Craig Friedrich

• Michigan Technological University

Orthopedic implants requiring osseointegration are often surface modified; however, implants may shed these coatings and generate wear debris leading to complications. Titanium nanotubes (TiNT), a new surface treatment, may promote osseointegration. In this study, in vitro (rat marrow-derived bone marrow cell attachment and morphology) and in vivo...

As total joint replacements increase annually, new strategies to attain solid bone‐implant fixation are needed to increase implant survivorship. This study evaluated two morphologies of titania nanotubes (TiNT) in in vitro experiments and an in vivo rodent model of intramedullary fixation, to simulate joint arthroplasty conditions. TiNT surfaces we...

To meet future needs for industries from personal devices to automobiles, energy storage devices are transitioning into the next-generation advanced battery systems beyond lithium ions with higher energy density. Among them, lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery stands out due to its highest theoretical energy density among all rechargeable ion battery sy...

In lithium-oxygen batteries, the solubility of LiO2 intermediates in the electrolyte regulates the formation routes of Li2O2 discharge product. High-donor-number electrolytes with high solubility of LiO2 tend to promote the formation of Li2O2 large particles following the solution route, which eventually benefits the cell capacity and cycle life. H...

Engineering crystal facets to enhance their functionalities often require complex processing routes to suppress the growth of surfaces with the lowest thermodynamic energies. Herein, we report a unique method to control the morphologies of β-MnO2 crystals with different occupancy of {100}/{111} facets through the effect of K⁺ cations. Combining abe...

The amorphous to anatase transformation of anodized nanotubular titania surfaces has been studied by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. A more rapid heat treatment for conversion of amorphous to crystalline anatase favorable for orthopedic implant applications was demonstrated. Nanotube titania surfaces were fabricated by elect...

The battle against postoperative infection in orthopedic surgery calls for the development of surfaces with antibacterial activity on the implant side of the bacterial biofilm. Incorporation of nanosilver into titanium nanotube surfaces offers a potential solution. This study presents a novel single-step anodization approach to incorporating nanosi...

Tissue discoloration in dental implant patients with thin gingival tissue is one of the many causes of dental implants’ revision surgery. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to address this issue by developing a surface that has a “tooth like bright colored” appearance while at the same time enhancing the bone implant integration. A biomimetic...

Exposed crystal facets directly affect the electrochemical/catalytic performance of MnO2 materials during their applications in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells. Currently, the facet-controlled synthesis of MnO2 is facing serious challenges due to the lack of an in-depth understanding of their surface evolution mechanisms. He...

Electrochemical etching of titanium alloy in a fluoride-containing electrolyte results in ordered nanotextured surfaces. The reproducibility of nanotextured surfaces depends on several process parameters, most notably the fluoride ion concentration in the electrolyte. In the present work, electrochemical etching of Ti6Al4V alloy foils in ethylene g...

Category Basic Sciences/Biologics Introduction/Purpose Solid biologic fixation at the bone-implant interface provides long-term stability of orthopaedic implants. Historically, coatings and surface treatments on implant surfaces have been used to promote osseointegration of orthopaedic implants. The purpose of this research study is to evaluate tw...

Infection-related complications have been a critical issue for the application of titanium orthopedic implants. The use of Ag nanoparticles offers a potential approach to incorporate antimicrobial properties into the titanium implants. In this work, a novel and simple method was developed for synthesis of Ag (II) oxide deposited TiO2 nanotubes (TiN...

Molecular sensors and molecular electronics are a major component of a recent research area known as bionanotechnology, which merges biology with nanotechnology. This new class of biosensors and bioelectronics has been a subject of intense research over the past decade and has found application in a wide variety of fields. The unique characteristic...

After the implantation of a biomaterial in the body, the first interaction occurs between the cells in contact with the biomaterial surface. Therefore, evaluating the cell–substrate interface is crucial for designing a successful implant. In this study, the interaction of MC3T3 osteoblasts was studied on commercially pure and alloy (Ti6Al4V) Ti sur...

