Cynthia A Reuben

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

We describe mental health service use by insurance among children aged 4 to 17 with diagnosed attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using parent reports from 2010-2013 National Health Interview Survey, we estimate the percentage that received services for emotional and behavioral difficulties (EBD): medication, other nonmedication servi...

Objectives: This report has three objectives: a) to describe the reported health status of four subgroups of school-age children: Hispanic children with a Spanish interview (Hispanic–Spanish interview), Hispanic children with an English interview (Hispanic–English interview), non-Hispanic black children, and non-Hispanic white children; b) to desc...

The authors reported use of mental health services among children in the United States between ages six and 11 who were described by their parents as having emotional or behavioral difficulties (EBDs). Using data from the 2010-2012 National Health Interview Survey, the authors estimated the national percentage of children ages six to 11 with seriou...

In 2011-2013, 9.5% of children aged 4-17 years were ever diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For those aged 4-5, prevalence was 2.7%, 9.5% for those aged 6-11, and 11.8% for those aged 12-17. Among all age groups, prevalence of ever diagnosed ADHD was more than twice as high in boys as girls. Among those aged 6-17, preva...

Objective: This report describes trends in health conditions reported by parents as the limitations leading to special education services for their children. Methods: Data are reported for children ages 6-17 (N=182,998) surveyed in households in the 2001-2012 National Health Interview Survey. Results: Between 2001 and 2012, the overall percent...

Background Epilepsy is a common serious neurologic disorder in children. However, most studies of children’s functional difficulties and school limitations have used samples from tertiary care or other clinical settings. Objective To compare functional difficulties and school limitations of a national sample of US children with special health care...

Data from the National Health Interview Survey, 2010-2012. About 4% of adolescents aged 12-17 had a serious emotional or behavioral difficulty and received nonmedication mental health services in the past 6 months. Nearly 71% of adolescents with serious emotional or behavioral difficulties received nonmedication mental health services in the past 6...

Past studies have shown that specific child conditions are associated with poor school outcomes. A national health survey with noncategorical measures of health and indicators of school functioning offers the opportunity to examine this association. To compare links between two health measures (children with special health care needs and general he...

Health status is a widely used indicator of children's health. Little is known about how Hispanic parents rate the health of their children. Our study examined the association between the health status of Hispanic children and the variables of household language and interview language. The 2007 National Survey of Children's Health, a nationally rep...

This report examines two measures that identify children with emotional and behavioral problems: high scores based on questions in the brief version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and a single question about serious (definite or severe) overall emotional and behavioral difficulties. Children were classified into four groups,...

Introduction: Emotional/behavioral difficulties can have lasting consequences for children's academic and social development. National health surveys can provide data to monitor the overall prevalence of these difficulties and identify important disparities. Methods: The 2001-2006 National Health Interview Survey included the brief version of the S...

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental health disorders of childhood. The symptoms of ADHD (inattention, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity) begin in childhood and often persist into adulthood. These symptoms frequently lead to functional impairment in academic, family, and social settings. The causes an...

This study examines the relationship between emotional/behavioral difficulties and obesity among US adolescents aged 12-17 using parent-reported data for 11,042 adolescents in the National Health Interview Survey. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥sex/age-specific 95th percentile BMI cut-points from the 2000 CDC Growth Charts. Types of...

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of maternal health status (MHS) on the relationship between child health conditions and child health status (CHS). The study sample included 38 207 children aged 5 to 17 years in the 2001 to 2008 National Health Interview Surveys whose mothers were the survey respondent for the child and herself. I...

The association between major depressive disorder (MDD) and obesity was assessed in 4,150 US adolescents aged 12-19 years from the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Weight and height were measured by health professionals and MDD was based on a structured diagnostic interview. The prevalence of MDD in the past year among US...

Identifying children at risk of limitations in their ability to participate in school activities is important for monitoring the well-being of children and guiding interventions that promote academic and social development. Methods: This analysis assesses how well the summary measures of functional difficulty (FD) and special health care needs (SHC...

Research has shown that participating in activities outside of school hours is associated with lower dropout rates, enhanced school performance, improved social skills, and reduced problem behaviors. However, most prior studies have been limited to small populations of older children (>12 years). This analysis focuses on children aged 6 to 11 to as...

Objectives: 1) Define child disability using the concept of difficulties in performing basic actions, 2) Examine the impact of different operationalizations of basic actions difficulties on estimates of disability prevalence in all school-age children and selected groups of children. Methods: The 2001-2006 National Health Interview Survey pro...

