnake
Boiga forsteni
Forsten's Cat Snake
Boiga trigonata
Gamma Cat Snake
Chrysopelea taprobanica
Striped flying Snake
TR
Coelognathus helena
Trinket Snake
Dendrelaphis bifrenalis
Boulenger’s bronze Back
Dendrelaphis tristis
Common Bronzeback
Dryocalamus nympha
Bridal Snake
TR
Liopeltis calamarius
Templenton's kukri Snake
Lycodon aulicus
Wolf Snake
Lycodon osmanhilli
Flowery wolf Snake
TR
Lycodon striatus
Shaw's Wolf Snake
Oligodon arnensis
Kukri Snake
Oligodon taeniolatus
Variegated Kukri Snake

358
Checklist of Reptiles
Family
Species
Common Name
Status
Ptyas mucosus
Rat Snake
Xenochrophis piscator
Checkered Keelback
Boidae
Python molurus
Python
TR
Eryx conicus
Sand Boa
TR
Elapidae
Bungarus ceruleus
Common Krait
Calliophis melanurus
Sri Lanka Coral Snake
Naja naja
Cobra
Viperidae
Daboia russelii
Rusell's Viper
Echis carinatus
Saw Scaled Viper
Hypnale hypnale
Hump Nosed Viper
Number of species - 56
Bold- endemic
Number of endemic species - 8
TR -threatened

359
Checklist of Birds
Family
Species
Common Name
Status
Accipitridae
Accipiter badius
Shikra
Accipiter virgatus
Besra
Circus aeruginosus
Western Marsh Harrier
Haliaeetus leucogaster
White-bellied Fish Eagle
Haliastur indus
Brahminy Kite
Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus
Grey-headed Fish Eagle
Spilornis cheela
Crested Serpent Eagle
Spizaetus cirrhatus
Changeable Hawk Eagle
Pernis ptilorhynchus
Oriental honey Buzzard
Hieraaetus kienerii
Rufous bellied Eagle
Alaudidae
Alauda gulgula
Oriental Skylark
Mirafra assamica
Rufous-winged Lark
Alcedinidae
Alcedo atthis
Common Kingfisher
Ceryle rudis
Pied Kingfisher
Halcyon capensis
Stork-billed Kingfisher
Halcyon smyrnensis
White-throated Kingfisher
Anatidae
Dendrocygna javanica
Lesser Whistling-duck
Nettapus coromandelianus
Cotton pygmy Goose
Anas acutaW
Nothern Pintail
Anhingidae
Anhinga melanogaster
Oriental Darter
Apodidae
Apus affinis
Little Swift
Cypsiurus balasiensis
Asian Palm Swift
Aerodramus unicolor
Indian Swiftlet
Ardeidae
Ardea cinerea
Grey Heron
Ardea purpurea
Purple Heron
Ardeola grayii
Indian Pond Heron
Casmerodius albus
Great Egret
Egretta garzetta
Little Egret
Mesophoyx intermedia
Intermediate Egret
Bubulcus ibis
Cattle Egret
Butorides striatus
Striated Heron
Nyticorax nycticorax
Black crowned Night Heron
Artamidae
Artamus fuscus
Ashy Woodswallow
Bucerotidae
Anthracoceros coronatus
Malabar Pied Hornbill
Tockus gingalensis
Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill
TR
Burhinidae
Burhinus oedicnemus
Eurasian Thick-knee
Esacus recurvirostris
Great Thick-knee
TR
Campephagidae
Coracina melanoptera
Black-headed Cuckooshrike
Coracina macei
Large Cuckooshrike
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus
Small Minivet
Tephrodornis pondicerianus
Common Woodshrike
Capitonidae
Megalaima haemacephala
Coppersmith Barbet
Megalaima zeylanica
Brown-headed Barbet
Megalaima rubricapilla
Crimson fronted Barbet
Caprimulgidae
Caprimulgus asiaticus
Indian Nightjar
Caprimulgus atripennis
Jerdon's Nightjar

360
Checklist of Birds
Family
Species
Common Name
Status
Charadriidae
Charadrius mongolus
Mongolian Plover
Vanellus indicus
Red-wattled Lapwing
Vanellus malabaricus
Yellow-wattled Lapwing
TR
Pluvialis fulva
Pacific golden Plover
Charadrius dubius
Little ringed Plover
Charadrius alexandrinus
Kentish Plover
Ciconiidae
Anastomus oscitans
Asian Openbill
Ciconia episcopus
Wooly-necked Stork
Leptoptilus javanicus
Lesser Adjutant
TR
Mycteria leucocephala
Painted Stork
Columbidae
Chalcophaps indica
Emerald Dove
Columba livia
Feral Pigeon
Ducula aenea
Green Imperial Pigeon
Streptopelia chinensis
Spotted Dove
Treron bicincta
Orange-breasted Green Pigeon
Treron pompadora
Pompadour Green Pigeon
Coraciidae
Coracias benghalensis
Indian Roller
Corvidae
Corvus macrorhynchos
Large-billed Crow
Corvus splendens
House Crow
Cuculidae
Centropus sinensis
Greater Coucal
Eudynamys scolopacea
Asian Koel
Rhopodytes viridirostris
Blue-faced Malkoha
Surniculus lugubris
Drongo Cuckoo
Cuculus micropterus
Indian cuckoo
Dicaeidae
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
Pale-billed flowerpecker
Dicruridae
Dicrurus caerulescens
White-bellied Drongo
Dicrurus macrocercus
Black drongo
Dicrurus paradiseus
Greater racket tailed Drongo
Estrildidae
Lonchura punctulata
Scaly-breasted Munia
Lonchura striata
White-rumped Munia
Hemiprocnidae
Hemiprocne longipennis
Grey-rumped Treeswift
Hirundinidae
Hirundo daurica
Red rumped swallow
Hirundo rustica
Barn Swallow
Irenidae
Aegithina tiphia
Common Iora
Chloropsis cochinchinensis
Jerdon's Leafbird
Jacanidae
Hydrophasianus chirurgus
Pheasant-tailed Jacana
Laridae
Chlidonias hybridus
Whiskered Tern
Chlidonias leucopterus
White winged Tern
Thalasseus bengalensis
Lesser crested Tern
Meropidae
Merops leschenaulti
Chestnut-headed Bee-eater
Merops orientalis
Little Green Bee-eater
Merops philippinus
Blue tailed Bee-eater
Monarchidae
Hypothymis azurea
Black-naped Monarch
Rhipidura aureola
White-browed Fantail
Terpsiphone paradisi
Asian Paradise-Flycatcher
Motacillidae
Anthus rufulus
Paddyfield Pipit
Anthus richardi
Richard's Pipit

361
Checklist of Birds
Family
Species
Common Name
Status
Muscicapidae
Niltava tickelliae
Tickell's Blue Flycatcher
Nectariniidae
Nectarinia asiatica
Purple Sunbird
Nectarinia lotenia
Long-billed Sunbird
Nectarinia zeylonica
Purple rumped Sunbird
Oriolidae
Oriolus xanthornus
Black-hooded Oriole
Passeridae
Passer domesticus
House Sparrow
Pelicanidae
Pelicanus philippensis
Spot-billed Pelican
TR
Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
Indian Cormorant
Phalacrocorax niger
Little Cormorant
Phasianidae
Gallus lafayettii
Sri Lanka Jungle Fowl
Pavo cristatus
Indian Peafowl
Coturnix chinensis
Blue breasted Quail
Picidae
Dinopium benghalense
Black-rumped Flameback
Picoides moluccensis
Brown capped Woodpecker
Podargidae
Batrachostomus moniliger
Frogmouth
Podicipedidae
Tachybaptus ruficollis
Little Grebe
Psittacidae
Psittacula krameri
Rose-ringed Parakeet
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotus cafer
Red-vented Bulbul
Pycnonotus luteolus
White-browed Bulbul
Pycnonotus melanicterus
Black headed yellow Bulbul
Rallidae
Amaurornis phoenicurus
White-breasted Waterhen
Gallinula chloropus
Common Moorhen
Porphyrio porphyrio
Purple Swamphen
Fulica atra
Common Coot
TR
Recurvirostridae
Himantopus himantopus
Black-winged Stilt
Rostratulidae
Rostratula benghalensis
Greater painted Snipe
Sittidae
Sitta frontalis
Velvet fronted Nuthatch
Scolopacidae
Actitis Hypoleucos
Common Sandpiper
Numenius phaeopus
Whimbrel
Tringa totanus
Common Redshank
Tringa stagnatilis
Marsh Sandpiper
Tringa glareola
Wood Sandpiper
Tringa nebularia
Common Greenshank
Xenus cinereus
Terek Sandpiper
Arenaria interpres
Ruddy Turnstone
Gallinago stenura
Pintail Snipe
Calidris minuta
Little Stint
Calidris ferruginea
Curlew Sandpiper
Strigidae
Bubo zeylonensis
Brown fish Owl
Sturnidae
Acridotheres tristis
Common Myna
Sturnus pagodarum
Brahminy Myna
Sylviidae
Cisticola juncidis
Zitting Cisticola
Orthotomus sutorius
Common Tailorbird
Prinia subflava
Plain Prinia
Prinia sylvatica
Jungle Prinia
Phylloscopus nitidus
Bright green Warbler
Threskiornithidae
Threskiornis melanocephalus
Black-headed Ibis

362
Checklist of Birds
Family
Species
Common Name
Status
Timaliidae
Dumetia hyperythra
Tawny-bellied Babbler
Pellorneum fuscocapillum
Brown-capped Babbler
TR
Turdoides affinis
Yellow-billed Babbler
Rhopocichla atriceps
Dark fronted Babbler
Turdidae
Copsychus malabaricus
White-rumped Shama
Copsychus saularis
Oriental Magpie Robin
Saxicoloides fulicata
Black-backed Robin
Turnicidae
Turnix suscitator
Barred Buttonquail
Upupidae
Upupa epops
Eurasian Hoopoe
Number of species - 149
Bold- endemic
Number of endemic species - 3
TR –threatened
W - Winter Migrant

363
Checklist of Mammals
Family
Species
Common name
Status
Manidae
Manis crassicaudata
Pangolin
Hipposideridae
Hipposideros speoris
Schneider's leaf-nosed bat
Hipposideros galeritus
Dekhan leaf-nosed bat
TR
Pteropodidae
Cynopterus sphinx
Short-nosed fruit bat
Pteropus giganteus
Flying fox
Vespertillionidae
Kerivoula picta
Painted bat
Pipistrellus coromandra
Indian pipistrel
Cercopithecidae
Macaca sinica
Sri Lanka toque monkey
Semnopithecus priam
Grey langur
Trachypithecus vetulus
Purple-faced leaf monkey
TR
Lorisidae
Loris lydekkerianus
Grey slender loris
Canidae
Canis aureus
Jackal
Canis familiaris
Domestic dog
Felidae
Felis chaus
Jungle cat
TR
Panthera pardus
Leopard
TR
Prionailurus rubiginosus
Rusty-spotted cat
TR
Prionailurus viverrinus
Fishing cat
TR
Herpestidae
Herpestes edwardsii
Grey mongoose
Herpestes smithii
Black-tipped or Ruddy mongoose
Mustelidae
Lutra lutra
Otter
TR
Ursidae
Melursus ursinus
Sloth bear
TR
Viverridae
Paradoxurus hermaphoditus
Palm cat
Paradoxurus zeylonensis
Sri Lanka golden palm cat
TR
Viverricula indica
Ring-tailed civet
Elephantidae
Elephas maximus
Elephant
TR
Bovidae
Bubalus arnee
Wild buffalo
Cervidae
Axis axis
Spotted deer
Cervus unicolor
Sambar
Muntiacus muntjak
Barking deer
Suidae
Sus scrofa
Wild boar
Tragulidae
Moschiola meminna
Sri Lanka mouse-deer
Hystricidae
Hystrix indica
Porcupine
Muridae
Golunda ellioti
Bush rat
Mus booduga
Field mouse
Mus musculus
Indian house mouse
Rattus rattus
Common rat
Vandeleuria oleracea
Long-tailed tree mouse
Tatera indica
Antelope rat
Sciuridae
Funambulus palmarum
Palm squirrel
Ratufa macroura
Giant squirrel
Leporidae
Lepus nigricollis
Black-naped hare
Number of species - 41
Bold- endemic
Number of endemic species - 4
TR-threatened