An electro-osmosis (EOS) diode pumping platform capable of culturing cells in fluidic cellular micro-environments particularly at low volume flow rates has been developed. Diode pumps have been shown to be a viable alternative to mechanically driven pumps. Typically electrokinetic micro-pumps were limited to low-concentration solutions (≤10 mM). In...

Modifying surface chemistry and/or surface topography is considered to be a traditional way of optimizing bone implant integration (osseointegration) for improved bone bonding. The previous results have shown enhanced in vitro osteoblast cell density on titania nanotube–covered surfaces compared with bare titanium surfaces. However, for titania nan...

Nanoscale dimensions and remarkable properties of carbon nanotubes make them promising building blocks for nanoelectronics. One requirement is the need to manipulate single or multiple carbon nanotubes to bridge electronic conductors. In this paper, multi-walled carbon nanotubes with a variety of sizes are assembled onto electrodes using alternativ...

The use of optical waveguide technology in printed circuit boards offers improvement in high speed data transfer. Transitioning current material deposition techniques for waveguide fabrication from small scale laboratory environments to large scale manufacturing presents significant physical and financial challenges. To address these issues, a syri...

Optical-electrical printed wiring boards were fabricated featuring mechanical transfer (MT)-compatible interconnections for out-of-plane optical signal routing with an average optical link loss of 10.7 dB. Commercially available components were integrated into an optical layer for out-of-plane optical routing, including light turning devices that f...

An energy transfer relationship between core-shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and the optical protein bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is shown, demonstrating a distance-dependent energy transfer with 88.2% and 51.1% of the QD energy being transferred to the bR monomer at separation distances of 3.5 nm and 8.5 nm, respectively. Fluorescence lifetime measure...

This study examines the effect of environmental and experimental conditions, such as temperature and time, on the wettability properties of titania nanotube (TNT) surfaces fabricated by anodization. The fabricated TNTs are 60-130 nm inner diameter and 7-10 µm height. One-microliter water droplets were used to define the wettability of the TNT surfa...

Focus ion beam (FIB) technology has been employed to fabricate quantum dot based devices such as the single electron transistor (SET) on a silicon substrate with Cr/Au/Al2O3 film stack. It was discovered that the dwell time of FIB gallium beam on an area impacted the dosage of gallium ions implanted into the insulating substrate, creating a highly...

The unique energy transfer interaction between the optical Utilizing the direct energy transfer mechanism existing between semiconductor quantum dots and the hydrogen ion protein pump bacteriorhodopsin, a multi-functional bioelectronics platform is demonstrated. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer coupled QD-bR systems have been proven in both a...

We report the exploration of silicon nitride thin films prepared by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) and by radio frequency (RF) sputter deposition utilized in the top down fabrication of sub-70nm silicon nanowires for biochemical sensing with functionalization. A series of experiments were performed to characterize the suitability of...

ZnO nanostructures have proven to be versatile functional materials with promising electronic, piezoelectric and optical properties. Here, we report on the application of (CdSe) ZnS Core Shell quantum dots decorated ZnO Nanowires (ZnONWs) and Nanobelts (NBs) in solar energy harvesting. Results indicate that both as grown and decorated ZnO Nanostruc...

This paper reports on the integration of an optical protein with single electron transistors to form a nano-bio-hybrid device for sensing. Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is an optoelectric protein that translocates a proton across a distance of several nanometers in response to an absorbed photon of incident light. This charge gradient results in a measura...

This paper reports on a real-time monitoring method for the assembly of a small number of metallic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by dielectrophoresis (DEP). A time-varying impedance model of the electrode gap was developed to evaluate the number of CNTs which span the gap by measuring the simultaneous variation of gap impedance during the DEP process. Su...

We report the structural instability of TiO2 nanotubes subjected to treatment with ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) solution prior to calcination at elevated temperatures. The nanotubes were disintegrated into nanoparticles and the tubular morphology was vanished after 2 h of calcination at 500 °C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman...