Objectives: 1) describe the association between the health status (HS) of children and their mothers, 2) examine factors accounting for this association. Methods: Data for 31,352 children 5-17 years and their mothers from the 2001-2006 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed. Mothers' reports of child age, sex, race/ethnicity, mother's edu...

This report presents estimates of basic actions difficulty, which includes difficulties related to sensory, motor, cognitive, and emotional or behavioral functioning, in U.S. children aged 5-17 years based on questions from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Selected estimates are shown for the educational and health care service use of c...

Emotional/behavioral difficulties and mental health (MH) service contacts of 3 groups of youth were compared: students in special education for non-MH problems, students in special education for MH problems, and youth not in special education. Parents reported the characteristics, special education placement, emotional/behavioral difficulties, and...

Research has linked participating in outside school activity to lower dropout rates and reduced problem behaviors. Most studies have been limited to small populations of older children (>12 years). Middle childhood, in contrast to adolescence, is a stage when it is easier to encourage children to adopt healthy behaviors. This analysis estimated out...

Key findings: Data from the National Health Interview Survey. In 2005-2006, 15% of U.S. children aged 4-17 years had parents who talked to a health care provider or school staff about their child's emotional or behavioral difficulties. This included 18% of boys and 11% of girls. Approximately 5% of children were prescribed medication for difficult...

This report presents national estimates of the prevalence of diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disability (LD) in U.S. children 6-17 years of age and describes the prevalence of these conditions for children with selected characteristics. The use of educational and health care services and the prevalence of othe...

Researchers frequently use national survey data to identify and characterize disabled youth. Because there is no standardized measure of youth disability, statistics about disabled youth depend upon the particular survey questions used to define disability. This study describes three measures of youth disability and examines the sociodemographic ch...

To determine the medically attended, nonfatal injury rate among children 6-17 years of age ever and never identified with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). An analysis was performed of parentally reported injury episodes during the past 3 months and current demographic characteristics of 3,741 sample children ever identified with ADH...

Racial and ethnic disparities have been documented for many physical health outcomes in children. Less is known, however, about disparities in behavioral and learning disorders in children. This study uses data from a national health survey to examine racial and ethnic differences in identified attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and le...

To use nationally representative data to produce prevalence estimates of combination estrogen-progestin therapy and estrogen-only therapy by covariates, and to evaluate differences between current use of short duration (less than 5 years) and current long-term use. We analyzed data from female respondents 40 years of age and older (n = 9400) who we...

OBJECTIVE: To use nationally representative data to produce prevalence estimates of combination estrogen-progestin therapy and estrogen-only therapy by covariates, and to evaluate differences between current use of short duration (less than 5 years) and current long-term use. METHODS: We analyzed data from female respondents 40 years of age and old...

This report presents national estimates of the prevalence of diagnosed Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and/or Learning Disability (LD) in U.S. children. Differences in the prevalence of these conditions are examined for children with selected sociodemographic characteristics. The occurrence of other health conditions and use of educational and hea...

Epidemiologic studies utilise medical information from a variety of sources. These include subject or proxy interviews, medical records, death certificates and administrative records. Since the choice of data source may affect the validity of study results, it is important to understand the effect of different case-ascertainment methodologies on es...

The NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study contains several sources of information that can be used to define case status. Incidence rates and relative risks associated with selected, documented risk factors for heart disease were estimated using nine different case definitions. Despite wide variation in the estimates of incidence, the characteristi...

Cross-reactivity between altered self and foreign major histocompatibility complex (MHC) may be of etiologic importance in autoimmune disease. We have studied 29 measles virus-specific cloned and uncloned T cell lines from a patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) and from a normal subject. Two of the T cell clones derived from the normal subject reac...

Forty myelin basic protein (BP)-reactive T-cell clones were isolated from a patient with multiple sclerosis and used to identify human T-cell recognition sites on the BP molecule. At least three sites have been identified: one in the N-terminal half of the molecule (residues 1-97), one in the C-terminal (residues 98-170), and one which spans residu...

Eleven cloned and uncloned measles virus-specific T cell lines were generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from a patient with multiple sclerosis and were assayed for measles polypeptide specificity. Three clones reacted specifically with the fusion (F) protein and one recognized the hemagglutinin (HA). Two reacted with whole virus bu...