Curtis Blais

• Naval Postgraduate School

Based on the insights of experts in both domains, Simulation and Wargaming comprehensively explores the intersection between computer simulation and wargaming. This book shows how the practice of wargaming can be augmented and provide more detail-oriented insights using computer simulation, particularly as the complexity of military operations and...

Current work in the PDG is specifying a core logical data model ontology addressing key areas of C2-to-Simulation interoperation such as initialization and tasking/reporting as well as transformation of the ontology data model to an Extensible Markup Language (XML) schema for implementation. This paper describes the transformation process of interp...

Experts and practitioners have worked long and hard toward achieving functionally capable robots. While numerous areas of progress have been achieved, ethical control of unmanned systems meeting legal requirements has been elusive and problematic. Common conclusions that treat ethical robots as an always-amoral philosophical conundrum requiring und...

At a curriculum meeting about 2002, VADM Richard W. Mayo, then Commander, Naval Network Warfare Command (NETWARCOM) asked the Commander of the Navy Modeling and Simulation Management Office (NAVMSMO), CAPT Richard Bump, what the Navy's budget for modeling and simulation (M&S) related activities was at that time. In 1996, the Naval Postgraduate Scho...

This chapter describes a fundamental challenge often faced by donor agents when they attempt to provide support to a failing or failed ‘host nation’ during its attempt to recover autonomous operations. That challenge is fundamentally defined by the complex relationship between the operations that are conducted in support of the host nation recovery...

Many types of robotic vehicles are increasingly utilized in both civilian and military maritime missions. Some amount of human supervision is typically present in such operations, thereby ensuring appropriate accountability in case of mission accidents or errors. However, there is growing interest in augmenting the degree of independence of such ve...

Unmanned systems are changing the nature of future warfare. Combat simulations attempt to represent essential elements of warfare to support training, analysis, and testing. While combat simulations have rapidly incorporated representations of unmanned systems into their capabilities, little has been done to distinguish unmanned systems from human...

The goal of U.S. foreign disaster recovery, humanitarian, reconstruction and stability operations is often implicitly, if not explicitly, to sustain and/or enhance the resiliency of the target state and consequently the global system of which we are all a part. This however has proven to be more elusive in recent attempts than many decision makers,...

The United States Army is undergoing a re-definition of its Civil Affairs officer positions. A recent project to define the educational requirements for an Army Civil Affairs Officer (38G) identified an educational requirement to help officers understand the complex ways in which the operations that advance the achievement of one stabilization obje...

The US Department of Defense (DoD) requires all models and simulations that it manages, develops, and/or uses to be verified, validated, and accredited. Critical to irregular warfare (IW) modeling are interactions between combatants and the indigenous population. Representation of these interactions (human behavior representation (HBR)) requires ex...

Information sharing is a key requirement in Live, Virtual, and Constructive (LVC) simulation environments. Operational plans, orders, and requests from live, virtual, or constructive command and control systems or simulations need to be received by and operated on by receiving LVC systems. Situational reports from the LVC systems need to be receive...

Modeling and Simulation (M&S) has become an extremely effective tool for supporting modern warfighting. This includes the use of M&S in systems acquisition and test and evaluation to improve the engineering performance of equipment and weapons systems, the use of M&S in training warfighters in essential decision-making and operational skills, and t...

Emergency response operational systems often do not work as expected by users. Subject matter expertise is not always considered for system design when developing the system requirements, and interagency coordination is often absent. With the Real-time Online Game-based Use-case Engine for Validation of Interagency Doctrine in Emergency Operations...

The purpose of this paper is to describe current work in specification and development of Web-based 3D standards and tools. The paper presents a Web3D application for military education and training currently in progress for the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office and the Marine Corps Combat Development Command. Web-based 3D content development...

Standard information exchange data models (IEDMs) – such as JC3IEDM, MSDL, NIEM, and C2Core – often are expressed as XML schema. This choice of model representation comes with the benefits of a widely adopted format and a well-supported XML toolset. Although XML, as a technology, has been an enabler in achieving interoperability among C4I and M&S s...

The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether S1000D, an international specification for technical publications, should be required in Department of Defense (DoD) acquisitions. Based on the information and opinions gathered from nearly 200 participants in the study, we conclude that S1000D should be a required standard for technical publica...

Data sharing is today's principal Information Technology challenge. All sectors—commercial, government, academic, and military—seek improved information exchange to achieve operational benefits, whether in the form of greater profits, improved situational awareness, intellectual advancement, or ability to respond to threats endangering respective i...