The properties of implant materials used in humans may have important influences on the outcomes of clinical treatments. Recently, titanium and titanium alloys have been extensively employed as in-vivo implant materials, due to their generally favorable biocompatibility, high resistance to corrosion, and relatively low cost. On the other hand, even...

We report here, the deformation driven modulation of the electrical transport properties of an individual TiO ₂ nanotube via in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a scanning tunneling microscopy system. The current-voltage characteristics of each individual TiO ₂ nanotube revealed that under bending deformation...

Harnessing the energy transfer interactions between the optical protein bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) could provide a novel bio-nano electronics substrate with a variety of applications. In the present study, a polydimethyldiallyammonium chloride based I-SAM technique has been utilized to produce bilayers, trilayers and mul...

A novel technique for the patterning of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) films is presented. The photolithography based bacteriorhodopsin patterning technique (PBBPT) utilizes conventional photolithographic techniques to pattern purple membrane (PM) films containing bR. Several key process variables are investigated and characterized. The photoelectric respo...

Physical Sciences SymposiaA Real Time Observation of Phase Transition of Anatase TiO2 Nanotubes into Rutile Particles by in situ Joule Heating Inside Transmission Electron MicroscopeArticle author queryasthana a [PubMed] [Google Scholar]shokuhfar t [PubMed] [Google Scholar]gao q [PubMed] [Google Scholar]heiden p [PubMed] [Google Scholar]friedri...

of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.

Bacteriorhodopsin is an opto-electric protein found in the membrane of the extremophile bacterium Halobacterium salinarum. The protein creates a charge gradient across its 6-nm thickness and, when integrated with inorganic electron generation and transport materials such as titania nanotubes, may be useful as a new class of photon harvesters. Bacte...

Utilizing the direct energy transfer mechanism existing between semiconductor quantum dots (QD) and the hydrogen ion protein pump bacteriorhodopsin (bR), a multi-functional bioelectronics platform is demonstrated. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) coupled QD-bR systems have been proven in both aqueous and dried film states, allowing for...

Nanoscale sensing arrays utilizing the unique properties of the optical protein bacteriorhodopsin and colloidal semiconductor quantum dots are being developed for toxin detection applications. This paper describes an innovative method to activate bacteriorhodopsin-based electrodes with the optical output of quantum dots, producing an enhanced elect...

The mechanical compressive properties of individual thin-wall and thick-wall TiO(2) nanotubes were directly measured for the first time. Nanotubes with outside diameters of 75 and 110 nm and wall thicknesses of 5 and 15 nm, respectively, were axially compressed inside a 400 keV high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) using a new full...

The selection of process parameters, which include the concentration of the carbon nanotube (CNT) suspension, the magnitude of the applied voltage, and the duration of the electric field, is significant in the assembly of a small number of CNTs across an electrode gap by dielectrophoresis (DEP). This paper investigates by simulation and experimenta...

Funding for the Center for Nanaomaterials Research at Michigan Technological University commenced on 15 August 2003 under Contract DAAD17-03-C-0115. The progress for the period in each of the thrust areas is detailed. Degrees granted, referred journal publications, refereed conference publications, and invention disclosures are listed with each of...

The authors report on a real-time control method for assembly of a single or small number of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) onto microelectrodes by dielectrophoresis (DEP). On the basis of an impedance model and a real-time gap impedance monitoring method to evaluate and identify the number of MWNTs spanning an electrode gap, it has been demo...

Innovation in sensing technology is necessary in order to decrease negative outcomes in the event of a chemical or biological exposure. The sensors currently used to detect chemical and biological agents are too bulky, complex, and costly. The thrusts of this research are to develop sensor technologies. The technologies developed would help create...

This paper describes how monomeric bR can be overproduced in Escherichia coli and subsequently utilized as an integral component of a generic, nanoscale chemical sensing platform. The utility of this sensing platform is that it can be adapted for detection of a wide range of biological and chemical agents at, or below, nanomolar concentration level...