364
Annex VI: Fauna species recorded in different habitats in
Wilpattu National Park.
A. Butterfly species
1.11 DEF-Tall forest
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
02
03
27
41
44
206
220
223
224
Pachliopta hector
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pachliopta aristolochiae
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Papilio crino
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Papilio polytes
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Graphium doson
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Appias albina
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
6
1
Appias paulina
0
3
7
1
0
0
12
3
0
Catopsilia pyranthe
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Euploea core
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
0
Junonia iphita
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Junonia almana
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Neptis jumbah
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Melanitis leda
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mycalesis perseus
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nissanga patnia
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
Ypthima ceylonica
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
Hasora taminatus
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1.12 DEF-Medium height forests
Transect Number
Butterflies Species
01
43
45
48
156
174
176
207
209
213
225
Pachliopta hector
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Papilio crino
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Papilio polytes
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Papilio polymnestor,
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cepora nerissa
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Appias paulina
0
3
6
7
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
Ixias marianne
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ixias pyrene
1
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
Hebomoia glaucippe
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Catopsilia pyranthe
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Catopsilia pomona
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Pareronia ceylanica
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Eurema hecabe
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Euploea core
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
6
1
Euploea sylvester
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Junonia lemonias
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Junonia iphita
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Junonia almana
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Neptis jumbah
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

365
1.12 DEF-Medium height forests
Transect Number
Butterflies Species
01
43
45
48
156
174
176
207
209
213
225
Dophla evelina
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mycalesis perseus
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nissanga patnia
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ypthima ceylonica
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Arhopala amantes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Prosotas nora
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1.13 DEF-Dwarf forests
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
150
155
169
Graphium doson
0
1
0
Ixias pyrene
0
2
0
Tajuria cippus
0
1
0
1.14 DEF-Rockout crop forests
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
39
166
205
Pachliopta hector
0
0
1
Papilio crino
0
0
1
Papilio polymnestor,
0
0
1
Graphium agamemnon
0
0
1
Appias paulina
1
0
1
Ixias pyrene
0
1
0
Catopsilia pyranthe
0
0
2
Pareronia ceylanica
0
0
1
Eurema brigitta
0
0
4
Eurema hecabe
0
0
2
Junonia lemonias
0
0
2
Junonia iphita
0
0
1
Acraea violae
0
0
1
Ypthima ceylonica
1
0
1
Zizeeria karsandra
0
3
0

366
1.2 Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
34
40
42
65
148
149
153
158
159
180
185
195
211
214
219
222
Pachliopta hector
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
Appias libythea
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
Appias paulina
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
0
1
Ixias marianne
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ixias pyrene
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
Pareronia ceylanica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Colotis amata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
0
0
0
0
Tirumala limniace
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Danaus chrysippus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
Euploea core
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Euploea sylvester
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Ariadne ariadne
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Junonia iphita
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Junonia almana
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hypolimnas misippus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Orsotriaena medus
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ypthima ceylonica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
1
0
Deudorix epijarbas
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Castalius rosimon
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Azanus jesous
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1.3 Riverine forests - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
35
187
198
Pachliopta hector
0
1
0
Papilio polytes
1
0
0
Cepora nerissa
0
0
1
Appias paulina
0
1
1
Ixias pyrene
0
0
3
Catopsilia pomona
0
0
2
Colotis amata
0
1
0
Tirumala limniace
0
0
1
Parantica aglea
0
2
0
Euploea core
0
0
1
Dophla evelina
1
0
0
Nissanga patnia
1
0
0
Ypthima ceylonica
1
1
0
Prosotas nora
0
2
0

367
1.4 Dry patana grasslands
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
36
50
164
210
Papilio polymnestor,
1
0
0
0
Cepora nerissa
0
0
0
1
Appias paulina
1
0
1
8
Ixias pyrene
0
0
1
0
Catopsilia pyranthe
0
0
0
4
Junonia lemonias
0
0
0
1
Junonia iphita
0
0
1
0
Junonia almana
0
0
0
2
Ypthima ceylonica
0
0
0
1
Freyeria trochilus
0
0
0
1
2.1 Flood plains
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
183
217
218
Pachliopta hector
1
0
0
Delias eucharis
1
0
0
Appias paulina
0
1
0
Euploea core
0
0
2
Phalantha phantha
2
0
0
Syntarucus plinius
1
0
0
Azanus jesous
3
0
0
2.22 Herbaceous swamps
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
178
201
216
Euploea core
0
0
1
Byblia ilithyia
0
2
0
Junonia orithya
0
1
0

368
2.4 Reservoirs and ponds (RP) - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
04
49
55
91
105
131
132
135
151
152
170
171
177
179
208
Pachliopta hector
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Papilio crino
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Papilio domoleus
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Papilio polytes
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Papilio polymnestor,
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Delias eucharis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Appias paulina
6
6
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
Ixias marianne
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ixias pyrene
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pareronia ceylanica
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Eurema hecabe
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
Danaus chrysippus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Euploea core
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Junonia iphita
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Dophla evelina
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Acraea violae
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Ypthima ceylonica
1
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Arhopala amantes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Tajuria cippus
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Castalius rosimon
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Zizeeria karsandra
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Chilades lajus
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pelopidas sp.
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
56
60
66
87
96
99
104
107
108
113
118
122
127
136
138
Pachliopta hector
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Graphium doson
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Cepora nerissa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Appias libythea
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Appias paulina
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
Ixias pyrene
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
Hebomoia glaucippe
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Catopsilia pyranthe
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Catopsilia pomona
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Pareronia ceylanica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Colotis amata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Colotis aurora
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Danaus chrysippus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Ariadne ariadne
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Junonia lemonias
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Junonia iphita
2
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0

369
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
56
60
66
87
96
99
104
107
108
113
118
122
127
136
138
Junonia almana
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
Hypolimnas bolina
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Neptis jumbah
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Ypthima ceylonica
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Arhopala amantes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Zizeeria karsandra
12
16
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Zizina otis
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chilades lajus
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chilades parrhasius
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

370
Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
142
143
144
145
157
160
172
173
175
176
181
Pachliopta hector
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Graphium doson
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cepora nerissa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Appias libythea
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Appias paulina
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ixias pyrene
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
Hebomoia glaucippe
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Catopsilia pyranthe
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Catopsilia pomona
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Pareronia ceylanica
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Colotis amata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Colotis aurora
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Danaus chrysippus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ariadne ariadne
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Junonia lemonias
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Junonia iphita
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Junonia almana
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Hypolimnas bolina
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Neptis jumbah
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ypthima ceylonica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Arhopala amantes
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Zizeeria karsandra
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Zizina otis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chilades lajus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chilades parrhasius
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1 Mangroves
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
196
197
200
204
Papilio domoleus
0
2
0
0
Appias paulina
0
1
1
0
Catopsilia pomona
1
2
0
0
Tirumala limniace
0
2
1
0
Danaus chrysippus
0
2
0
0
Euploea core
0
3
1
1
Phalantha phantha
0
1
0
0
Chilades lajus
0
0
0
1

371
B. Freshwater Fish species
1.3 Riverine forests - habitat
Species
Moderagam Aru
Pomparippu Ara
Kala Oya
Chela ceylonensis
u
NT
u
Devario malabaricus
c
NT
c
Puntius bimaculatus
c
NT
c
Puntius chola
c
NT
c
Puntius dorsalis
c
NT
c
Puntius filamentosus
c
NT
c
Puntius sarana
c
NT
c
Puntius vittatus
c
NT
c
Puntius sp."ticto"
u
NT
NT
Rasbora carverii
c
NT
c
Rasbora daniconius
u
NT
NT
Lepidocephalichthys thermalis
u
NT
c
Mystus cavasius
u
NT
NT
Mystus vittatus
u
NT
c
Clarias brachysoma
u
NT
c
Ompock bimaculatus
u
NT
u
Wallago attu
f
NT
f
Heteropneustes fossilis
u
NT
u
Anguilla nebulosa
u
NT
NT
Etroplus suratensis
c
c
c
Etroplus maculatus
c
NT
c
Oreocromis mossambicus
c
c
c
Glossogobius giuris
c
c
c
Pseudosphromenus cupanus
u
NT
NT
Anabas testudineus
u
NT
u
Channa ara
r
NT
f
Channa punctata
u
NT
c
3.2 Salt marshes
Transect Number
Butterfly Species
188
193
202
Delias eucharis
0
1
0
Appias libythea
1
6
0
Ixias pyrene
1
0
0
Catopsilia pomona
2
2
0
Pareronia ceylanica
0
0
0
Colotis amata
5
3
0
Danaus chrysippus
2
0
0
Euploea core
1
0
0
Junonia lemonias
1
0
0
Junonia almana
0
1
0
Azanus jesous
1
1
0
Chilades lajus
0
0
1

372
2.4 Reservoirs and ponds (RP)
Species
Maradanmaduwa
Manikkapola Uththuwa
Percy bendi wewa
not recorded
not recorded
Chela ceylonensis
u
Devario malabaricus
c
Puntius bimaculatus
c
Puntius chola
c
Puntius dorsalis
c
Puntius filamentosus
c
Puntius sarana
c
Puntius vittatus
c
Puntius sp. "ticto"
u
Rasbora carverii
c
Rasbora daniconius
u
Lepidocephalichthys thermalis
u
Mystus cavasius
u
Mystus vittatus
u
Heteropneustes fossilis
u
Etroplus suratensis
c
Etroplus maculatus
c
Oreocromis mossambicus
c
Glossogobius giuris
c
Pseudosphromenus cupanus
u
Channa punctata
u
u-Uncommon
c-Common
r-Rare
NT-Not recorded
f- Fishing records

373
2.5 Wet Villu Habitat
Fish Species
kumbuk vila
Nelun Vila
Kokariya
Villuva
Talavila
Villuva
Komban
sanchi Pooval
Panikka Villu
Thimbiri Vila
Banglow
Tank
Lunuwila
villuwa
demata vila
kuda patassa
Eriyankulama
Villu
Maha Patessa
Ilanda motei
Manikrala
Uraniya
Manikkapola
Uththuwa
Kurutu pandi
Borupan
villuwa
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
Esomus thermoicos
c
Rasboroides atukorali
v
v
c
Puntius vittatus
c
c
c
Rasbora carverii
r
Oreocromis mossambicus
v
v
c
v
NT-Not recorded
C-common
V-very common
R-rare
C. Herpetofauna species
1.11 DEF-Tall forest
Transect Number
Herpetofauna Species
2
3
27
41
44
Microhyla ornata
0
1
0
0
0
Rana gracilis
1
0
0
0
0
Calotes calotes
0
0
0
0
1
Otocryptis nigristigma
0
0
0
2
0
Hemidactylus frenatus
2
0
0
1
0
Hemidactylus leschenaultii
0
1
0
0
2
Lankascincus fallax
1
0
0
0
1
Varanus bengalensis
1
0
0
1
0
Dendrelaphis tristis
0
1
0
0
0
Typhlops sp.
1
0
0
0
0

374
1.12 DEF-Medium height forests
Transect Number
Herpetofauna Species
1
43
45
48
156
174
176
207
213
zEuphlyctis cyanophlyctis
0
0
0
0
0
0
250
0
0
Fejervarya limnocharis
0
0
0
0
0
0
1000
1
0
Calotes calotes
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Calotes ceylonensis
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Calotes versicolor
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Otocryptis nigristigma
0
0
4
1
0
1
0
0
1
Sitana ponticeriana
0
0
0
0
7
1
0
1
0
Hemidactylus frenatus
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
Hemidactylus leschenaultii
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
Mabuya carinata
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Mabuya macularia
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Varanus bengalensis
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Typhlops sp.
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1.13 DEF-Dwarf forests
Transect Number
Herpetofauna Species
150
155
169
Calotes versicolor
0
1
0
Sitana ponticeriana
8
13
2
Hemidactylus frenatus
1
0
0
Hemidactylus leschenaultii
1
0
0
Lygosoma punctatus
0
1
0
Nessia sp.
1
0
0
Varanus bengalensis
0
1
0
1.14 DEF-Rock out-crop forests
Transect Number
Herpetofauna Species
39
166
Microhyla ornata
0
1
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
27
0
Melanochelys trijuga
0
10
Geochelone elegans
0
1
Calotes versicolor
1
3
Sitana ponticeriana
0
9
Hemidactylus frenatus
0
2
Lankascincus fallax
0
1
Mabuya macularia
7
0
Varanus bengalensis
0
1
Dendrelaphis tristis
1
0

