Coral del Río

University of Vigo | UVIGO · Department of Applied Economics

Using measures rooted in welfare economics, this article quantifies the economic consequences arising from occupational segregation by gender and migration status in twelve European countries. We also identify the most inclusive European labor markets by building counterfactual distributions. In particular, we remove cross-country differences in im...

This paper explores the monetary poverty of families headed by same-sex couples, a group understudied in the poverty literature. This research contributes to the literature by documenting how same-sex couples rank with respect to different-sex couples when (a) employing poverty indicators that allow us to move beyond the poverty incidence; (b) meas...

This paper quantifies the role that occupations play in explaining wage differences among 12 gender–race/ethnicity groups without including occupations as control variables in wage equations. Our approach, based on a counterfactual analysis that involves a re-weighting scheme, has three advantages. First, it allows enlarging the small list of occup...

Purpose This paper explores the wages of White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American and “other race” women and men once differences in basic characteristics among these 12 groups are accounted for. The authors aim to extend comparisons beyond those of women and men of the same race or the various races within a given gender. Design/methodology...

There has been little discussion about the consequences of using standardized, rather than unstandardized, segregation measures when comparing societies with different demographic compositions. This paper explores standardization in a multigroup setting through an analytical framework that offers a clear distinction between the measurement of overa...

Using tools rooted in welfare economics, this paper explores the social welfare loss that arises from occupational segregation by gender and race in the U.S. at the regional level. After controlling for characteristics, the losses are lower in the Northeast than in the South and West according to a wide range of indicators, including those that tak...

This article offers a framework that allows for the simultaneous comparison of all sexual orientation–gender–race/ethnicity groups after controlling for characteristics. The analysis suggests that occupations matter in explaining earnings differences among groups. The article also displays the high magnitude of the gender wage gap in an intersectio...

This paper examines the importance of the occupational sorting of individuals in same-sex couples in explaining the economic position of lesbian women and gay men beyond controlling for occupation in the estimation of their respective wage gaps, as usually done in the literature. The analysis reveals that the distribution of partnered gay men acros...

The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) to define a new concept, the welfare loss that a society experiences due to the segregation of the demographic groups that comprise it and (b) to propose measures that quantify this phenomenon satisfying a set of normative properties. In aggregating the well-being losses (gains) of the groups derived for being...

Based on detailed occupation titles and making use of measures that do not require pair-wise comparisons, this paper shows that the occupational segregation of African American women declined dramatically in 1940–80, decreased slightly in 1980–2000, and remained stagnant in 2000–10. This paper quantifies the well-being losses that African American...

This paper investigates the occupational segregation of white women in the US at a metropolitan area level. Our results show substantial variation across areas and suggest that the national scale does not reveal the real situation of white women. The proportion of white women who would have to shift occupations to achieve zero segregation ranges be...

This paper deals with the quantification of the well-being loss/gain of a demographic group associated with its occupational segregation, an issue that has not been formally tackled in the literature. For this purpose, this paper proposes several properties to take into account when measuring this phenomenon. Building on standard assumptions of soc...

The aim of this article is twofold: (1) to descriptively explore the evolution of occupational segregation of women and men of different racial/ethnic groups in the United States during 1940-2010, and (2) to assess the consequences of segregation for each group. For that purpose, in this article, we propose a simple index that measures the monetary...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the different dynamic characteristics of unemployment in a selected group of European Union countries during the current Great Recession, which had unequal consequences on employment depending on the country considered. Design/methodology/approach – The paper follows Shorrocks’s proposal of a durat...

Gradín C., Del Río C. and Alonso-Villar O. Occupational segregation by race and ethnicity in the United States: differences across states, Regional Studies. Using the 2005-07 American Community Survey, this paper analyses the extent of geographical disparities in occupational segregation by race/ethnicity across US states. The results show that the...

We propose an aggregate measure of employment deprivation among households that follows a methodological framework developed to measure wellbeing. This index verifies a set of reasonable axioms that other available measures do not: increases in three relevant employment deprivation elements-incidence, intensity and inequality. Incidence captures ho...

Mujeres y hombres no ocupan lugares equivalentes en el mercado laboral debido al desigual reparto del trabajo. El objetivo de este estudio es ahondar en esta cuestión desde una doble vertiente. Por un lado, pretendemos actualizar nuestro conocimiento sobre la posición que ocupan las mujeres en el mercado laboral español, prestando especial atención...