To effectively integrate bacteriorhodopsin (bR) with micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nano electromechanical systems (NEMS) devices, it is critical to know the electrical properties of the material and to understand how it will affect the functionality of the device. Inductance, capacitance and resistance (LCR) measurements can be used to...

The unique energy transfer interaction between the optical protein bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) provides a potential modulation mechanism for bio- nano electronic application. We have utilized ionic-self assembled monolayer (I-SAM) techniques to create a novel alternating monolayer system of QDs and bR on a conductive ITO...

A novel bacteriorhodopsin (bR) patterning technique utilizing photolithographic processes is presented. This process allows the oriented deposition and patterning of dried bR thin films onto flat substrates. Standard lithographic techniques are used to pattern the substrate and electrodeposition is used to deposit and orient the purple membrane fil...

Silicon-based thin-film technology has been used to develop high-density cochlear electrode arrays with up to 32 sites and four parallel channels of simultaneous stimulation. The lithographically-defined arrays utilize a silicon-dielectric-metal-parylene structure with 180 microm-diameter IrO sites on 250 microm centers. Eight on-board strain gauge...

We report on a real-time monitoring method for the assembly of a small number of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by dielectrophoresis (DEP). A time-varying impedance model was developed to estimate the number of MWNTs which span an electrode gap indicated by the instantaneous decrease of gap impedance during DEP. Sudden decreases in gap impeda...

The unique energy transfer interaction between the optical protein bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) provides a potential modulation mechanism for bio-nano electronic application. We have utilized ionic-self assembled monolayer (I-SAM) techniques to create a novel alternating monolayer system of QDs and bR on a conductive ITO s...

Nanoscale sensing arrays utilizing the unique properties of the optical protein bacteriorhodopsin and colloidal semiconductor quantum dots are being developed to detect minute concentrations of airborne toxins. This paper describes an innovative method to activate bacteriorhodopsin-based sensors with the optical output of quantum dots, producing a...

Micro pumps are a critical component in micro fluidic systems. Due to its ability to generate high flow-rate/pressure without using any moving parts, electro-osmotic (EO) pumps are an appealing candidate for micro applications. As part of the effort to produce miniaturized EO pumps, macro porous silicon (PS) with high aspect ratio pores has been in...

Background. Cochlear implants have become an accepted and successful treatment for profound sensorineural deafness in both children and adults. Essential to the effective and efficient localized stimulation of the auditory nerves, is the position of the implant electrode array stimulating sites within the scala tympani (ST). However, the small size...

The Wireless Integrated MicroSystems (WIMS) Engineering Research Center (ERC) has developed a broad comprehensive MEMS and microsystem curriculum suitable for upper-level undergraduate students, graduate students, and industry professionals. Five core courses were in the initial curriculum design. The design had flexibility that invited development...

The Wireless Integrated MicroSystems (WIMS) Engineering Research Center (ERC) has developed a broad comprehensive MEMS and microsystem curriculum suitable for upper-level undergraduate students, graduate students, and industry professionals. Five core courses were in the initial curriculum design. The design had flexibility that invited development...

An elastic seal was developed for fluid microconnectors. The seal can accommodate a variety of tube configurations including multiple tubes, inline connections and package bulkhead connections. The seal is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cast into mechanically micromachined molds and it seals by an interference fit with an inserted rigid tube. Seals de...

A modiolus-hugging thin-film electrode array is being developed for a cochlear prosthesis. The array contains embedded sensors for position and wall contact in order to minimize tissue damage during array insertion. The piezo-resistive polysilicon position sensors have gauge factors of typically 15, permitting array position to be determined to les...

The authors report on an actuated positioning device for a cochlear prosthesis insertion procedure. The device consists of multiple high-aspect ratio fluidic actuator chambers integrated with a high-density silicon cochlear electrode array and manufactured in a tapered-helix form. Actuation chambers with cross-sectional sizes as small as 40 × 200 μ...