375
1.2 Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
Transect Number
Herpetofauna Species
34
40
42
148
149
158
159
180
185
195
214
219
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
Fejervarya limnocharis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
Rana gracilis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Polypedates maculatus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
Geochelone elegans
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lissemys punctata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Calotes calotes
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
Calotes versicolor
0
0
0
8
0
3
1
0
0
1
0
9
Sitana ponticeriana
0
0
1
11
3
9
6
7
0
0
9
0
Hemidactylus frenatus
1
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
2
2
2
8
Hemidactylus leschenaultii
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
11
Hemidactylus triedrus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Lygosoma punctatus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Mabuya carinata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Varanus bengalensis
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gongylophis conica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
Dendrelaphis tristis
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Typhlops sp.
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Si-Signs
1.3 Riverine forests - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Herpetofauna Species
35
198
Otocryptis nigristigma
1
0
Sitana ponticeriana
1
0
Hemidactylus frenatus
1
0
Hemidactylus leschenaultii
1
0
Mabuya macularia
1
0
1.4 Dry patana grasslands
Transect Number
Herpetofauna Species
50
164
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
0
29
Polypedates maculatus
0
1
Geochelone elegans
1
0
Lissemys punctata
0
1
Calotes ceylonensis
0
1
Sitana ponticeriana
8
2
Hemidactylus frenatus
0
1
Lankascincus fallax
0
2
Ahaetulla nasuta
0
1

376
2.1 Flood plains
Transect Number
Herpetofauna Species
183
217
218
Fejervarya limnocharis
0
23
54
Rana gracilis
0
6
0
Polypedates maculatus
0
11
0
Melanochelys trijuga
1
0
0
Calotes versicolor
1
3
0
Hemidactylus frenatus
0
2
0
Hemidactylus leschenaultii
0
4
0
Lankascincus fallax
0
2
0
Mabuya beddomii
0
0
1
Mabuya carinata
0
1
0
Mabuya madaraszi
0
0
2
Varanus bengalensis
1
0
0
Boiga forsteni
0
1
0
2.4 Reservoirs and ponds (RP) - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Herpetofauna Species
49
91
105
131
132
135
151
152
170
171
177
178
179
Microhyla ornate
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
1
500
0
23
500
35
1000
0
0
500
500
0
500
Euphlyctis hexadactylus
0
75
0
6
0
0
50
0
0
3
0
0
0
Fejervarya limnocharis
3
4
0
1000
0
2000
100
0
0
11
1000
1000
Hoplobatrachus crassus
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rana gracilis
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Polypedates cruciger
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
0
6
Polypedates maculatus
0
2
0
2
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Crocodylus palustris
0
0
0
0
Sign
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Melanochelys trijuga
0
0
0
Sign
0
Sign
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Geochelone elegans
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lissemys punctata
0
0
0
Sign
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Calotes calotes
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Calotes ceylonensis
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
Calotes versicolor
0
0
0
4
1
3
3
0
0
0
0
4
1
Otocryptis nigristigma
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
Sitana ponticeriana
0
0
7
1
1
0
6
0
0
0
0
3
0
Hemidactylus depressus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Hemidactylus frenatus
0
2
0
2
2
2
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
Hemidactylus leschenaultii
1
2
0
3
6
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
Lankascincus fallax
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Mabuya carinata
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sphenomorphus rufogulus
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Varanus bengalensis
1
0
1
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Python molurus
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ptyas mucosa
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Naja naja
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

377
D. Bird species
1.11 DEF-Tall forest
Transect Number
Bird Species
02
03
27
41
44
206
220
223
224
Tockus gingalensis
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Megalaima haemacephala
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Megalaima zeylanica
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
1
1
Treron pompadora
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
Centropus sinensis
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
Dicrurus macrocercus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Dicrurus paradiseus
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
Hemiprocne coronata
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aegithina tiphia
3
6
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
Chloropsis cochinchinensis
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hypothymis azurea
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
Nectarinia lotenia
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nectarinia zeylonica
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
Oriolus xanthornus
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Gallus lafayettii
2
2
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
Dinopium benghalense
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Psittacula krameri
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
Pycnonotus cafer
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Pycnonotus luteolus
6
14
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
Pycnonotus melanicterus
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Orthotomus sutorius
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pellorneum fuscocapillum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Rhopocichla atriceps
0
0
5
0
3
0
0
0
1
Copsychus malabaricus
2
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
1
Copsychus saularis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Phylloscopus trochiloides
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Dicaeum agile
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.12 DEF-Medium height forests
Transect Number
Bird Species
01
43
45
48
156
174
176
207
209
213
225
Halcyon smyrnensis
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Anthracoceros coronatus
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tockus gingalensis
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Megalaima haemacephala
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Megalaima zeylanica
0
3
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
Megalaima rubricapilla
0
4
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chalcophaps indica
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Treron bicincta
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Treron pompadora
0
3
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rhopodytes viridirostris
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
0
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aegithina tiphia
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chloropsis cochinchinensis
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

378
1.12 DEF-Medium height forests
Transect Number
Bird Species
01
43
45
48
156
174
176
207
209
213
225
Merops orientalis
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nectarinia asiatica
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Oriolus xanthornus
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gallus lafayettii
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dinopium benghalense
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Psittacula krameri
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Pycnonotus cafer
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pycnonotus luteolus
0
9
2
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
Pycnonotus melanicterus
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pellorneum fuscocapillum
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
Copsychus malabaricus
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1.13 DEF-Dwarf forests
Transect Number
Bird Species
150
155
169
Megalaima zeylanica
1
0
1
Megalaima rubricapilla
0
1
1
Ducula aenea
1
0
1
Treron pompadora
0
0
2
Rhopodytes viridirostris
1
0
0
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
0
2
0
Aegithina tiphia
0
0
1
Merops philippinus
0
1
0
Nectarinia lotenia
2
0
0
Oriolus xanthornus
0
1
0
Dinopium benghalense
0
0
1
Pycnonotus cafer
2
0
0
Pycnonotus luteolus
0
2
8
Copsychus malabaricus
2
0
1
1.14 DEF-Rock out-crop forests
Transect Number
Bird Species
39
166
205
Halcyon smyrnensis
1
1
0
Tockus gingalensis
0
1
0
Megalaima haemacephala
1
0
0
Megalaima zeylanica
0
2
0
Chalcophaps indica
1
0
0
Streptopelia chinensis
0
1
0
Hemiprocne coronata
0
1
0
Hirundo rustica
0
1
0
Aegithina tiphia
4
1
0
Hypothymis azurea
3
0
0
Nectarinia lotenia
0
2
0

379
1.14 DEF-Rock out-crop forests
Transect Number
Bird Species
39
166
205
Oriolus xanthornus
0
1
0
Gallus lafayettii
1
0
0
Dinopium benghalense
0
1
0
Psittacula krameri
0
1
0
Pycnonotus luteolus
3
4
0
Pycnonotus melanicterus
7
0
0
Orthotomus sutorius
1
0
0
Rhopocichla atriceps
4
0
0
Copsychus malabaricus
1
0
0
Copsychus saularis
1
0
0

380
1.2 Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
Transect Number
Bird Species
34
40
42
65
148
149
153
158
159
180
185
195
211
214
219
222
Accipiter badius
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Circus aeruginosus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Haliaeetus leucogaster
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Haliastur indus
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
Apus affinis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Cypsiurus balasiensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
Anthracoceros coronatus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
Tephrodornis pondicerianus
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Megalaima haemacephala
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Megalaima zeylanica
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
Megalaima rubricapilla
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Caprimulgus atripennis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Anastomus oscitans
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Ciconia episcopus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Mycteria leucocephala
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Chalcophaps indica
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Ducula aenea
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
Streptopelia chinensis
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
Treron bicincta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
0
0
0
Treron pompadora
12
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
Corvus macrorhynchos
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Corvus splendens
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
3
0
0
0
0
Centropus sinensis
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
Eudynamys scolopacea
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rhopodytes viridirostris
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
0
0
0
0
5
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
6
1
0
Hemiprocne coronata
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Hirundo rustica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
Aegithina tiphia
2
1
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
0

381
1.2 Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
Transect Number
Bird Species
34
40
42
65
148
149
153
158
159
180
185
195
211
214
219
222
Merops orientalis
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Merops philippinus
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
Hypothymis azurea
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Anthus rufulus
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nectarinia asiatica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nectarinia lotenia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
4
0
2
1
1
Nectarinia zeylonica
4
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
Oriolus xanthornus
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
Gallus lafayettii
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
Pavo cristatus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
Dinopium benghalense
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Psittacula krameri
4
0
0
3
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
4
0
25
0
1
Pycnonotus cafer
3
0
8
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Pycnonotus luteolus
9
2
7
3
2
4
0
5
6
2
3
2
0
4
1
1
Pycnonotus melanicterus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cisticola juncidis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Orthotomus sutorius
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Prinia subflava
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
Phylloscopus nitidus
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dumetia hyperythra
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pellorneum fuscocapillum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Turdoides affinis
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rhopocichla atriceps
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Copsychus malabaricus
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Saxicoloides fulicata
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Turnix suscitator
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sterna bergii
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gelochelidon nilotica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sterna albifrons
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ocyceros gingalensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

382
Riverine forests - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Bird Species
35
187
198
Halcyon capensis
0
2
0
Halcyon smyrnensis
1
2
1
Ardeola grayii
0
0
1
Anthracoceros coronatus
0
4
0
Megalaima haemacephala
0
1
0
Megalaima zeylanica
1
1
0
Megalaima rubricapilla
0
1
0
Treron pompadora
0
1
0
Centropus sinensis
0
1
1
Rhopodytes viridirostris
1
0
0
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
1
2
0
Dicrurus paradiseus
1
0
0
Hirundo rustica
0
0
3
Aegithina tiphia
6
2
2
Merops orientalis
0
3
0
Hypothymis azurea
4
0
0
Terpsiphone paradisi
0
1
0
Niltava tickelliae
0
1
0
Nectarinia zeylonica
0
1
2
Oriolus xanthornus
1
0
1
Dinopium benghalense
0
1
1
Psittacula krameri
0
3
0
Pycnonotus cafer
0
1
1
Pycnonotus luteolus
3
2
0
Pycnonotus melanicterus
1
1
0
Orthotomus sutorius
6
0
0
Prinia subflava
0
0
1
Pellorneum fuscocapillum
1
1
0
Rhopocichla atriceps
8
0
0
Lanius cristatus
0
1
0
Phylloscopus trochiloides
0
0
1
1.4 Dry patana grasslands
Transect Number
Bird Species
36
50
164
210
Spilornis cheela
0
0
1
0
Mirafra assamica
1
0
1
0
Alcedo atthis
0
0
1
0
Halcyon smyrnensis
0
0
1
0
Anthracoceros coronatus
0
0
1
0
Megalaima zeylanica
0
0
1
0
Megalaima rubricapilla
0
0
1
0
Ciconia episcopus
0
0
2
0
Leptoptilus javanicus
0
0
1
0
Ducula aenea
0
2
0
0
Streptopelia chinensis
1
0
1
0
Treron pompadora
0
21
3
0

383
1.4 Dry patana grasslands
Transect Number
Bird Species
36
50
164
210
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
0
2
2
0
Merops leschenaulti
0
0
2
0
Nectarinia asiatica
0
1
2
0
Nectarinia zeylonica
0
2
0
0
Oriolus xanthornus
0
0
1
0
Dinopium benghalense
0
1
0
0
Pycnonotus cafer
0
1
4
0
Pycnonotus luteolus
1
2
1
0
Ocyceros gingalensis
0
2
0
0