The goal of this paper is to offer an axiomatic setup within which relative concentration can be analyzed while offering a bridge between the concentration of each sector and aggregate concentration. First, this paper characterizes in terms of basic properties the generalized entropy family of indexes in a location context. Next, it shows that the...

This paper defines local segregation measures that are sensitive to status differences among organizational units. So far as we know, this is the first time that status-sensitive segregation measures have been offered in a multigroup context with a cardinal measure of status. These measures allow researchers to aggregate employment gaps of a target...

This paper first reflects on the concentration invariance property that regional economics implicitly assumes when the locational Gini index and the generalized entropy family of concentration indexes are used. Second, it suggests that apart from these indexes, concentration measures based on other inequality notions can be used as well. Thus, this...

This paper studies occupational segregation by ethnicity/race and gender by following a new approach that facilitates multigroup comparisons and econometric analyses to take into account group characteristics. The analysis shows that segregation is particularly intense in the Hispanic and Asian populations (the situation being more severe for the f...

This paper aims to measure the relative importance of chronic versus transitory poverty in Spain by identifying groups of individuals with different poverty patterns over time. Results indicate that poverty in Spain has two important characteristics: a small group of individuals is persistently poor while those in transitory poverty experience a hi...

This paper aims to measure the relative importance of chronic versus transitory poverty in Spain by identifying groups of individuals with different poverty patterns over time. Results indicate that poverty in Spain has two important characteristics: a small group of individuals is persistently poor while those in transitory poverty experience a hi...

Alonso-Villar O. and del Río C. Concentration of economic activity: an analytical framework, Regional Studies. The goal of this paper is to offer an analytical framework within which relative concentration, including both the concentration of each sector and aggregate concentration, can be analysed. By borrowing properties from the literature on in...

In this paper we make a methodological proposal to measure poverty accounting for time by proposing a new family of intertemporal poverty indexes that aims at reconciling the way poverty is measured in a static and a dynamic framework. Our index is able to consider the duration of the poverty spell and the social preference for equality in well-bei...

This paper presents the advantages of taking into account the distribution of the individual wage gap when analyzing female wage discrimination. Several limitations of previous approaches such as the classic Oaxaca–Blinder and the recent distributive proposals using quantile regressions or counterfactual functions are thoroughly discussed. The meth...

The aim of this paper is to study the occupational segregation of immigrants in Spain. It analyzes whether age, educational level, gender, region of origin, and years of residence in Spain affect the distribution of immigrants across occupations. In addition, given the remarkable increase of immigrants in the last few years and the adjustments that...

This paper quantifies the occupational segregation of Hispanics in the largest Hispanic enclaves of the U.S. Using a procedure based on propensity score, it also explores the role played by the characteristics of Hispanics in explaining the variation of segregation across metropolitan areas. The lowest conditional segregation generally appears in w...

Using the 2005–2007 American Community Survey, this paper analyzes the extent of geographical disparities in occupational segregation by race and ethnicity across the United States. Although the unconditional analysis shows great geographical variation in segregation, with the largest levels in the Southwest, the analysis of segregation conditioned...

The aim of this paper is to study occupational segregation by gender in Spain, which is a country where occupational segregation explains a large part of the gender wage gap. As opposed to previous studies, this paper measures not only overall segregation, but also the segregation of several population subgroups. For this purpose, this paper uses...

This paper proposes a theoretical framework in which to study the segregation of a target group in a multigroup context, which can be labeled as local segregation. In doing so, this paper first presents an axiomatic set-up within which local segregation measures can be evaluated and it defines local segregation curves. Next, a class of additive loc...

This paper analyzes the role of gender wage discrimination in household poverty rates in several European Union (EU) countries using the European Community Household Panel. In order to quantify the impact of discrimination on poverty, it proposes the construction of a counterfactual distribution of wages where discrimination against women has been...

This paper introduces a class of intermediate inequality indices, I(?, ?), that is at the same time ray-invariant and unit-consistent. These measures permit us to keep some of the good properties of Krtscha’s (1994) index while keeping the same “centrist” attitude whatever the income increase is. In doing so, we approach the intermediate inequality...

