Craig E Banks

• Follow us on our ACT twitter page @ACT_MMU
• Chair at Manchester Metropolitan University

Accurate, rapid, and cost‐effective validation of water quality is essential to ensure that the World Health Organization's (WHO) standards are met and that the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6—Clean Water and Sanitation is achieved. To this end, the development of additive‐manufactured electrodes using recycled polylactic acid, nanoca...

The electrochemical synthesis of nickel–cobalt (Ni–Co) layered double hydroxides (LDHs) on a nickel-coated graphite support for water splitting applications was investigated. Three different electrochemical approaches, namely, cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and chronopotentiometry (CP), were employed for evaluating the electrodepo...

The development of a print-at-home, low-cost, and miniaturized paper-based cell with 3D-printed electrodes using a 3D-printing pen and a bespoke conductive filament for detecting capsaicin in hot sauce is reported...

Additive manufacturing electrochemistry has the potential to revolutionise the wearable sensors industry through the rapid and customisable production of sensors; however, the currently available conductive filaments are not fit for purpose due to issues with their base polymers and filler loadings. In this work, we present the development of a hig...

The use of 3D-printed electrodes is reported fabricated from in-house conductive filament composed of a mixture of recycled poly (lactic acid) (rPLA), graphite (Gpt), and carbon black (CB) for fast detection of the abused drug ketamine. Firstly, the performance of these electrodes was evaluated in comparison to 3D-printed electrodes produced employ...

We report the electrochemical potential of conductive filaments produced with recycled polylactic acid (rPLA) alongside a mixture of graphite (Gpt) and/or carbon black (CB) and castor oil to create an electrode ready-to-use. Additively-manufactured electrodes (AMEs) were compared with commercial-conductive filament composed of PLA and CB. The Gpt-C...

The synergy of power ultrasound (20–100 kHz) with electrochemistry provides a powerful approach, termed “sonoelectrochemistry”. A useful method that overcomes the use of classical laboratory–based analytical instrumentation is the association of power ultrasound with electroanalytical chemistry, termed “sonoelectroanalysis”. In this overview, we ex...

Laser-induced graphene, which was first reported in 2014, involves the creation of graphene by using a laser to modify a polyimide surface.

This work reports the inclusion of gold nanoparticles within conductive additive manufacturing filament for an improved electrochemical and electroanalytical performance. An eco-friendly synthesis was utilised, where graphite flakes are used as a natural reducing agent for the formation of gold nanoparticles. In this way, the graphite acts as both...

Providing the reader with an up-to-date digest of the most important current research carried out in the field, this volume is compiled and written by leading experts. This volume reviews the trends in electrochemical sensing and its application and touches on research areas from a diverse range, including electrochemical detection of infectious pa...

Providing the reader with an up-to-date digest of the most important current research carried out in the field, this volume is compiled and written by leading experts. This volume reviews the trends in electrochemical sensing and its application and touches on research areas from a diverse range, including electrochemical detection of infectious pa...

In this review, we explore the electroanalytical determination of mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic acid.

Additive manufacturing electrochemistry is an ever-expanding field; however, it is limited to aqueous environments due to the conductive filaments currently available. Herein, the production of a conductive poly(propylene) filament, which unlocks the door to organic electrochemistry and electrosynthesis, is reported. A filament with 40 wt % carbon...

Norovirus (NoV) is the predominant cause of foodborne illness globally; current detection methods are typically expensive, have inadequate sensitivities, and utilize biological receptors with poor stability. Therefore, accurate, cost-effective, and highly stable detection methods are needed to screen for NoV in foods. We developed molecularly impri...

Screen‐printed electrochemical sensing platforms are ubiquitous within the field of electrochemistry where they provide benefits of being disposable, cost‐effective, reproducible, easily customisable, portable and allow one to transfer the laboratory approach into the field. In this review, we introduce the concept of screen‐printed electrodes, we...

The structural failure of Na2Mn[Fe(CN)6] could not be alleviated with traditional modification strategies through the adjustable composition property of Prussian blue analogues (PBAs), considering that the accumulation and release of stress derived from the MnN6 octahedrons are unilaterally restrained. Herein, a novel application of adjustable comp...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterium that poses a significant threat to public health, necessitating rapid and on-site detection methods for rapid recognition. The goal of the project is therefore to indirectly detect the presence of P. aeruginosa in environmental water samples targeting one of its quorum-sensing...

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent the most prevalent type of outpatient infection, with significant adverse health and economic burdens. Current culture-based antibiotic susceptibility testing can take up to 72 h resulting in ineffective prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics, poor clinical outcomes and development of further antibiotic...

Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral infection caused by MKPV (1). This disease causes skin lesions, fever and headache among other symptoms, which appear within a few days after the infection, and can led to the hospitalization of the infected person (2). Herein, we present the first 3D-printed electrochemical bio-device for multiplex analysis, enabling...

The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) affecting 537 million adults worldwide relies on invasive and costly enzymatic methods that have limited stability. Electroactive polypyrrole (PPy)‐based molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (eMIPs) have been developed that rival the affinity of enzymes whilst being low‐cost, highly robust, and facile...