384
2.1 Flood plains
Transect Number
Bird Species
183
217
218
Accipiter badius
0
0
1
Haliastur indus
1
1
0
Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus
0
1
0
Spilornis cheela
0
1
0
Mirafra assamica
0
0
1
Alcedo atthis
0
1
0
Halcyon smyrnensis
0
1
1
Cypsiurus balasiensis
0
0
1
Ardeola grayii
0
1
1
Mesophoyx intermedia
0
1
1
Anthracoceros coronatus
1
0
0
Megalaima haemacephala
1
1
0
Megalaima zeylanica
1
0
1
Anastomus oscitans
0
1
0
Ducula aenea
1
0
0
Streptopelia chinensis
1
0
1
Treron bicincta
8
0
0
Corvus splendens
4
0
0
Centropus sinensis
1
0
1
Rhopodytes viridirostris
0
0
1
Cuculus micropterus
1
0
1
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
2
0
0
Hirundo rustica
2
0
0
Aegithina tiphia
5
0
1
Merops philippinus
1
0
0
Anthus rufulus
0
0
1
Nectarinia lotenia
2
1
1
Nectarinia zeylonica
3
0
1
Oriolus xanthornus
0
0
1
Gallus lafayettii
2
0
0
Pavo cristatus
0
1
1
Psittacula krameri
5
1
1
Pycnonotus cafer
0
0
0
Pycnonotus luteolus
5
0
1
Actitis Hypoleucos
1
1
0
Acridotheres tristis
5
1
0
Cisticola juncidis
0
0
2
Prinia subflava
0
1
1
Elanus caeruleus
0
0
1
2.21 Swamp forests
Transect Number
Bird Species
47
Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus
1
Megalaima zeylanica
1
Hemiprocne coronata
3

385
2.22 Herbaceous swamps
Transect Number
Bird Species
178
201
216
Halcyon smyrnensis
0
0
1
Cypsiurus balasiensis
0
2
0
Ardeola grayii
0
1
0
Egretta garzetta
0
1
0
Megalaima zeylanica
0
0
1
Ducula aenea
1
0
1
Corvus splendens
0
600
0
Centropus sinensis
0
1
0
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
1
0
0
Hirundo rustica
0
2
0
Chloropsis cochinchinensis
0
0
1
Merops orientalis
0
0
1
Merops philippinus
0
0
1
Nectarinia lotenia
0
1
0
Gallus lafayettii
0
0
1
Pavo cristatus
0
0
1
Dinopium benghalense
0
0
1
Psittacula krameri
2
0
1
Cisticola juncidis
2
0
0
Prinia subflava
0
0
1
Pellorneum fuscocapillum
0
0
1
Lanius cristatus
0
0
2
Prinia socialis
0
1
0

386
2.4 Reservoirs and ponds (RP) - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Bird Species
04
49
55
91
105
131
132
135
151
152
170
171
177
179
208
Haliaeetus leucogaster
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Spilornis cheela
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hieraaetus kienerii
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Alauda gulgula
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mirafra assamica
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
0
0
0
2
0
0
Alcedo atthis
0
0
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Halcyon smyrnensis
1
0
0
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
1
0
1
1
0
Dendrocygna javanica
0
0
31
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cypsiurus balasiensis
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ardea purpurea
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ardeola grayii
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Casmerodius albus
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mesophoyx intermedia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Anthracoceros coronatus
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
4
0
4
0
0
2
0
0
Tockus gingalensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Esacus recurvirostris
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Megalaima haemacephala
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Megalaima zeylanica
5
1
0
0
1
4
3
2
0
3
1
0
5
2
0
Megalaima rubricapilla
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
1
0
0
Vanellus indicus
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chalcophaps indica
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
Ducula aenea
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
0
Streptopelia chinensis
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
18
2
0
1
3
6
0
Treron pompadora
2
0
16
0
0
0
0
23
0
0
2
0
66
0
0
Corvus macrorhynchos
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
Centropus sinensis
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
Rhopodytes viridirostris
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
2
0
Lonchura punctulata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lonchura striata
0
0
6
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0

387
2.4 Reservoirs and ponds (RP) - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Bird Species
04
49
55
91
105
131
132
135
151
152
170
171
177
179
208
Hemiprocne coronata
0
0
4
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hirundo rustica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Aegithina tiphia
0
5
0
0
3
6
4
0
0
0
0
4
3
1
0
Hydrophasianus chirurgus
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Merops orientalis
7
0
8
0
0
8
0
7
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
Hypothymis azurea
1
2
0
0
0
8
3
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
0
Anthus rufulus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Anthus richardi
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Niltava tickelliae
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Nectarinia asiatica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nectarinia lotenia
3
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nectarinia zeylonica
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Oriolus xanthornus
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
Phalacrocorax niger
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Gallus lafayettii
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
Pavo cristatus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dinopium benghalense
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Psittacula krameri
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
12
0
0
3
0
4
1
0
Pycnonotus cafer
1
0
8
0
11
3
3
4
3
0
0
9
3
0
Pycnonotus luteolus
12
3
0
8
4
5
1
0
3
0
1
3
4
5
0
Pycnonotus melanicterus
0
0
0
0
0
6
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tringa glareola
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Bubo zeylonensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Acridotheres tristis
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cisticola juncidis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
Orthotomus sutorius
1
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Threskiornis melanocephalus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pellorneum fuscocapillum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
Turdoides affinis
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Copsychus malabaricus
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Copsychus saularis
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Turnix suscitator
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Clamator jacobinus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Phylloscopus trochiloides
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0

388
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Bird Species
56
60
66
87
96
99
104
107
108
113
118
122
127
136
138
142
143
Accipiter badius
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Circus aeruginosus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Haliaeetus leucogaster
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Haliastur indus
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Spilornis cheela
2
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pernis ptilorhynchus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Alauda gulgula
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mirafra assamica
4
5
0
0
5
2
2
0
1
11
9
3
3
6
0
3
1
Alcedo atthis
6
0
0
0
1
3
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Halcyon smyrnensis
5
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
Dendrocygna javanica
0
0
31
3
68
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
116
0
0
Nettapus coromandelianus
0
3
0
10
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Anhinga melanogaster
21
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cypsiurus balasiensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Ardea cinerea
5
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ardea purpurea
2
2
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Ardeola grayii
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Casmerodius albus
1
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Egretta garzetta
4
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Mesophoyx intermedia
19
1
2
0
3
13
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
1
5
0
1
Nyticorax nycticorax
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Anthracoceros coronatus
0
5
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
Tockus gingalensis
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Esacus recurvirostris
2
0
9
0
0
3
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
Coracina macei
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Megalaima haemacephala
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Megalaima zeylanica
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
3
0
2
0
2
0
0
1
0
Megalaima rubricapilla
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1

389
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient cont…
Transect Number
Bird Species
144
145
157
160
172
173
175
176
181
Accipiter badius
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
Circus aeruginosus
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Haliaeetus leucogaster
1
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
Haliastur indus
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Spilornis cheela
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pernis ptilorhynchus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Alauda gulgula
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mirafra assamica
3
2
4
3
0
7
8
3
2
Alcedo atthis
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
0
Halcyon smyrnensis
0
0
0
0
2
3
0
0
2
Dendrocygna javanica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nettapus coromandelianus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Anhinga melanogaster
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cypsiurus balasiensis
3
0
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
Ardea cinerea
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ardea purpurea
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
Ardeola grayii
4
0
0
0
0
8
2
1
0
Casmerodius albus
1
0
0
3
0
6
0
1
0
Egretta garzetta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Mesophoyx intermedia
1
0
1
2
0
18
1
2
1
Nyticorax nycticorax
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Anthracoceros coronatus
1
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
0
Tockus gingalensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Esacus recurvirostris
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
Coracina macei
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Megalaima haemacephala
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Megalaima zeylanica
5
1
0
0
2
0
2
2
2
Megalaima rubricapilla
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

390
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient cont…
Transect Number
Bird Species
56
60
66
87
96
99
104
107
108
113
118
122
127
136
138
142
143
Caprimulgus atripennis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Charadrius mongolus
0
0
12
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
42
0
0
0
0
14
Vanellus indicus
7
22
4
7
3
9
0
0
7
4
0
10
0
3
6
2
2
Vanellus malabaricus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pluvialis fulva
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
1
0
0
0
Charadrius dubius
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Charadrius alexandrinus
0
0
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Anastomus oscitans
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
Ciconia episcopus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Mycteria leucocephala
0
0
5
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Chalcophaps indica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Ducula aenea
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
Streptopelia chinensis
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
3
0
0
0
Treron bicincta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
Treron pompadora
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
Corvus macrorhynchos
0
0
0
2
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
Centropus sinensis
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
0
0
4
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
Lonchura punctulata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lonchura striata
0
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hemiprocne coronata
0
3
0
6
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
8
1
0
Hirundo rustica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aegithina tiphia
0
7
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
Chloropsis cochinchinensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hydrophasianus chirurgus
8
28
2
11
4
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
0
Chlidonias hybridus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Thalasseus bengalensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Merops orientalis
21
16
30
10
5
8
2
0
0
8
4
8
6
2
0
0
0
Merops philippinus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hypothymis azurea
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Anthus rufulus
7
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
6
0
0
2
0
8
1

391
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient cont…
Transect Number
Bird Species
56
60
66
87
96
99
104
107
108
113
118
122
127
136
138
142
143
Nectarinia asiatica
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nectarinia lotenia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nectarinia zeylonica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient cont…
Transect Number
Bird Species
144
145
157
160
172
173
175
176
181
Caprimulgus atripennis
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Charadrius mongolus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Vanellus indicus
3
1
6
2
0
61
6
2
2
Vanellus malabaricus
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Pluvialis fulva
0
0
0
0
0
31
0
0
0
Charadrius dubius
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Charadrius alexandrinus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Anastomus oscitans
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
Ciconia episcopus
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mycteria leucocephala
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
Chalcophaps indica
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
Ducula aenea
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Streptopelia chinensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
Treron bicincta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Treron pompadora
3
2
0
30
0
0
0
3
0
Corvus macrorhynchos
0
3
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
Centropus sinensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
Lonchura punctulata
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Lonchura striata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Hemiprocne coronata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
Hirundo rustica
0
14
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
Aegithina tiphia
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
2
0
Chloropsis cochinchinensis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

392
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient cont…
Transect Number
Bird Species
144
145
157
160
172
173
175
176
181
Hydrophasianus chirurgus
0
0
0
0
9
14
0
0
0
Chlidonias hybridus
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
Thalasseus bengalensis
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Merops orientalis
4
7
1
9
3
12
0
2
5
Merops philippinus
0
0
0
0
5
17
0
0
0
Hypothymis azurea
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Anthus rufulus
3
1
0
0
0
11
5
2
0
Nectarinia asiatica
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
2
0
Nectarinia lotenia
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Nectarinia zeylonica
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient cont…
Transect Number
Bird Species
56
60
66
87
96
99
104
107
108
113
118
122
127
136
138
142
143
Oriolus xanthornus
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Phalacrocorax niger
65
2
314
3
2
15
0
5
6
2
1
11
0
0
0
0
0
Gallus lafayettii
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
Pavo cristatus
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dinopium benghalense
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tachybaptus ruficollis
11
0
16
0
2
25
0
8
4
12
0
17
0
0
36
0
0
Psittacula krameri
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
Pycnonotus cafer
0
0
3
0
0
6
0
12
0
1
4
3
22
1
0
0
2
Pycnonotus luteolus
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
7
0
3
2
1
6
0
0
3
5
Pycnonotus melanicterus
0
5
0
0
0
8
0
6
0
0
1
0
4
3
0
0
0
Gallinula chloropus
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
Porphyrio porphyrio
0
0
0
0
76
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fulica atra
0
0
0
32
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Himantopus himantopus
3
0
10
0
0
2
0
2
18
0
0
49
0
0
0
0
0
Rostratula benghalensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Actitis Hypoleucos
3
0
1
0
0
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tringa stagnatilis
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
11