This paper studies female and male segregation in the Spanish labor market paying special attention to differences among industries. For this purpose, it studies segregation when jointly considering differences in 66 occupations and 4 large sectors (agriculture-fishing, construction, industry, and services), and analyzes the evolution of segregatio...

Este trabajo analiza la dinámica de la pobreza en España identificando distintos perfiles en función de su duración temporal. Los resultados indican que la pobreza en España exhibe dos características importantes: un reducido número de individuos persistentemente pobres y un elevado nivel de recurrencia en la pobreza transitoria. Por eso en el caso...

The aim of this paper is to analyze occupational segregation in the Spanish labor market from a gender and an immigration perspective. In doing so, several local and overall segregation measures are used. Our results suggest that immigrant women in Spain suffer a double segregation since segregation affects them to a greater extent than it does eit...

En este trabajo se analiza la distribución espacial del desempleo en España explotando la información disponible a nivel municipal. Con este objetivo, se utilizan procedimientos empíricos de la literatura de geografía económica y distribución de la renta que nos permiten estudiar la concentración geográfica del desempleo. Además de analizar la dist...

In this paper we analyze changes in gender wage differentials in Spain between 1995 and 2002, with special attention to the distribution of labor and socioeconomic characteristics across female workers. A decline was observed in the differential, mainly driven by an increasing percentage of women holding a college degree. However, there is a persis...

This paper analyzes the spatial distribution of unemployment in Spain by using data at municipal level. We use empirical procedures from the literature on economic geography and income distribution to study the geographical concentration of unemployment. In addition to analyzing the distribution of the total unemployed population, we pay special at...

El objetivo del presente trabajo es doble: en primer lugar, mostrar la utilidad de las medidas de desigualdad intermedia en el análisis de la distribución de la renta; y, en segundo lugar, presentar las ventajas e inconvenientes de los índices intermedios existentes, de acuerdo con las principales propiedades normativas que satisfacen.

The aim of this paper is to study segregation in the Spanish labor market for both male and female workers, paying special attention to industrial segregation. As opposed to other studies, this article quantifies the segregation of each demographic group separately, rather than measuring overall segregation. For this purpose, it uses additively dec...

This paper first proposes a measure, the mutual information index derived from the information theory, to quantify overall concentration from an axiomatic perspective. The analysis reveals that this overall concentration measure can be written as the weighed sum of the Theil index for each sector of the economy (partial concentration). Next, the ge...

In this paper we analyze changes in gender wage differentials in Spain between 1995 and 2002, with special attention to the distribution of labor and socioeconomic characteristics across female workers. A decline was observed in the differential, mainly driven by an increasing percentage of women holding a college degree. However, there is a persis...

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo es doble: en primer lugar, mostrar la utilidad de las medidas de desigualdad intermedia en el análisis de la distribución de la renta; y, en segundo lugar, presentar las ventajas e inconvenientes de los índices intermedios existentes, de acuerdo con las principales propiedades normativas que satisfacen.

The economic literature has discussed at large about the best indicator of individual welfare: income or consumption. The implications of this choice are not only a matter for theoretical discussion but turn out to be very relevant for empirical analysis. Up to now, the debate has focused on the effects on distributional statics and avoided discuss...

Using data from the European Community Household Panel Survey (ECHP), the authors analyze the effects of gender wage gap on household income distribution in Spain. The empirical approach consists of three steps. First, the individual wage gap is estimated for each female worker. Second, a counterfactual household income distribution is generated by...

This paper aims to analyze occupational and industrial segregation in the Spanish labor market by using the alternative tools proposed by Alonso-Villar and Del Río (2007), along with some new extensions put forward here. In particular, two decompositions of their segregation curves are proposed. The approach followed in this article allows measurin...

En este trabajo se muestran las diferencias entre mujeres y hombres en el mercado de trabajo español, centrando el interés en las brechas existentes en términos de salarios y tasas de desempleo, y se ofrece una reflexión desde la teoría económica sobre el por qué de dichas diferencias. Además, se pone de manifiesto el significativo papel que juega...

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it shows the properties that regional economics is implicitly assuming when �relative� inequality measures, such as the Gini coefficient and the generalized entropy family of indexes, are used to quantify the geographic concentration of economic activity. Second, it proposes a new geographic concentration in...