The modeling and simulation (M&S) community is faced with the task of informing public policy decision makers, from both the defense community and from the civilian sector, of the impact of their decisions on the beliefs, values and interests (BVIs) of the populations in their areas of influence. The M&S techniques used for these types of analyses...

Operational, analytic, training, testing, and experimentation communities require irregular warfare (IW) methods, models, and tools (MMT) with tactical-level representation to address key issues and requirements. DoDI 5000.61 requires all models and simulations developed, used, or managed by the DoD to be verified, validated, and accredited. Critic...

New challenges to analysis, modeling and simulation have arisen in recent years as decision-makers and policy makers seek a better understanding of human social culture behavior. The Office of Naval Research has tasked a team of researchers to investigate the specific question of the relationship between the well-established theory of anomie and th...

Operational, analytic, training, testing, and experimentation communities require irregular warfare (IW) methods, models, and tools (MMT) with tactical-level representation to address key issues and requirements. DoDI 5000.61 requires all models and simulations developed, used, or managed by the DoD to be verified, validated, and accredited. Critic...

As more is asked of simulations, especially in the area of reliable depiction of Human Behavior Modeling (HBR), the need to model at different (but related) levels of resolution will increase. Recent publications in the area of HBR have pointed out that to accurately consider such behaviors, several perspectives are required (perhaps simultaneously...

The Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML) is a common language for expressing and exchanging plans, orders, requests, and reports across command and control systems, modeling and simulation systems, and robotic systems. The Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) has approved a Product Development Group to generate a specif...

In August 2006, Program Executive Officer, Integrated Warfare Systems (PEO-IWS), established the Software, Hardware Asset Reuse Enterprise (SHARE) repository to enable the reuse of combat system software and related assets. A description of SHARE and the requirements for a component specification and ontology supporting this repository are availabl...

The commonly recognized benefits of software reuse are increased productivity, higher quality, shorter time-to-market, and reduced development and maintenance costs. Software reuse is a key thrust of DoD acquisition improvement initiatives including the Naval Open Architecture program. Successful reuse depends on many aspects of a reuse program, ra...

The Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML) is a common language for expressing and exchanging plans, orders, and reports across command and control systems, modeling and simulation systems, and robotic systems. In March 2006, the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) approved initiation of a Product Development Group (PDG)...

In a net-centric environment, data, tools and people operate in a distributed network. We explore a generic, flexible, scalable, usable and intelligent web services architecture framework that enables sharing and integration of web services on the fly. As an example application, the envisioned Web Service Architecture Intelligent Framework (WSAIF)...

The current Coalition Battle Management Language initiative (C-BML) will define a language to unambiguously exchange command and control information between systems. This paper introduces a categorization that may be used to guide the process of developing C-BML effectively by enumerating the conceptual requirements the authors have identified in m...

The Department of Defense (DoD) Modeling and Simulation Steering Committee (M&S SC) is sponsoring several Acquisition Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Projects. One of those projects is titled, "Standardized Documentation for Verification, Validation, and Accreditation (VV&A)." Previous efforts defined standardized content and format requirements (i.e...

The Department of Defense (DoD) Modeling and Simulation Steering Committeepsilas Acquisition Community Lead sponsors the project, ldquoStandardized Documentation for Verification, Validation, and Accreditation (VV&A).rdquo This paper will update the military communications and information processing community on that project. It will provide inform...

In August 2006, Program Executive Officer of Integrated Warfare Systems (PEO-IWS), established the Software Hardware Asset Reuse Enterprise (SHARE) repository to enable the reuse of combat system software and related assets. In July 2007, the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) was tasked to develop a component specification and ontology for the SHARE...

The Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML) is an emerging standard for expressing and exchanging plans, orders, and reports across command and control (C2) systems, modeling and simulation (M&S) systems, and robotic systems. In March 2006, the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) approved initiation of a Product Developme...

Data sharing is the information technology watchword of our time. Revolutions in information exchange and interoperability are underway in government and industry through policies on the strategic end to data standards on the implementation end. The revolution is transforming acquisition systems and processes through specification of open architect...

The use of ontologies to represent data and knowledge combined with service-based software provides new opportunities for the integration of command and control systems, simulations, and dynamic data. The U.S. Department of Defense's Global Information Grid (GIG) is envisioned to integrate complex communications networks, data from 2 disparate sour...