393
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient cont…
Transect Number
Bird Species
56
60
66
87
96
99
104
107
108
113
118
122
127
136
138
142
143
Tringa glareola
1
1
2
0
0
6
0
1
15
2
0
32
0
1
0
0
0
Tringa nebularia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Gallinago stenura
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Calidris ferruginea
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
Bubo zeylonensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Acridotheres tristis
3
5
0
2
4
3
0
0
5
0
4
0
0
0
0
2
11
Cisticola juncidis
0
0
0
3
1
2
0
6
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Orthotomus sutorius
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Prinia subflava
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Prinia sylvatica
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Threskiornis melanocephalus
3
0
13
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
5
Turdoides affinis
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
Rhopocichla atriceps
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
10
4
0
0
0
0
Copsychus malabaricus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
2
4
0
0
0
0
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient cont…
Transect Number
Bird Species
144
145
157
160
172
173
175
176
181
Oriolus xanthornus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Phalacrocorax niger
2
0
0
0
3
27
0
1
0
Gallus lafayettii
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pavo cristatus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dinopium benghalense
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Tachybaptus ruficollis
0
0
0
0
5
36
0
1
0
Psittacula krameri
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pycnonotus cafer
0
0
2
24
0
0
0
0
0
Pycnonotus luteolus
4
3
0
2
0
0
3
4
4
Pycnonotus melanicterus
0
0
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
Gallinula chloropus
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
Porphyrio porphyrio
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fulica atra
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Himantopus himantopus
0
0
0
0
0
77
0
0
0

394
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient cont…
Transect Number
Bird Species
144
145
157
160
172
173
175
176
181
Rostratula benghalensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Actitis Hypoleucos
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tringa stagnatilis
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tringa glareola
0
0
2
0
0
20
0
2
0
Tringa nebularia
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Gallinago stenura
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Calidris ferruginea
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
Bubo zeylonensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Acridotheres tristis
8
0
5
0
0
0
3
0
0
Cisticola juncidis
0
15
4
3
0
2
4
5
0
Orthotomus sutorius
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Prinia subflava
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
Prinia sylvatica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Threskiornis melanocephalus
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Turdoides affinis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rhopocichla atriceps
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Copsychus malabaricus
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient cont…
Transect Number
Bird Species
56
60
66
87
96
99
104
107
108
113
118
122
127
136
138
142
143
Copsychus saularis
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Saxicoloides fulicata
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Turnix suscitator
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gelochelidon nilotica
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Platalea leucorodia
0
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hemipus picatus
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dupetor flavicollis
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dendrocopus nanus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

395
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient cont…
Transect Number
Bird Species
144
145
157
160
172
173
175
176
181
Copsychus saularis
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
Saxicoloides fulicata
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Turnix suscitator
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gelochelidon nilotica
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Platalea leucorodia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hemipus picatus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dupetor flavicollis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dendrocopus nanus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

396
3.1 Mangroves
Transect Number
Bird Species
196
197
200
204
Accipiter badius
1
0
0
0
Haliaeetus leucogaster
0
1
0
0
Haliastur indus
0
0
0
1
Spilornis cheela
0
1
0
0
Alcedo atthis
1
0
0
0
Halcyon capensis
1
1
0
0
Halcyon smyrnensis
0
2
0
0
Cypsiurus balasiensis
1
0
0
1
Casmerodius albus
1
0
0
0
Mesophoyx intermedia
1
0
0
0
Butorides striatus
2
0
0
0
Coracina melanoptera
0
1
0
0
Coracina macei
0
0
1
0
Megalaima zeylanica
0
1
0
0
Ciconia episcopus
0
3
0
0
Streptopelia chinensis
0
3
2
0
Corvus splendens
1
0
6
9
Centropus sinensis
1
0
1
0
Hirundo rustica
0
3
0
3
Aegithina tiphia
0
3
0
2
Chloropsis cochinchinensis
0
2
0
0
Merops philippinus
3
0
3
0
Hypothymis azurea
0
1
0
0
Terpsiphone paradisi
0
1
0
0
Nectarinia lotenia
3
0
0
1
Nectarinia zeylonica
0
3
0
0
Oriolus xanthornus
0
1
0
0
Gallus lafayettii
0
0
1
0
Pycnonotus luteolus
0
2
0
0
Actitis Hypoleucos
2
0
0
0
Numenius phaeopus
1
0
0
0
Tringa totanus
8
0
0
0
Tringa nebularia
2
0
0
0
Orthotomus sutorius
0
1
0
2
Copsychus saularis
0
1
0
0
Gelochelidon nilotica
0
0
1
1
Phylloscopus trochiloides
0
2
0
0
Francolinus pondicerianus
0
0
1
0
Sterna caspia
0
0
0
1

397
3.2 Salt marshes
Transect Number
Bird Species
188
193
202
Haliaeetus leucogaster
0
0
1
Haliastur indus
0
1
2
Aerodramus unicolor
0
8
0
Corvus splendens
0
1
0
Hirundo rustica
0
4
2
Chlidonias hybridus
0
0
3
Thalasseus bengalensis
0
0
2
Merops philippinus
0
1
0
Nectarinia zeylonica
0
0
1
Psittacula krameri
0
1
0
Pycnonotus luteolus
0
2
0
Actitis Hypoleucos
0
0
1
Cisticola juncidis
0
2
0
Orthotomus sutorius
0
0
1
Turnix suscitator
0
1
0
Gelochelidon nilotica
0
0
3
Sterna caspia
0
0
6
Sterna albifrons
0
0
1
3.3 Sand dunes and beaches
Transect
Number
Bird Species
154
162
Haliaeetus leucogaster
1
3
Haliastur indus
1
0
Alcedo atthis
1
0
Butorides striatus
1
0
Megalaima zeylanica
1
0
Charadrius mongolus
5
9
Charadrius alexandrinus
0
1
Corvus splendens
0
6
Hirundo rustica
3
0
Thalasseus bengalensis
3
25
Merops orientalis
1
0
Merops philippinus
2
0
Gallus lafayettii
1
0
Psittacula krameri
0
4
Pycnonotus cafer
0
13
Pycnonotus luteolus
1
0
Pycnonotus melanicterus
1
0
Numenius phaeopus
1
0
Tringa totanus
1
0
Xenus cinereus
3
0
Calidris ferruginea
2
0
Cisticola juncidis
0
4
Gelochelidon nilotica
1
19

398
E. Mammals species
1.11 DEF-Tall forest
Transect Number
Mammal Species
02
03
27
41
44
206
220
223
224
Manis crassicaudata
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
Macaca sinica
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Semnopithecus priam
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
Si
0
Canis aureus
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
Panthera pardus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
Si
Paradoxurus zeylonensis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Elephas maximus
Si
1
Si
0
0
Si
0
0
0
Axis axis
Si
Si
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cervus unicolor
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
Si
Muntiacus muntjak
0
0
Si
0
Si
0
0
0
0
Sus scrofa
Si
Si
0
0
0
Si
0
Si
Moschiola meminna
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hystrix indica
0
0
Si
Si
Si
0
Si
0
Si
Funambulus palmarum
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Ratufa macroura
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1.12 DEF-Medium height forests
Transect Number
Mammal Species
01
43
45
48
156
174
176
207
209
213
225
Manis crassicaudata
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Semnopithecus priam
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Panthera pardus
0
0
0
0
0
Si
1
0
0
0
0
Lutra lutra
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
Viverricula indica
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Elephas maximus
Si
0
Si
4
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
0
Si
Bubalus arnee
0
0
4
0
0
0
10
Si
0
0
0
Axis axis
Si
0
3
0
Si
0
Si
0
0
0
0
Cervus unicolor
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Si
Sus scrofa
Si
Si
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
Si
0
Moschiola meminna
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hystrix indica
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Vandeleuria oleracea
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Funambulus palmarum
0
0
0
0
1
3
2
1
0
0
0
Si- Signs

399
1.13 DEF-Dwarf forests
Transect Number
Mammal Species
150
155
169
Elephas maximus
Si
Si
Si
Bubalus arnee
0
0
Si
Axis axis
Si
0
Si
Cervus unicolor
Si
0
0
Muntiacus muntjak
Si
0
0
Sus scrofa
0
Si
Si
Moschiola meminna
Si
0
0
Tatera indica
Si
0
0
Funambulus palmarum
2
1
0
1.14 DEF-Rock out-crop forests
Transect Number
Mammal Species
39
166
205
Herpestes smithii
1
0
0
Melursus ursinus
0
Si
0
Elephas maximus
Si
Si
Si
Bubalus arnee
0
Si
0
Axis axis
Si
0
0
Cervus unicolor
Si
0
0
Sus scrofa
0
0
Si
Moschiola meminna
0
Si
0
Hystrix indica
Si
0
Si
Funambulus palmarum
0
2
1
Ratufa macroura
0
0
1
Lepus nigricollis
Si
0
Si
Si- signs

400
1.2 Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
Transect Number
Mammal Species
34
40
42
65
148
149
153
158
159
180
185
195
211
214
219
222
Manis crassicaudata
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Semnopithecus priam
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Canis aureus
Si
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Panthera pardus
0
0
Si
0
0
Si
0
0
Si
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lutra lutra
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
Melursus ursinus
0
0
0
0
Si
Si
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Elephas maximus
0
Si
0
Si
Si
Si
0
Si
Si
0
Si
Si
Si
1
Si
Si
Axis axis
Si
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
1
0
Cervus unicolor
Si
Si
Si
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
Si
Si
0
0
0
Si
Sus scrofa
Si
Si
Si
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
Si
Moschiola meminna
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hystrix indica
Si
Si
Si
0
Si
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
Si
Tatera indica
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Funambulus palmarum
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
Lepus nigricollis
0
Si
0
Si
0
0
Si
0
Si
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si-Signs

401
1.3 Riverine forests - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Mammal Species
35
187
198
Semnopithecus priam
0
10
0
Panthera pardus
1
0
0
Elephas maximus
0
1
0
Cervus unicolor
Si
0
0
Sus scrofa
Si
0
0
Funambulus palmarum
0
1
0
Ratufa macroura
0
1
0
Si-Signs
1.4 Dry patana grasslands
Transect Number
Mammal Species
36
50
164
210
Manis crassicaudata
0
Si
0
0
Canis aureus
Si
0
0
Si
Melursus ursinus
0
0
Si
0
Elephas maximus
Si
0
Si
Si
Bubalus arnee
0
Si
0
0
Axis axis
Si
0
0
Si
Cervus unicolor
0
0
Si
0
Muntiacus muntjak
Si
0
0
0
Sus scrofa
Si
0
Si
0
Mus musculus
0
1
0
Funambulus palmarum
0
0
1
0
Lepus nigricollis
1
Si
0
0
Si-Signs

402
2.1 Flood plains
Transect Number
Mammal Species
183
217
218
Cynopterus sphinx
0
1
0
Pteropus giganteus
0
0
1
Kerivoula picta
0
0
1
Semnopithecus priam
0
6
0
Semnopithecus vetulus
0
0
1
Canis aureus
0
1
1
Elephas maximus
Si
Si
Si
Sus scrofa
0
0
Si
Hystrix indica
0
0
Si
Golunda ellioti
0
0
1
Si-Signs
2.21 Swamp forests
Transect Number
Mammal Species
47
Hipposideros speoris
6
Hipposideros galeritus
4
Semnopithecus priam
1
Viverricula indica
1
Elephas maximus
Si
Sus scrofa
Si
Si- Signs
2.22 Herbaceous swamps
Transect Number
Mammal Species
178
201
216
Semnopithecus priam
0
0
6
Melursus ursinus
0
0
Si
Elephas maximus
Si
0
Si
Axis axis
0
0
Si
Sus scrofa
Si
0
0
Lepus nigricollis
Si
0
0
Si- Signs

403
2.4 Reservoirs and ponds (RP) - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Mammal Species
04
49
55
91
105
131
132
135
151
152
170
171
177
179
208
Semnopithecus priam
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
Canis aureus
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
1
Si
0
Panthera pardus
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
Prionailurus rubiginosus
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Prionailurus viverrinus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
Felis chaus
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
Herpestes smithii
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lutra lutra
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Melursus ursinus
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
Elephas maximus
0
Si
0
1
Si
Si
0
Si
Si
Si
Si
2
Si
Si
Si
Bubalus arnee
0
0
0
0
0
8
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
Axis axis
Si
Si
Si
Si
0
0
Si
Si
0
Si
Si
Si
0
0
0
Cervus unicolor
Si
Si
Si
Si
0
0
Si
0
0
0
Si
0
0
Si
0
Muntiacus muntjak
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
Sus scrofa
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
0
0
0
Si
Si
45
0
0
Moschiola meminna
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
Hystrix indica
1
Si
Si
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Golunda ellioti
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tatera indica
Si
0
0
0
0
0
Si
Si
Si
0
0
0
Si
0
0
Funambulus palmarum
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
Ratufa macroura
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lepus nigricollis
Si
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
Si
Si
0
0
0
Si
0
Si- Signs