This paper reports a high-density cochlear electrode array integrated with an articulated backing device. Fabricated on a silicon substrate, the device offers stimulating sites on a pitch of 250 μm. The backing device is designed to facilitate a deeper cochlear insertion and position the sites closer to the targeted neural receptors. The device is...

High-frequency ultrasound transducers have been developed for high-resolution imaging applications, such as nondestructive testing and medical diagnostics. Several of these devices employ miniaturized acoustical lenses to enhance the resolution of the system; however, research has been limited due to lens fabrication restrictions at or below the mi...

The purpose of this paper is to develop micromolding techniques for the fabrication of a more accurate high frequency pulse ultrasonic Doppler wall shear rate (PUDWSR) device. The PUDWSR device was developed utilizing three, center-aligned, 20-MHz ultrasound crystal-lens combinations with beam angles of 37°, 49° and 58° to the plane of flow with co...

Pulse Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry (PUDV) transducers have been used in the study of fluid wall shear stress and intimal hyperplasia within vascular bypass grafts [1]. Although these devices have contributed significantly to the understanding between fluid mechanic and biological phenomena, errors as large as 20% have been reported [1] within the...

The design, development and fabrication of miniaturized acoustical lenses using micromanufactured molds were discussed. It was found that the use of stamp and mold method resulted in a significant increase in production of usable lens-crystal assemblies and a decrease in production time. The decrease in the radii of curvatures during each step of t...

As the development of micromechanical devices and systems advances, diversity among processes is increasing. To transfer these technologies from university laboratories to the industrial sector requires graduates with a knowledge of the advantages and limitations of the processes and the ability to synthesize system concepts that can be more easily...

The purpose of this study was to employ new state-of-the-art micromachining techniques to fabricate acoustical lenses of identical geometric configuration for high frequency ultrasound applications. High frequency (20 MHz) piezoelectric crystals were placed in a holding jig and covered with one of two lens materials, PMMA or Epoxy. After curing, th...

The application of laser technology has shown great advantages in the fast growing area where electronic and mechanical components are combined to form miniature structures. Use of laser-induced polymerization (LIP) in making microstructures has drawn increasing attention. A focused laser beam can be guided directly to write three-dimensional patte...

Micromechanical milling has been shown to be a rapid and direct method for fabricating masks for deep x-ray lithography with lateral absorber features down to 10 micrometers. Conventional x-ray mask fabrication requires complex processes and equipment, and a faster and simpler method using micromechanical milling was investigated for larger microst...

The purpose of this study was to employ new state-of-the-art micromachining techniques to fabricate acoustical lenses of identical geometric configuration for high frequency ultrasound applications. High frequency (20 MHz) piezoelectric crystals were placed in a holding jig and covered with one of two lens materials, PMMA or Epoxy. After curing, th...

 Micromechanical milling has been shown to be a rapid and direct method for the fabrication of structures with the geometry and size suitable for use as x-ray mask absorbers. While the micromilling process can not duplicate the size and resolution of absorber patterns created by high energy electron beam or optical lithography methods, micromilling...

Micromechanical milling has been shown to be a rapid and direct method for the production of x-ray masks with features within the process limits. A method for compensating milling tool run out has been adapted and the tolerance of mask absorber features has been reduced to approximately 0.5 micrometers. The milling process leaves some absorber burr...

In conventional machining, milling is the most versatile of the cutting processes. Micromechanical milling has also been shown to be a very versatile and repid method for the removal of material and the creation of microstructures. These microstructures range form direct fabrication of molds in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to direct fabrication o...

Mechatronics is the integration of electrical and electronic functions with mechanical and related functions. At the microscale, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) strives to integrate those functions as well. Therefore micromechatronics and MEMS are basically identical in nature. The integration of technologies goes beyond an assemblage of subs...

Nearly since its invention, laser technology has been used for medical treatment ranging from tattoo removal to correcting visual disorders. Industrial lasers have also been widely used for fabricating medical components. More recently, lasers are being used for microfabrication of new types of medical devices and for subsequent processing. Along a...