Many defense, homeland security, and commercial security objectives require continuous tracking of mobile entities such as aircraft. The systems that perform these functions produce information products called tracks. A track associates observations with the mobile entity and typically includes position, velocity, and other similar attributes. Mili...

This work presents a framework and a graphical user interface, Viskit, for the creation and analysis of component-based discrete event simulation models. Two primary elements of the tool are discussed. In component design mode, a new component is created by drawing the event graph and filling in parameters, so that the simulation modeler need not b...

The MSDL study group completed their efforts in spring of 2006. Since then the drafting group under the leadership of the MSDL PDG has worked to grow the results of the study group to become a solid foundation for standardization for the specification of military scenarios. This work involved the construction of a multinational team of drafting gro...

Information needed to support ground mobility decision making is critical to the success of ground operations. The ability to rapidly obtain and process relevant information in a network-centric environment will empower warfare planners. In addition, future network centric operations that will include autonomous unmanned ground vehicles as envision...

Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML), C2-simulation interoperability, Web service information exchange ABSTRACT: The Joint Battle Management Language (JBML) is being developed as an unambiguous language for tasking and reporting. This paper summarizes significant US national contributions to the current SISO Coalition Battle Management Lang...

This paper describes current work in the evolution of open standards for D graphics for Humanoid Animation (H-Anim). It builds on previous work to encompass plausible humanoids, humanoid behaviors and methodologies for composition with interchangeable and blended behaviors. We present an overview of the standardization activities for H-Anim, includ...

The Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) focuses on facilitating simulation interoperability across government and non-government applications worldwide. A number of standards are emerging that will individually have great impact on the development and operation of simulation systems, as well as interoperation across simulation...

The U.S. military is constructing a Global Information Grid that provides key software services to complex networks of computers and software clients in an operational theater. Commanders’ need for accurate and timely information in support of complex decisions requires that application programs, intelligent agents and humans be able to exchange, a...

The U.S. military is constructing a Global Information Grid that provides key software services to complex networks of computers and software clients in an operational theater. Commanders' need for accurate and timely information in support of complex decisions requires that application programs, intelligent agents and humans be able to exchange, a...

The Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) focuses on facilitating simulation interoperability across government and non-government applications worldwide. A number of standards are emerging that will individually have great impact on the development and operation of simulation systems, as well as interoperation across simulation...

The Battle Management Language (BML) is defined as an unambiguous language for command and control of live, simulated, and robotic forces. BML has enjoyed a long history of analysis and prototype development since the mid-1990's. From the Fall of 2004 through the Fall of 2005, the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) sponsored...

To meet information needs of operational commanders, user-centric applications will combine Global Information Grid (GIG) data and services to create a Common Operational Picture (COP). The COP, a single identical display of relevant information shared by more than one command, will facilitate collaborative planning and situational awareness. Land...

The Army’s Assured Mobility concept calls for “establishing the mobility common operational picture” (Mobility COP) which includes assessing maneuverability in the battlespace. Moreover, the Global Information Grid (GIG) is emerging as the next-generation architecture for military command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, survei...

The Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) IEEE-1278.1 standard is used in many military simulations. The binary data format for DIS does not lend itself to use in emerging web services standards or data analysis and storage tools because the data format is not recognized by most general purpose data manipulation tools. We examine an alternate XM...

We have entered an era in warfare requiring effective interoperability across live, constructive, and robotic forces for training, planning, mission rehearsal, and conduct of operations. However, just in the area of robotic forces, current autonomous vehicle (AV) interoperability is limited by vehicle-specific data formats and support systems. Unti...

Presentation on the development of interoperable common maneuver networks for modeling and simulation and command and control systems. Outline consists of: Concept; Approach; Path Forward; Interoperability- CMN, M-COP, and GeoBML.

Battle Management Language (BML) is defined as an unambiguous language to command and control forces and equipment conducting military operations and to provide for situational awareness and a shared, common operational picture. BML is being designed as a standard representation of a "digitized commander's intent" to be used for real troops, for si...

Current Battle Command (BC), Embedded Training (ET), and modeling and simulation (M&S) decision support systems do not share a common representation of the environment or many analysis services, including those associated with tactical maneuver data. The battlespace Common Operational Picture (COP) is therefore inconsistent across these systems,...

The objective of Battle Management Language (BML) is to define an unambiguous language to describe a commander's intent, to be understood by both live forces and automated systems, for simulated and real-world operations. The resulting language is intended to be applicable not only to simulation systems, but also to operational command and control...