404
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient
Transect Number
Mammal Species
56
60
66
87
96
99
104
107
108
113
118
122
127
Pipistrellus coromandra
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Macaca sinica
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Semnopithecus priam
1
0
0
0
16
0
0
Si
0
Si
1
13
0
Loris lydekkerianus
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Canis aureus
0
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
Panthera pardus
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Prionailurus rubiginosus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
Prionailurus viverrinus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Felis chaus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
Herpestes edwardsii
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Herpestes smithii
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Lutra lutra
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
Si
0
0
0
0
Si
Melursus ursinus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
Si
0
Si
0
Paradoxurus hermaphoditus
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Paradoxurus zeylonensis
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Elephas maximus
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
0
Si
Si
Bubalus arnee
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Axis axis
12
Si
Si
11
1
9
Si
Si
5
3
Si
Si
Si
Cervus unicolor
0
0
0
Si
0
0
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Muntiacus muntjak
1
0
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
Sus scrofa
0
8
9
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Moschiola meminna
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hystrix indica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mus booduga
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tatera indica
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
Si
Si
0
Si
Si
Funambulus palmarum
0
1
0
1
2
0
1
1
0
4
0
2
1
Ratufa macroura
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lepus nigricollis
Si
Si
Si
Si
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
Si
Si
Si- Signs

405
2.5 Wet Villu grasslands (VL) - habitat gradient Cont…….
Transect Number
Mammal Species
136
138
142
143
144
145
157
160
172
173
175
176
181
Pipistrellus coromandra
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Macaca sinica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Semnopithecus priam
Si
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Loris lydekkerianus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Canis aureus
0
0
0
Si
0
Si
0
Si
1
0
0
0
Si
Panthera pardus
0
Si
Si
0
0
0
0
0
1
Si
1
1
0
Prionailurus rubiginosus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Prionailurus viverrinus
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Felis chaus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Herpestes edwardsii
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Herpestes smithii
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Lutra lutra
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Melursus ursinus
0
Si
Si
0
0
0
0
Si
2
0
0
0
0
Paradoxurus hermaphoditus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Paradoxurus zeylonensis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Elephas maximus
Si
Si
0
0
Si
Si
Si
Si
3
Si
Si
Si
0
Bubalus arnee
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si
10
0
Axis axis
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
0
Si
0
36
4
10
Si
0
Cervus unicolor
Si
Si
Si
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
0
1
Si
Muntiacus muntjak
0
0
0
Si
Si
0
0
0
0
0
Si
0
0
Sus scrofa
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
0
24
0
Si
0
Si
Moschiola meminna
0
0
Si
0
Si
Si
0
0
1
0
Si
0
0
Hystrix indica
0
0
0
Si
0
0
Si
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mus booduga
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
Tatera indica
Si
0
Si
Si
Si
0
Si
0
3
6
Si
0
Si
Funambulus palmarum
2
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
4
0
2
2
0
Ratufa macroura
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lepus nigricollis
0
0
Si
0
0
0
Si
0
1
Si
Si
0
0

406
3.1 Mangroves
Transect Number
Mammal Species
196
197
200
204
Elephas maximus
0
0
0
Si
Axis axis
Si
0
0
0
Si- Signs
3.2 Salt marshes
Transect Number
Mammal Species
188
193
202
Canis aureus
Si
Si
Si
Lutra lutra
Si
0
0
Elephas maximus
Si
Si
0
Axis axis
Si
0
0
Cervus unicolor
Si
Si
0
Sus scrofa
0
0
Si
Si- Signs
3.3 Sand dunes and beaches
Transect
Number
Mammal Species
154
162
Canis aureus
Si
0
Canis familiaris
0
4
Herpestes smithii
1
0
Elephas maximus
Si
Si
Funambulus palmarum
1
0
Lepus nigricollis
Si
0
Si- Signs

407
Annex VII: Geographical Location of each Transect marked
during the Survey
Transect
Habitat code
Habitat type/sub type
Northing
Easting
1
1.12
DEF-Medium height forests
8.31337
80.14956
2
1.11
DEF-Tall forest
8.32894
80.1349
3
1.11
DEF-Tall forest
8.35369
80.11803
4
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.33304
80.12966
5
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.33304
80.12966
6
2.45
RP-Marsh community
8.33304
80.12966
7
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.33304
80.12966
8
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.33304
80.12966
9
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.33304
80.12966
10
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.33304
80.12966
11
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.33304
80.12966
12
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.33304
80.12966
13
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.35639
80.12297
14
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.35639
80.12297
15
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.35639
80.12297
16
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.35639
80.12297
17
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.35639
80.12297
18
2.41
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
8.36362
80.10091
19
1.14
DEF-Rockout crop forests
8.33661
80.08836
20
2.45
RP-Marsh community
8.33661
80.08836
21
2.46
RP-Lentic community
8.33661
80.08836
22
2.46
RP-Lentic community
8.33661
80.08836
23
2.45
RP-Marsh community
8.33661
80.08836
24
2.45
RP-Marsh community
8.33661
80.08836
27
1.11
DEF-Tall forest
8.20177
80.05189
28
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.34753
80.10085
29
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.34753
80.10085
30
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.34753
80.10085
31
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.34753
80.10085
32
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.34753
80.10085
33
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.34753
80.10085
34
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.3561
80.11024
35
1.3
Riverine forests
8.31727
80.05463
36
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.33818
80.05894
37
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.33818
80.05894
38
1.12
DEF-Medium height forests
8.34722
80.06356
39
1.14
DEF-Rockout crop forests
8.34722
80.06356
40
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.38314
80.00971
41
1.11
DEF-Tall forest
8.39311
80.00967
42
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.4054
80.0228
43
1.12
DEF-Medium height forests
8.41511
80.02888
44
1.11
DEF-Tall forest
8.40142
80.05175
45
1.12
DEF-Medium height forests
8.22505
80.043
46
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.2463
80.04329
47
2.21
Swamp forests
8.2245
80.04316
48
1.12
DEF-Medium height forests
8.20008
80.0733
49
2.41
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
8.35805
80.12262
50
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.36315
80.09092
51
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.36315
80.09092

408
Transect
Habitat code
Habitat type/sub type
Northing
Easting
52
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.36315
80.09092
53
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.36315
80.09092
54
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.36315
80.09092
55.1
2.41
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
8.37681
80.07183
55.2
2.42
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
8.37681
80.07183
55.3
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.37681
80.07183
55.4
2.44
RP-Swamp community
8.37681
80.07183
55.5
2.45
RP-Marsh community
8.37681
80.07183
55.6
2.46
RP-Lentic community
8.37681
80.07183
56
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.42087
80.00758
57
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.42087
80.00758
58
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.42087
80.00758
59
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.42087
80.00758
61
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.40604
79.98377
62
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.40604
79.98377
63
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.40604
79.98377
64
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.40604
79.98377
65
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.40338
80.00616
66
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.41403
79.98927
71
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.41403
79.98927
72
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.41403
79.98927
73
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.41403
79.98927
74
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.41403
79.98927
75
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.41403
79.98927
76
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.41403
79.98927
77
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.41403
79.98927
78
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.41403
79.98927
79
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.41403
79.98927
80
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.41403
79.98927
81
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.41403
79.98927
82
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.41403
79.98927
83
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.41403
79.98927
84
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.41403
79.98927
85
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.41403
79.98927
86
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.42277
79.98417
87
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.37575
79.9477
88
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.37575
79.9477
89
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.37575
79.9477
90
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.37575
79.9477
91
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
Kombansanchipuwal
92
2.44
RP-Swamp community
Kombansanchipuwal
93
2.44
RP-Swamp community
Kombansanchipuwal
94
2.45
RP-Marsh community
Kombansanchipuwal
95
2.46
RP-Lentic community
Kombansanchipuwal
96
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.39525
79.95392
97
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.39525
79.95392
98
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.39525
79.95392
99
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.42421
80.01186
100
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.42421
80.01186
101
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.42421
80.01186
102
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.42421
80.01186
103.1
2.42
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
8.2245
80.04316

409
Transect
Habitat code
Habitat type/sub type
Northing
Easting
103.2
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.2245
80.04316
103.3
2.44
RP-Swamp community
8.2245
80.04316
103.4
2.45
RP-Marsh community
8.2245
80.04316
103.5
2.46
RP-Lentic community
8.2245
80.04316
104.1
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.37048
80.14429
104.2
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.37048
80.14429
104.3
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.37048
80.14429
105
2.41
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
8.36727
80.14154
106
2.42
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
8.36727
80.14154
107.1
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.44167
80.01196
107.2
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.44167
80.01196
107.3
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.44167
80.01196
107.4
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.44167
80.01196
107.5
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.44167
80.01196
108
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.43893
80.01051
109
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.43893
80.01051
110
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.43893
80.01051
111
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.43893
80.01051
112
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.43893
80.01051
113
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.43249
79.9915
114
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.43249
79.9915
115
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.43249
79.9915
116
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.43249
79.9915
117
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.43249
79.9915
118
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.43796
80.00278
119
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.43796
80.00278
120
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.43796
80.00278
123
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.43156
80.00425
124
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.43156
80.00425
125
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.43156
80.00425
126
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.43156
80.00425
127
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.45835
79.98972
128
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.45835
79.98972
129
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.45835
79.98972
130
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.45835
79.98972
131.1
2.41
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
8.45123
79.99461
131.2
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.45123
79.99461
131.3
2.45
RP-Marsh community
8.45123
79.99461
132
2.46
RP-Lentic community
8.45223
79.98427
133
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.45223
79.98427
134
2.41
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
8.45223
79.98427
135
2.44
RP-Swamp community
8.45244
79.98317
136.1
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.43812
79.98215
136.2
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.43812
79.98215
137
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.43812
79.98215
138
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.4268
80.02061
139.1
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.4268
80.02061
139.2
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.4268
80.02061
140
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.4268
80.02061
141
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.4268
80.02061
142.1
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.30135
79.5436
142.2
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.30135
79.5436

410
Transect
Habitat code
Habitat type/sub type
Northing
Easting
142.3
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.30135
79.5436
142.4
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.30135
79.5436
143.1
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.30195
79.54209
143.2
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.30195
79.54209
143.3
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.30195
79.54209
143.4
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.30195
79.54209
144.1
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.30225
79.54111
144.2
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.30225
79.54111
144.3
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.30225
79.54111
144.4
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.30225
79.54111
145.1
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.27359
79.52455
145.2
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.27359
79.52455
145.3
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.27359
79.52455
145.4
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.27359
79.52455
146
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.27234
79.52538
147
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.27234
79.5246
148
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.27407
79.52433
149
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.30307
79.53466
150
1.13
DEF-Dwarf forests
8.30315
79.53438
151
2.45
RP-Marsh community
8.31133
79.592
152
2.44
RP-Swamp community
8.31269
79.53253
153
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.32068
79.5215
154
3.3
Sand dunes and beaches
8.32244
79.52286
155
1.13
DEF-Dwarf forests
8.32068
79.52222
156
1.12
DEF-Medium height forests
8.3132
79.5319
157.1
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.30523
79.54334
157.2
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.30523
79.54334
157.3
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.30523
79.54334
158
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.30492
79.54233
159
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.29418
79.53284
160.1
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.28178
79.53048
160.2
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.28178
79.53048
160.3
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.28178
79.53048
161
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.28178
79.53048
162.1
3.3
Sand dunes and beaches
8.28285
79.51446
162.2
3.2
Salt marshes
8.28285
79.51446
164
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.27482
80.00449
165
2.21
Swamp forests
8.27482
80.00449
166
1.14
DEF-Rockout crop forests
8.29508
80.02355
167
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.29508
80.02355
168
1.11
DEF-Tall forest
8.29508
80.02355
169
1.13
DEF-Dwarf forests
8.29045
80.02509
170
2.41
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
8.28529
80.02411
171
2.41
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
8.27511
80.01493
172.1
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.29295
79.55145
172.2
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.29295
79.55145
172.3
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.29295
79.55145
172.4
2.52
VL-Occasionally flooded dryland grassland
8.29295
79.55145
172.5
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.29295
79.55145
173.1
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.28527
79.56204
173.2
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.28527
79.56204
173.3
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.28527
79.56204