Alonso-Villar O. and Del Río C. Geographical concentration of unemployment: a male–female comparison in Spain, Regional Studies. The aim of this paper is to analyse gender differences in the spatial distribution of unemployment. Specifically, it is explored whether agglomeration can influence gender gaps in unemployment rates. In doing so, tools ar...

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of several intermediate inequality measures, paying special attention to the unit-consistency axiom proposed by Zheng (2007). First, we demonstrate why one of the most referenced intermediate indices, proposed by Bossert and Pfingsten (1990), is not unit-consistent. Second, we...

This paper offers a general framework in which to study the occupational segregation of a target group when involving a categorization of individuals in two or more groups. For this purpose, it proposes to compare the distribution of the target group against the distribution of total employment across occupations. In doing so, this paper first pres...

. Deciding on over what period should household income be measured in order to assess poverty may have significant effects on the incidence, the characterisation of poverty and its persistence. In general, there are two possible household income variables available in household surveys: Annual or current income. Surprisingly, the literature on pove...

In this paper we analyse the distinct effectiveness of demographic, labour market and welfare state transfers events in promoting exits from deprivation for childbearing households in Spain, a Southern European Country with high and persistent child poverty and a familial welfare regime. We undertake a thorough analysis of outflow rates and of the...

The functioning of the labor market often has been stressed as a clear determinant in explaining poverty trends in developed countries. In this paper, we analyze the role of gender wage discrimination on household poverty rates in several EU countries, linking two related phenomena that rarely are analyzed together. In order to quantify the impact...

El objetivo de este estudio es recoger, de forma sintética, la evidencia empírica existente relativa a los niveles de discriminación salarial padecidos por diferentes colectivos de mujeres en nuestro país, y mostrar su relación con los niveles de pobreza existentes. Abordar el estudio conjunto de ambos fenómenos (discriminación salarial y pobreza)...

Time and value are related concepts that influence human behaviour. Although classical topics in human thinking throughout the ages, few environmental economic non-market valuation studies have attempted to link the two concepts. Economists have estimated non-market environmental values in monetary terms for over 30 years. This history of valuation...

This paper aims at complementing the approach presented by Johnston et al. (2003) with tools from the literature on economic geography and income distribution in order to perform a thorough analysis of the spatial concentration of unemployment. Apart from using such empirical procedures in the field of labour economy, the paper shows the complement...

En este trabajo se analiza la distribución espacial del desempleo en España explotando la información disponible a nivel municipal. Con este objetivo, se utilizan procedimientos empíricos de la literatura de geografía económica y distribución de la renta que nos permiten estudiar la concentración geográfica del desempleo, definido éste según dos co...

Time and value are related concepts that influence human behaviour. Although classical topics in human thinking throughout the ages, few environmental economic non-market valuation studies have attempted to link the two concepts. Economists have estimated non-market environmental values in monetary terms for over 30 years. This history of valuation...

En este trabajo se presentan las ventajas de analizar el problema de la discriminación salarial desde una perspectiva distributiva, considerando la experiencia discriminatoria de forma individualizada. Para ello se muestran las limitaciones tanto de los procedimientos clásicos (centrados únicamente en la media de la distribución salarial), como de...

The economic literature has discussed at large about the best indicator of individual welfare: income or consumption. The implications of this choice are not only a matter for theoretical discussion but turn out to be very relevant for empirical analysis. Up to now, the debate has focused on the e..ects on distributional statics and avoided discuss...

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución de la pobreza económica en España, tanto desde una perspectiva estática como dinámica, entre mediados de los años ochenta y mediados de los noventa, período todavía no suficientemente abordado en la literatura. Se muestra cómo tras un fuerte impulso inicial de reducción de la pobreza, éste se ago...

In Del Río and Ruiz-Castillo (2000) a new concept of intermediate inequality between the absolute and relative concept was proposed, and empirical procedures for a welfare analysis à la Shorrocks (1983) were developed. The aim of this paper is to use this methodology to difine a new concept, (x,d,p)- inequality, in order to range income distributio...

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución de la pobreza económica en España, tanto desde una perspectiva estática como dinámica, entre mediados de los años ochenta y mediados de los noventa, periodo todavía no suficientemente abordado en la literatura. En la vertiente estática, se muestra como tras un fuerte impulso inicial de reducción...