Conventional milling techniques scaled to ultrasmall dimensions have been used to machine polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with micrometer-sized milling tools. The object of this work is to achieve machining of a common material over dimensions exceeding 1 mm while holding submicrometer tolerances and micrometer size features. Fabricating the milling...

An important aspect for the development of micromanufactured components and systems is to reduce the time and cost required to reach the prototype stage. At present, this development typically spans several years. Any fabrication approach which would reduce the cost and time-to-prototype would allow for the more rapid development of design concepts...

 High aspect ratio microstructures are currently created by several processes which include lithography (X-ray, deep ultraviolet, etc.) and mechanical machining (diamond machining, microdrilling, etc.). The lithographic processes require more extensive processing equipment such as an energy source, mask/mask holder/mask aligner, photoresist and sub...

At the macroscale, the milling process is very versatile and capable of creating three-dimensional features and structures. Adaptation of this process at the microscale could lead to the rapid and direct fabrication of micromolds and masks to aid in the development of microcomponents. This task has been undertaken, and results of the process indica...

A novel on-line cutting geometry inspection technique based on the integrated force-sensing method has been developed. A piezoelectric force sensor, mounted at the back of a single crystal diamond tool, was used to measure the cutting forces encountered by the tool system as it plunge-cut parallel micro flow channels on copper foils about 125 μm in...

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), micro systems technologies (MST, primarily in Europe) and micromanufacturing have become synonymous with the design, development, and manufacture of very small devices and systems. This paper overviews the history of the major technologies that are utilized in this field. After this brief historical overview o...

At the macroscale, the milling process is very versatile and capable of creating 3D features and structures. Adaptation of this process at the microscale could lead to the rapid and direct fabrication of micromolds and masks to aid in the development of microcomponents. This task has been undertaken and results of the process indicate it can become...

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), micro systems technologies (MST, primarily in Europe) and micromanufacturing are relatively recent phrases that have become synonymous with the design, development and manufacture of very small devices and systems. This paper overviews the history of the major technologies that are utilized in this field. Afte...

An experimental approach to on-line monitor the diamond cutting process based on the root mean square (RMS) value of the acoustic emission (AE) signals is presented. Cylindrical work-pieces of 6061-T6 aluminum were used with the cutting speed varied from 40 to 120 m/min., depth of cut 1 to 50 micrometers, feed from 6 to 42 micrometers/rev., and rak...

A novel on-line cutting geometry inspection technique based on the integrated force sensing method has been developed. A compact force sensor, mounted at the back of a single crystal diamond tool, was used to measure the cutting forces encountered by the tool system as it plunge-cut parallel micro flow channels on copper foils about 125 μm in thick...

This paper has attempted to summarize some recent activities in this country and overseas. The effort in Louisiana is relatively new and growing. The Russian effort is not well coordinated or documented. A conference on Micro Systems Technologies is scheduled for June of 1993 in St. Petersburg, Russia. Serious consideration should be given to devel...

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), micro systems technologies (MST), and micromanufacturing are relatively recent phrases or acronyms that have become synonymous with the design, development, and manufacture of 'micro' devices and systems. Micromanufacturing encompasses MEMS or MST and, in addition, includes all of the processes involved in the...

The stress distribution in a thin foil subject to micromachining is modeled to predict the allowable depth of cut with a diamond turning tool. From these results a fixturing system is devised and microflow channels are cut into 100 micrometer thick aluminum foil using a conventional computer numerically controlled lathe. The cutting method and resu...

Figure 1. Schematic of QD-bR electrode and corresponding energy transfer mechanisms. Left upper inset displays QD-bR spectral energy overlap and right upper inset models the QD-bR FRET efficiency. ABSTRACT The unique energy transfer interactions between the optical protein bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) provide a direct modu...

The unique energy transfer interaction between the optical protein bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) provides a potential modulation mechanism for bio&nano electronic application. We have utilized ionic&self assembled monolayer (I&SAM) techniques to create a novel alternating monolayer system of QDs and bR on a conductive ITO s...