411
Transect
Habitat code
Habitat type/sub type
Northing
Easting
173.4
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.28527
79.56204
173.5
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.28527
79.56204
174
1.12
DEF-Medium height forests
8.28527
79.56204
175.1
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.27232
79.57237
175.2
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.27232
79.57237
175.3
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.27232
79.57237
175.4
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.27232
79.57237
176.1
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.27366
79.58258
176.2
2.55
VL-Marsh community
8.27366
79.58258
176.3
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.27366
79.58258
176.4
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.27366
79.58258
177.1
2.46
RP-Lentic community
8.26542
80.01097
177.2
2.44
RP-Swamp community
8.26542
80.01097
177.3
2.42
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded dryland grassland
8.26542
80.01097
177.4
2.41
RP-Occasionally/seasonally flooded edge forest
8.26542
80.01097
178
2.22
Herbaceous swamps
8.26484
80.01076
179.1
2.46
RP-Lentic community
8.25545
79.57369
179.2
2.44
RP-Swamp community
8.25545
79.57369
179.3
2.43
RP-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.25545
79.57369
180
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.25214
79.57304
181.1
2.56
VL-Lentic community
8.241
79.57145
181.2
2.54
VL-Swamp community
8.241
79.57145
181.3
2.53
VL-Seasonally flooded damp grassland
8.241
79.57145
181.4
2.51
VL-Occasionally flooded edge forest
8.241
79.57145
182
1.13
DEF-Dwarf forests
Marawila
183
2.1
Flood plains
8.32471
79.85524
184
3.1
Mangroves
8.03238
79.85516
185
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.32413
79.85274
186
3.1
Mangroves
8.32421
79.85242
187
1.3
Riverine forests
8.14125
79.59143
188
3.2
Salt marshes
8.19324
79.50543
189
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.19324
79.50543
190
3.1
Mangroves
8.19324
79.50543
191
3.1
Mangroves
8.19324
79.50543
192
3.1
Mangroves
8.19324
79.50543
193
3.2
Salt marshes
8.3228
79.84466
194
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.32257
79.84486
195
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.32253
79.8455
196
3.1
Mangroves
8.32125
79.84052
197
3.1
Mangroves
8.29745
79.85063
198
1.3
Riverine forests
8.29802
79.84661
199
3.1
Mangroves
8.29339
79.84467
200
3.1
Mangroves
8.29339
79.84467
201
2.22
Herbaceous swamps
8.29385
79.84128
202
3.2
Salt marshes
8.30534
79.83382
203
3.1
Mangroves
8.30508
79.8336
204
3.1
Mangroves
8.3147
79.83702
205
1.14
DEF-Rockout crop forests
8.14236
80.05023
206
1.11
DEF-Tall forest
8.14236
80.05023
207
1.12
DEF-Medium height forests
8.31287
80.01333
208
2.45
RP-Marsh community
8.26978
80.0923
209
1.12
DEF-Medium height forests
8.27353
80.08705

412
Transect
Habitat code
Habitat type/sub type
Northing
Easting
210
1.4
Dry patana grasslands
8.27219
80.0871
211
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.2717
80.08846
212
1.14
DEF-Rockout crop forests
8.27869
80.12499
213
1.12
DEF-Medium height forests
8.26937
80.12813
214
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.3039
79.88768
215
2.1
Flood plains
8.30455
79.8876
216
2.22
Herbaceous swamps
8.32663
79.88506
217
2.1
Flood plains
8.3311
79.88418
218
2.1
Flood plains
8.33892
79.8869
219
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.34245
79.89674
220
1.11
DEF-Tall forest
8.36151
79.89781
222
1.2
Tropical thorn forests (scrublands)
8.3414
79.96566
223
1.11
DEF-Tall forest
8.35148
79.96124
224
1.11
DEF-Tall forest
8.36355
79.95591
225
1.12
DEF-Medium height forests
8.52456
80.04401

413
Annex VIII: Archaeologically important sites recorded from
Wilpattu National Park
No
Location
North L
East L
Accuracy
(m+/-)
1
Tammannawala
8º 21' 12.9''
80º 7' 5.1''
34m
2
Perci bendi Wewa
8º 20' 0''
80º 7' 46.31''
12m
3
Godagas Wewa
8º 21' 30.5''
80º 7' 33''
11m
4
Maha-andaragollewa Wewa
8º 20' 11.6''
80º 5' 17.4''
11m
5
Katupiti Diul Wewa
8º 20' 51.9''
80º 6' 3.6''
15m
6
Pan-ela Right bank
8º 19' 14.9''
80º 3' 23.4''
15m
7
Timbiri Wewa
8º 20' 14.6''
80º 3' 23.4''
10m
8
Kimbula Ketugala ruins
8º 20' 50.2''
80º 3' 47.6''
16m
9
Stone pillar manufacture site
8º 21' 41.3''
80º 3' 55.6''
13m
10
Mila Wewa
8º 24' 6.8''
80º 0' 47.2''
12m
11
Scrub area- Iron Slag's site 1
8º 23' 29.8''
80º 0' 42.7''
15m
12
Scrub area- Iron Slag's site 2
8º 23' 28.6''
80º 0' 42.4''
11m
13
Scrub area- Iron Slag's site 3
8º 23' 1.5''
80º 0' 34.5''
16m
14
Stream
8º 22' 59.4''
80º 0' 34.8''
14m
15
Maradanmaduwa Tank
8º 22' 45''
80º 4' 31.6''
15m
16
Breached Tank
8º 21' 49.3''
80º 0' 32.1''
11m
17
Breached Tank
8º 22' 8.2''
80º 4' 44.5''
16m
18
Breached Tank
8º 22' 8.2''
80º 4' 44.7''
17m
19
Kumbuk Vila
8º 25' 11.7''
80º 0' 19.2''
10m
20
Nelum Vila
8º 24' 22''
79º 59' 4.3''
11m
21
Ruin tank bound – Mila Wewa road
8º 24' 9.2''
80º 0' 20.6''
17m
22
Komban Sanchi Pooval
8º 23' 13.7''
79º 57' 3.4''
16m
23
Bangalawa Gawa Wewa
8º 22' 14.2''
80º 8' 40.4''
38m
24
Keeriya Wembuwa tank
8º 22' 4.5''
80º 8' 31.6''
12m
25
Weeransole ruins
8º 20' 21.5''
80º 7' 43.8''
11m
26
Kuda _Pathessa
8º 26' 4.8''
79º 59' 33.2''
12m
27
Iriyan Kulama
8º 26' 22.3''
80º 0' 16.6''
9m
28
Open scrub with gravel surface
8º 31' 24.8''
80º 1' 33.4''
13m
29
Maha Pathessa
8º 26' 4.1''
80º 0' 9.2''
10m
30
Site near Manik Rala Uraniya
8º 27' 5.7''
79º 59' 42.2''
16m
31
Hunuvila Gama
8º 18' 7.1''
80º 8' 38.9''
9m
32
Manikka Pola Uttu
8º 27' 4.2''
79º 58' 59.1''
10m
33
Kuruttu Pandi Vila
8º 26' 15.2''
79º 59' 2.5''
10m
34
Periya Villu
8º 27' 18.7''
79º 53' 6.6''
9m
35
Maila Villu
8º 31' 11.3''
79º 53' 20''
9m
36
Kudiramalaya point
8º 32' 24.9''
79º 52' 28.6''
12m
37
Kudiramalaya beach dome
8º 32' 23.1''
79º 52' 30.1''
11m
38
Kudiramalaya Miocene uplifts
8º 32' 20.6''
79º 52' 22.2''
10m
39
Mailanga Motai or Ilanga Motai
8º 30' 52.3''
79º 54' 33.4''
9m
40
Periya Naga Villu
8º 28' 17''
79º 53' 2.1''
9m
41
Ochchappu Kallu
8º 29' 51.5''
80º 2' 36.4''
12m
42
Iron slag site near Ochchappu Kallu
8º 29' 31.5''
80º 2' 37''
7m
43
Kuveni Maligawa
8º 29' 4.2''
79º 56' 25.2'
13m
44
Kanjuran Vila
8º 27' 23.2''
79º 57' 23.7''
8m
45
Kumutu Vila
8º 27' 36.6''
79º 58' 25.8''
9m
46
Lunuvila Wewa
8º 26' 54.2''
80º 1' 9.7''
7m

414
No
Location
North L
East L
Accuracy
(m+/-)
47
Palugahatura
8º 28' 27''
79º 51' 44''
11m
48
Alam Vila
8º 24' 10''
79º 57' 14.5''
11m
49
Open scrub with gravel surface
8º 25' 21.4''
79º 57' 30.4''
10m
50
Pottery site 1 at Pomparippu Ara
8º 19' 26 .2''
79º 51' 7.9''
11m
51
Pottery site 2 at Pomparippu Ara
8º 19' 28.1''
79º 51' 5.6''
30m
52
Pottery site 3 and Baobab tree
8º 19' 25.6''
79º 50' 42.9''
11m
53
Pottery site 4 bottom of the stream
8º 19' 269''
79º 51' 236''
12m
54
Gange Wadiya village
8º 17' 576''
79º 50' 324''
12m
55
Nai Pena Guhawa
8º 14' 33.3''
80º 4' 54.9''
17m
56
Scrub land
8º 31' 28.7''
80º 1' 33.3''
13m
57
Gini Gal Wembuwa
8º 16' 18.9''
80º 5' 14.1''
10m
58
Veheragala ruins
8º 16' 41.4''
80º 7' 31.7''
9m
59
Palugahatura DWLC park camp site
8º 28' 34.9''
79º 51' 57.7''
14m
60
Divul Wewa
8º 16' 10.7''
80º 5' 32.4''
14m
61
Pomparippu Urn Burial Site
8º 18' 13.4''
79º 53' 15.8''
18m
62
On the road near 21 mile stone
8º 18' 27.4''
79º 53' 14.2''
7m
63
Tank
8º 18' 16.5''
79º 53' 15.8''
10m
64
Wild rice near the tank
8º 19' 16.5''
79º 53' 15.8''
10m
65
Pallakandal St Anthony church
8º 20' 31.9''
79º 53' 48.5''
11m
66
Pomparippu Pitiya (Wild rice)
8º 19' 16.8''
79º 53' 04.3''
11m
67
Pomparippu Pitiya (Cotton)
8º 19' 16.8''
79º 53' 04.3''
11m
68
Pattiya Eliya
8º 20' 18.7''
79º 57' 59.1''
41m
Pervious recorded sites, which unable to visit
1
Mullikulama & Pukkulama (Magana)
River mouth of Moderagam Aru
2
Veli vehera
2.5 km east of 21mile stone of Old Mannar road
3
Karamba Kulama near Sinnadigala
Between Block 4 & 3, near Moderagam Aru
4
Palli Wasal Kulama near Mulakandi welli
2.5 km south west of Pomparippu
5
Neelabamma anicut
Southern boundary, on Kala Oya
6
Araliyagala
1 Km west of Andaragollawa tank bund
7
Ruins
near Mannar road 29-30 milestone
8
Kollan Kanaththa
Western sea coast
9
Galbendi Neeravia
Few miles north east of Maradanmaduwa
10
Galge Viharaya
5 km south of Thala vila Bungalow
11
Mallimadu (Kurundammandama)
North of Maradanmaduwa

415
Annex IX: Published Inscriptions recorded from WNP
1. Galge Viharaya (inscriptions belongs to 1AD) (Inscription of Ceylon I: page 88. NO:
1122)
1122. Transcript:
(lines)
1 Sidam [1*] Kadahalaka-vavi-hamika vohara-
2 Nikaha Anulayaha
3 Mani kara … … … … … tini-jhanana lene
Translation:
Hail ! The cave of the three personages, (namely) the Lawyer Naga, the lord
of Kadahalaka-vavi, Anulaya and lapidary … … …
2. Ochchappukallu (inscriptions belongs to 2-1BC)
(Inscription of Ceylon I: page 9. NO: 106-111)
106. Transcript:
(lines)
1 Parumaka- Timara-putasa Parumaka-Digagutasa lene sangasa
Translation:
The cave of the chief Dighagutta, son of the chief Timara, (is given) to the
sangha.
107. Transcript:
(lines)
1 Parumaka … … … Parumaka-Dinasa lene sangasa
Translation:
The cave of the chief Dinna … … … the chief … … (is given) to the Sangha.
108. Transcript:
(lines)
1 Tisagutasa ca Pusasa ca lene
Translation:
The cave of Tissagutha and Phussa
109. Transcript:
(lines)
1 Utiya lene
Translation:
The cave of Uttiya