En este trabajo se analiza la evolución del nivel de vida en España durante la década de los 80, a partir de diferentes particiones de la población construidas según las siguientes características individuales: edad, relación con la actividad económica, y el resultado de la decisión sobre los acuerdos de convivencia, ya sea como sustentador princip...

The main contribution of this paper is the study of the evolution of the standard of living in Spain during the 1980s for a population partitioned by the following individual characteristics: the age group, the relation to economic activity, and the result of the decision on whether to live in a household headed by someone else, or to live on one’s...

Recent results on poverty in Europe show that households with children have a higher incidence of poverty than households without children. This incidence is not only higher but increasing. The literature on poverty has noted that the events that are most effective in pushing households out of deprivation should largely determine the design of pove...

In the last two decades, the interest in learning about the poverty levels of the different countries has reflected growing concern. This has been partly due to the economic recession and the high rates of unemployment that the western economies have gone through during that period, and partly, because the 80s has proved to be a difficult decade fo...

In this paper we apply decomposition methods to analyze some of the factors accounting for the decrease in household expenditures inequality in Spain during the 1980s. We adopt a simple one-parameter model in which equivalence scales depend only on household size. Then we propose an inequality decomposition method which minimizes equivalence scales...

The 1990-91 household expenditures distribution in Spain dominates, in the relative ("rightist") Lorenz sense, the 1980-81 distribution, but the latter dominates the former in the absolute ("leftist") Lorenz sense. This situation constitutes a textbook case for intermediate or "centrist" notions of inequality and social welfare. This paper presents...

In the last two decades, the interest in learning about the poverty levels of the different countries has reflected growing concer. This has been partly due to the economic recession and the high rates of unemployment that the western economies have gone through during that period, and partly, because the 80s has proved to be a difficult decade for...

We introduce a new centrist or intermediate inequality concept, between the usual relative and absolute notions, which is shown to be a variant of the -ray invariant inequality measures in Pfingsten and Seidl (1997). We say that distributions x and y have the same (x, )-inequality if the total income difference between them is allocated among the i...

En Alonso-Colmenares et al (1991), un grupo de trabajo de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid presentó distintos ficheros sobre la información básica disponible en las cintas originales del INE sobre la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares de 1973-74. En el presente documento se da cuenta de determinadas mejoras en el tratamiento de las imputaciones...

II Simposio sobre la Igualdad Distribución de la Renta y la Riqueza

El análisis de la pobreza en un determinado país en un momento dado se suele basar en indicadores económicos como el gasto o el ingreso equivalente durante un determinado periodo de tiempo de individuos u hogares. Así, gran parte de la literatura sobre pobreza ha centrado sus esfuerzos en contrastar la sensibilidad de sus resultados ante cambios en...

Usando datos del PHOGUE, los autores analizan los efectos de la brecha salarial por razón de género en la distribución de la renta de los hogares en España. El procedimiento empírico consta de tres fases. En primer lugar, se estima la brecha salarial individual para cada mujer trabajadora. A continuación, se genera una distribución contrafactual de...

Resumen Este trabajo pretende dar una perspectiva global de las contribuciones al análisis dinámico de la pobreza en España con el objetivo de descubrir si tras la estabilidad de la tasa de pobreza en los últimos años se esconde otra realidad respecto de la dimensión temporal del fenómeno. En primer lugar, estudiamos la duración de la pobreza y su...

We introduce a new centrist or intermediate inequality concept, between the usual relative and absolute notions, which is shown to be a variant of the a-ray invariant inequality measures in Pfingsten and Seidl (1994). We say that distributions x and y have the same (x, n)-inequality if the total income difference between then is allocated among the...

Decomposable measures are a useful tool to analyze the impact of households characteristics on income or expenditure inequality. However, the results are sensitive to the choice of equivalence scales in a heterogenous population. In this paper, we assume that equivalence scales depend only on the number of persons in the household. In this context,...

In this paper we study the evolution of the standard of living un Spain during the 1980' s for a population partitioned by the following individual characteristics: the age group, the 'relation to economic activity, and the result of the decision on whether to live in a household headed by someone else, or to live on one ' s own with or without dep...