This chapter will provide the reader with high-level exposure to the newly proposed Extensible 3D Graphics (X3D) specification. We will demonstrate basic scene construction and behaviour authoring. It is assumed that the reader has a basic understanding of the Extensible Markup Language (XML) to grasp more quickly the concepts introduced. 3D scene...

This chapter will show the reader how to use the Java" programming language to manipulate X3D graphics scenes.Although familiarity with Java is not a prerequisite for understanding the material presented, familiarity with ECMAScript, Java or other object-oriented programming language will aid the reader's understanding. First, we will review the X3...

1. Overview This project overview describes ongoing research and development using a transformational analytical modeling framework. Web services are used in an innovative way to connect multiple model components in a flexible, scalable, extensible architecture. Following the strategic trajectory of the XMSF effort, this work starts first with func...

This work represents the realization of Network-Centric goals of interoperability, information management, systems integration and cohesive battlespace visualization using networked computer technology. The application of structured data methodologies using the Extensible Markup Language (XML) allows organizations and systems to exchange and proces...

The military is planning and conducting a large number of Limited Objective Experiments (LOEs) to explore new doctrine, organization, tactics, and technology with the objective of more rapidly transforming today's forces to better address the threat environment of the 21 st Century. Web-based 3D technology is being investigated as a tool for creati...

ter or security professional: . Allowing Combat Systems Officers and other shipboard force protection personnel to preview harbors before entering port. . Ports incorporated to date: Pearl Harbor, Aden Yemen, Port Hueneme California . Gain insight on pier layouts, port structure, spatial relationships, shadow zones, and possible sentry requirements...

The United States Marine Corps has a unique role in development of the next-generation warfare gaming system for command staff training. This system, titled the Joint Simulation System (JSIMS), is under development by the Department of Defense through a Joint Program Office acting to coordinate the activities of multiple DoD agencies and military s...

The United States Marine Corps has a unique role in development of the next-generation warfare gaming system for command staff training. This system, titled the Joint Simulation System (JSIMS), is under development by the Department of Defense through a Joint Program Office acting to coordinate the activities of multiple DoD agencies and military s...

The Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Tactical Warfare Simulation (MTWS) is the next generation training system for the U.S. Marine Corps. MTWS is designed to support training of tactical commanders and their staff in Command Post Exercises, Field Exercises, and exercises involving a combination of live forces and simulated forces. This paper pr...

The Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Tactical Warfare Simulation (MTWS) system is a computer-assisted, two-sided warfare gaming system designed to support training of U.S. Marine Corps commanders and their staffs. Primary requirements for the system were written in the early 1980s. Since then, a transition in training from uni-service to joint...

The LADDER natural language query system was evaluated in the Advanced Command and Control Architectural Testbed (ACCAT) facility at NOSC San Diego. The operational utility of LADDER with respect to command and control applications was assessed in an experiment using Navy officers as subjects. A second effort, the subject of this report, considered...

In the Spring Quarter of the 2005 Academic Year, the Naval Postgraduate School introduced a new course to focus on Modeling and Simulation for Military Operations Other Than War. The course was designed to present and discover issues, challenges, and opportunities for application of modeling and simulation (M&S) to Military Operations Other Than Wa...

clblais@nps.navy.mil; brutzman@nps.navy.mil jwharney@nps.navy.mil; jdweekle@nps.navy.mil Abstract The military is planning and conducting a large number of Limited Objective Experiments (LOEs) to explore new doctrine, organization, tactics, and technology with the objective of more rapidly transforming today's forces to better address the threat en...

Using models and simulations that provide credible results in the systems engineering process is crucial to fielding defense weapon systems more effectively to the warfighter. Employing distributed, live-virtual-constructive synthetic environments that produce results that can be used with confidence is essential to support development and testing...

exercise operator proficiency, increased C4I battlespace awareness, but not for the warfighter to run 'what-if' scenarios to aid in development of tactical plans for employing published doctrine. This research to-date presents an end-to-end tactical aid for developing AT/FP defensive plans against the surface-borne terrorist threat. An agent-based...

The ability to analyze data quickly and transform it into ac- tionable information is vital for information superiority. However, the amount of available data is increasing and the time to make decisions is decreasing. There is too much data for humans to sift through and filter for decision making, so computer automation is necessary. The Extensib...

The Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Tactical Warfare Simulation (MTWS) system is a computer-assisted, two-sided warfare gaming system designed to support training of U.S. Marine Corps commanders and their staffs. Primary requirements for the system were written in the early 1980s. Since then, a transition in training from uni-service to joint...