416
110. Transcript:
(lines)
1 Nagaha lene
Translation:
The cave of Naga
111. Transcript:
(lines)
1 Rajha Kanasa puta rajhaputa kanasa lene agata anagata ctudisa
sagasa.
Translation:
The cave of Rajhaputta Kanna, son of King Kanna (is given) to the Sangha of
the four quarters present and absent.
(Inscription of Ceylon Vol I: page 46. NO: 92 )
(inscriptions belongs to King Kanitta Tissa, 2BC)
92. Transcript:
(lines)
1 Siddham [1*] Naka-maharajaha puta Mali tisa ma-
2 haraja Magana nakariyahi Vavalavi Mitayaha Cudataka-vaiyi ca
3 jabo-aviyi ca Mataka-aviyi ca Talavana aviyi ca me etaka vaviyi
4 bojiyapati kara kadaya kuba-vaiharkehi pa(ca)-cetanitela huta mula
cata m[uda] –veti-
5 –ya jina padi satrariya kotu dini
Translation:
Success! The great king Kanittha Tissa, the son of the great king Naga,
grantaed the overlords income from Cudtaka vavi, and Jabo aviya and from
Mataka avi and from Talavana avi, from these above mentioned tanks of
Vavalavi Mitaya residing in Magana-nakari- having had taxes due therfrom
remitted for defraying the expresses for oil and offerings at the five caityas in
the Kubaviharaka, and for the purpose of spreading carpets (on the asana) in
the railing for the Chatra ot the summit of the Caityas.
3. Sinnadigala (inscriptions belongs to King Vsaba, 1AD)
(Inscription of Ceylon Vol II part I: page 67-72. NO: 46 )
46. Transcript:
(lines)
1 Sidha Maharaja Vahabaya Dakini Viharahi pohatakara catari kala
sata sahasaka
2 kahavana dariya karaya pohatahi jina pad[I] satarana kataya mekala
pahanaka vavi pacsaha
3 sa-kahavana dariya kanavaya Magana-nakarikahi panasakula ganiya
pitali niyamani do-sa-
4 -ta-masaka dena kotu me vavi dibiti-vavi kotiya paca-paca-visiti
kulaha hidavite [] me va

417
5 -viya daka-patp ca boji(ya) pati ca panasa kulama ca sovana-
kotariya kotu pohotaka-
6 rahi jina-padisatarana kota [va] sanako-biku sagahataya pakavata(hi)
biku-sagaha-
7 taya niyataya dini
Translation:
Success, The great king vasba, having borne (an expenditure) of a hundred
thousand and a quarter of Kahapanas built the Uposatha house of the
Dakkhina-vihara and in order to provide for the spreading of carpets, on
Uposatha (days) bought this Kalapahanaka tank, having paid (a purchase
price of) five thousand Kahapanas, caused two hundred masakas to be given
as the regulated pitali from fifty families of Mangana-nagaara and making this
tank a dibiti tank settled it on each of twenty five families. The water share
and the overlords share of this tank, and the fifty families he gave in
perpetuity to the community of the golden vase, so as to provide meals to the
community of bhikkus having performed the ceremony, bhikkus who reside
there doing the duty of spreading carpets in the uposatha house.
4. Villi Vehera – Pomparippu
(Kalpana Magazine 1987 Feb; 15-17)
Transcript: (in “Kaka” language)
1 Grahi manehagapthaya mahalaya e bada pathivi
Translation:
Sangabadra Bikkhu from Grahi situated this [Buddha] stature.
5. Mallimadu (Pillar inscription period of Mahinda IV, 10AD)
(Inscription of Ceylon Vol IV part I: page 235. NO:76.25)
Transcript:
lines
A
B
C
D
1
Sirisangabo
Manindga-
sa Ratladu Pa-
(Symbols)
2
Mapurmuka
mu Udahi i-
sladuvan no
Crescent moon,
3
ekolosva-
sa Nikava-
vadno kot i-
Sun
4
nne Nandin-
li senu i-
sa radkol ka-
5
dina pura vi
sa Mahaku
miyan no vad[na] ko
va vadale-
6
seni davas
bussadu
t isa Mela-
yin me pa
7
radanan a-
Mitu isa Ri-
ttin no vad-
Radar de-
8
tul nuvara Ma-
ha Varad Si-
na kot isa ma-
nu ladi
9
ngul Mahave-
vu vara Meka-
ngiva Piyagiva
10
ya Minhind a-
ppar Namu-
no vadno kot-
11
ram Mehen-
da Nila i-
isa Deruvana
12
var pert karu
sa Digivi-
Dekamtan no-
13
Vedhala ba-
li kanna
vanda kot i-
14
d Pala pasa
atulva
sa gal gon-
15
Palapu-bima a
metuvak
vari mivun no

418
lines
A
B
C
D
16
vu Merelagama
Samdaru-
ganna kot i-
17
sina pahan
van visi-
sa Arakka
18
Attani kanu
n me gamo-
n perelak-
19
Hindvannat
t Piyova
kan no vadna
20
Vadaleyin
daranuva
kot isa a
21
sabhayen a
n no vad-
bhoyou sandha
22
na kot i
Vannan noga-
nna kot me
gamhi atta-
ni kanu hind-
Translation:
On the fifth day of the waxing moon in the month of Manhindina in the eleventh (regnal) year
of his Majesty Sirisangabo; (I) Udahiu of Mahindgama, (I) sen of Nikavalla and (I) Mitu of
Mahakubussada, who all have come from the court of Justice; (I,) Mekappar Nila of Namuda,
(I,) Kanna of Digivila, who both came by commission of Varad Sivu of Riha; we, all the
aforementioned royal officials who have come as commanded to set up Attani Pillars at
Merelagama, situated in Palapu-bima of the western Quarter, which (village) was attached to
the hospital built by Sena, the Senevirad, in front of the Nunnery named Mihind-arom on the
Mangul-Mahaveya (the main street), have set up these Attani Pillars in this village, after
having granted immunities to the effect that Piyo-vadaranuvam shall not enter (this village);
also the Governors of Districts and Governors of Provinces shall not enter; the dficials of the
royal household shall not enter; Metatti officers shall not enter; Mangiva and Piyagiva officers
shall not enters; the officials of the two treasuries and of the two secretariats shall not enter;
those fugitives, who have come (here) seeking refuge shall not be arrested.
6. Pattiya Eliya (Pillar inscription period of Mahinda IV, 10AD)
(Inscription of Ceylon Vol IV part I: page 165-168. NO:59.8 )

419
Transcript:
lines
A
B
C
D
1
Sorisang-
Namo Maharigama
na isa varigan
(sa ap metuvak de
2
bo Mapurmu-
Vehera bad satara-
nogan (na isaPa)-
namo) Mahari
3
ka pasvan-
vabima Vuparina-
s-maha (Savadda ka)-
gama Vehergama ve-
4
ne Baga pura
gamu- piyovat
lavum ko ihasa
(hera) bad Sataravo
5
viseni dava-
Ratladu Melatti
sita noganna
(bi)ma vuarinagamu-
6
s Ektan sa-
Novadna isa Dunu-
isa Piyokami Pi-
piyova(t) pasvan-
7
miyen vadaleyi-
mandna novadna
yovadarannan
ne Baga pura vise
8
n a vidurangana
iso Perenattu
novadna isa me
ni davas me Atta-
9
nimula vara vana
Novadna isa Ta-
tuvak Mangdiva Pe-
ni kanu parahar
10
Mekappar Gumin-
n noladdiyak no
diva nati Kot Ek
di hindvumahavi
11
Naru Vadurem iso
vadna isa kota
tan samiyen va-
12
Hota Kondeyim i-
vana vada nogan-
daleyin a Vidora-
(Symbols) Crow
13
sa Mahale Nimul Mi-
na iso gal mi-
gna Nimula vara vana
Dog, Manly fan
14
hind Raksamanan
vun noganna i-
Mekappar Guminnaru
Cobra
15
vara vana Kudasala
sa gamgon ki-
Vadarem isa hoto
16
Naldetim iso
rigeri noganna
Kondeyim isa Maha-
17
ap metuvak de
isa Bilibat Bi-
Le Nimul Minind Rad-
18
lisal nogan-
samanan vara vana ku-
19
dasala Naldetim-
Translation:
On the fifth day of the waxing moon in the month of Baga (March-April) in the fifth (regnal)
year of his Majesty Sirisangabo; I, Vadura of Guminnaruva, the Bodyguard, I, Kondeya of
Hata (both) who came by commission of Viduragna Nimula, I, Kudasala Naldet who came by
commission of Nimul Mihindi the chief scribe and chief guardian; we the aforementioned
persons who have came in accordance with the order delivered by the supreme council,
granted these immunities embodied in these Attain, Pillars to the effect that the Governors of
Districts and Melatti officers shall not enter the region of Vuparinagama in district of Satarav
and which is attached to the Maharigama Veheragama- Vehera; also the members of the
Archery, division shall not enter women (non resident) who are not the holders of any office
(of the state) shall not entered cuprites who enter here after coming maunder (elsewhere)
shall not be apprehended(by the officials) by entering the village, carts and buffalos shall not
be appropriated; and also village oxen and much cows shall not be appropriated; levies of
cooked food and raw rice shall not be extracted(tusk less) domesticated elephants shall not
be appropriated; those who have committed the five great crimes shall not be arrested (by
these officials) after waiting and ambush behind shrubs and trees; works observers and work
superintendents shall not enter. I Vadura of Guminnarum, the body gourds, I Kondeya of
Hata, (both) who came by commission of Vidurana Nimala, I, Kudasala Naldet who came by
commission of Nimul Mihind, the chief scribe and chief guardian, we the aforementioned
persons who have come in accordance with the order delivered by the supreme council, have
abolished the aforementioned (levies of0 Mangiva and Pediva and have set up these pillars of
immunities of supreme council an the fifth day of the waxing moon in the month of Baga in the
Fifth (regnal)yaer.

420
7. Veheragala near Kattabuwa (partly legible two rock inscriptions, period of 1AD)
(Ancient Inscription in Ceylon part I: page 41, 76. NO:58 )
Transcript:
Inscription 1:
(Lines)
1 Sida … … … bujiya karawa la Tisayahaja wanikubare sa kahawana
mahabhikusaga … …bawini … …
2 Wisiti male kahawana … … wapi te lema … … … ma kahawane ……
3 Hi ladhahi ye kari mana yata sadha……
4 Waths mawa dinaki mahabhigusaga.
Inscription 2:
(Lines)
1 Sikaha ga… … kahawana karihi
2 Mahana mela wara batagamakahi
3 Patagamakahi ceta karihi marata
4 Maharukawawi kahi cetakari
5 Cudasumana gamahi cetakari
6 Mahaka ... ... kahi cetiya
7 Kubaragamahi cetakarihi
8 ... ... … tata gamakahi patakarihi
Translation: According to Muller (1883)
Two inscriptions on a large rock both imperfectly preserved, one of four and one of
eight lines. In the first the word “Kahavana” Pali kahapana occurs three times, and
this is the earliest instance of the word used in inscriptions. In the second inscription,
the names Kubaragama (twice, line 2and 7), Sumanagama and the Maharuk tank,
which is identical with the present Rukadawaewa (in Fraser’s map) close by: besides
the word cetakarihi occurs frequently, and the whole inscriptions is very much similar
to Alutgalwihara (Ancient Inscription in Ceylon part I: page 39-40. NO:52 ).
According to Nicholas (1963) the inscriptions contain village names such as
Sikalagama, Mahanameliwala bathagama, Pathagama, maradaka, maharukawewa,
Chulasumanagama, Mahadaka, kabaragama and Manahagama.