This chapter introduces readers to the important aspects of electrochemistry which allow a greater understanding and appreciation of the subject, which can then be applied in later chapters where graphene is utilised as an electrode material.

In this chapter we overview recent developments made by researchers to fundamentally understand the electrochemical behaviour of graphene as an electrode material. However, before considering graphene, it is insightful to first overview graphite surfaces, where a significant amount of information has been gathered over many decades which can be bui...

In the earlier chapters we have observed the various electrochemical studies that aim to extend our fundamental knowledge of graphene electrochemistry. An area which greatly supports this is the use of graphene as an electrode material in the field of electroanalysis and also in energy storage/conversion. In terms of the performance obtained from a...

The beneficial qualities of graphene discussed previously, such as its outstanding material, physical, optical, and conductive properties have made it one of the most popular advanced nanomaterials for use in all sorts of manufacturing and materials processing. In addition to the areas discussed in the previous chapter, significant research has rec...

Herein, we present the first 3D-printed electrochemical portable biodevice for the detection of monkeypox virus (MKPV). The electrochemical device consists of two biosensors: an immunosensor and a genosensor specifically designed for the detection of the protein A29 and a target DNA of MKPV, respectively. The electrodes were manufactured using lab-...

The structural failure of Na2Mn[Fe(CN)6] could not be alleviated with traditional modification strategies through the adjustable composition property of Prussian blue analogues (PBAs), considering that the accumulation and release of stress derived from the MnN6 octahedrons are unilaterally restrained. Herein, a novel application of adjustable comp...

The production, optimisation, physicochemical, and electroanalytical characterisation of a low-cost electrically conductive additive manufacturing filament made with recycled poly(lactic acid) (rPLA), castor oil, carbon black, and graphite (CB-G/PLA) is reported. Through optimising the carbon black and graphite loading, the best ratio for conductiv...

The use of polymer additive manufacturing to produce electrodes is an increasingly popular area of electrochemical research. However, one downside of additively manufactured electrodes is the frequent need to remove polymer from the electrode surface to reveal a triple‐phase boundary in order for improved electrode performance to be realized. A com...

The theory of linear sweep voltammetry for quasi-reversible soluble-soluble reaction was studied by the use of semi-analytical simulation. Through the variation of the peak characteristics of linear sweep voltammograms: the peak current, half peak width and peak potential, with dimensionless kinetic rate (L) and the charge transfer coefficient (α),...

Escherichia coli is listed as a priority 1 pathogen on the World Health Organization (WHO) priority pathogen list. For this list of pathogens, new antibiotics are urgently needed to control the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant strains. This study assessed eighteen metal ions, graphene, and graphene oxide for their antimicrobial efficacy...

This review aims to provide an overview of sustainable approaches that can be incorporated into well‐known procedures for the development of materials, pre‐ and post‐treatments, modifications, and applications of 3D‐printed objects, especially for fused filament fabrication (FFF). Different examples of conductive and non‐conductive bespoke filament...

Additive manufacturing (3D-printing), in particular fused filament fabrication, presents a potential paradigm shift in the way electrochemical based biosensing platforms are produced, giving rise to a new generation of personalized and on-demand biosensors. The use of additive manufactured biosensors is unparalleled giving rise to unique customizat...

Our journal, C—Journal of Carbon Research (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/carbon), is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal on carbon research, published quarterly online by MDPI [...]

The first report of conductive recycled polyethylene terephthalate glycol (rPETg) for additive manufacturing and electrochemical applications is reported herein. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carbon black (CB) were embedded within a recycled feedstock to produce a filament with lower resistance than commerc...

The combination of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carbon black (CB) is presented to produce a high-performance electrically conductive recycled additive manufacturing filament. The filament and subsequent additively manufactured electrodes were characterised by TGA, XPS, Raman, and SEM and showed excellent low-temperature flexibility. Th...

A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: advanced oxidation processes copper-based catalysts photocatalysis organic pollutants water A B S T R A C T Organic pollutants are harmful to the environment due to their bio-accumulative and long-persistent nature, causing adverse effects on plants, animals, and humans. Their rapid spread beyond target applications...

In this work we report the dramatic effects that changing the infill pattern has on the electrochemical performance of an additively manufactured electrode made from commercial filament. Electrodes were produced using six different slicing patterns and imaged to confirm how the infill pattern altered the working electrode surface. These electrodes...

A sensitive and selective nanostructured zinc oxide-based chemically modified screen-printed electrode as an electrochemical interface for the electroanalytical determination of nitrite ions at trace concentration level is demonstrated. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through a green chemical approach. The resulting particles have been th...

Mesalamine, known as 5-aminosalicylic acid, is a medication used primarily in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. 5-Aminosalicylic acid can be measured using various benchtop laboratory techniques which involve liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy, but these are sophisticated and large,...

A highly microporous Cu-BTC (denoted as HKUST-1) was synthesized using a simple and rapid synthesis room-temperature method. The as-prepared HKUST-1 obtained at room temperature for 10 min exhibited a very high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 1875 m2/g, pore volume of 0.789 cm3/g, and average micropore size of 7.84 Å. Based on this product,...

Ciprofloxacin is a third-generation synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug which has been used as a broad-spectrum antibiotic to treat a number of bacterial infections. An excessive use or an overdose of ciprofloxacin can result in several adverse effects to humans and therefore its measurement is critical. Electroanalytical based sensors for...

Carbendazim is a broad-spectrum systemic fungicide that is used to control various fungal diseases in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Carbendazim is also used in post-harvest applications to prevent fungal growth on fruits and vegetables during storage and transportation. Carbendazim is regulated in many countries and banned in others, thu...

Mixing of graphite and carbon black (CB) alongside recycled poly(lactic acid) and castor oil to create an electrically conductive additive manufacturing filament without the use of solvents is reported herein. The additively manufactured electrodes (AMEs) were electrochemically benchmarked against a commercial conductive filament and a bespoke fila...

Sepsis, an infectious disease affecting millions of people’s health worldwide each year, calls for urgent attention to an improvement of analytical devices. Chemiluminescence immunoassay is a typical diagnostic method utilized to assess the risk development of sepsis. However, due to its high-cost, delayed, and complicated procedure, the practical...

Ni-doped alumina nanoflakes are a potent sensing material for SO 3 gas at 20-90 1C with moderate recovery. Herein, an economical synthesis of undoped and doped alumina for the experimental detection of SO 3 target gas is reported. The Ni-doping results in an efficient fast response to all tested concentrations of the target gas and also showed good...

Honey samples have been widely evaluated regarding the presence of degradation products as an index quality control, for example, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in the presence of carbohydrates. The monitoring of HMF strategy can be a challenge; however, catalyst-based electroanalytical approaches can overcome it. This work aims the use of propolis to...

Recycling used mixed material additively manufactured electroanalytical sensors into new 3D-printing filaments (both conductive and non-conductive) for the production of new sensors is reported herein. Additively manufactured (3D-printed) sensing platforms were transformed into a non-conductive filament for fused filament fabrication through four d...

Glucose biosensors play an extremely important role in health care systems worldwide. Therefore, the field continues to attract significant attention leading to the development of innovative technologies. Due to their characteristics, Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) represent a promising alternative to commercial enzymatic sensors. In this wo...

One of the principal raw ingredients used in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, nuclear fuel, and semiconductors is hydroxylamine, a mutagenic and carcinogenic substance, ranking high on the list of environmental contaminants. Electrochemical methods for monitoring hydroxylamine have the advantage of being portable, quick, affordable, simple, se...

With the increase in antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent need to find new antimicrobials. Four particulate antimicrobial compounds, graphite (G), graphene oxide (GO), silver–graphene oxide (Ag-GO) and zinc oxide–graphene oxide (ZnO-GO) were tested against Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aure...

In the present work, chitosan-coated nickel nanoparticles (CS-Ni) were successfully prepared onto screen-printed electrode (SPE) by electrodeposition method with the assistance of an anionic surfactant of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for the individual and simultaneous sensing of 4-aminophenol (4-AP) and paracetamol (PA). The as-prepared sensor was...

The development and increase in the number of crops recently have led to the requirement for greater efficiency in world food production, and greater consumption of pesticides. In this context, the widespread use of pesticides has affected the decrease in the population of pollinating insects, as well as causing food contamination. Therefore, simpl...

The use of pesticides is one of the primary means of protecting crops. However, this class of compounds can be highly toxic to the environment and humans. In this aspect, developing analytical devices for monitoring pesticides such as carbendazim in food sources is of paramount importance. Thus, the present work presents the application of a paper-...

This is the first report that describes the loading of phyto-drugs naringenin (NAR) and baicalein (BAC) in different Pluronics F108, F127 and P84 using solvent evaporationmethod (S.Ev.M) and Direct dissolution method (D.D.M.). Pluronic P84 micelles were able to encapsulatesignificantly higher amount of both phyto-drugs as compared to other Pluronic...

Lysozyme (LYZ) is a small cationic protein which is widely used for medical treatment and in the food industry to act as an anti-bacterial agent; however, it can trigger allergic reactions. In this study, high-affinity molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) were synthesized for LYZ using a solid-phase approach. The produced nanoMIPs were el...

Accurate and fast on-site detection of harmful microorganisms in food products is a key preventive step to avoid food-borne illness and product recall. In this study, screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) were functionalized via a facile strategy with surface imprinted polymers (SIPs). The SIP-coated SPEs were used in combination with the heat transfer...

This manuscript presents the design and facile production of screen-printed arrays (SPAs) for the internally validated determination of raised levels of serum procalcitonin (PCT). The screen-printing methodology produced SPAs with six individual working electrodes that exhibit an inter-array reproducibility of 3.64% and 5.51% for the electrochemica...

The recycling of post-industrial waste poly(lactic acid) (PI-PLA) from coffee machine pods into electroanalytical sensors for the detection of caffeine in real tea and coffee samples is reported herein. The PI-PLA is transformed into both nonconductive and conductive filaments to produce full electroanalytical cells, including additively manufactur...