Clifford E Brown

Wittenberg University · Department of Psychology

In a simulated cola taste test, experimenters' nonverbal behaviors influenced subjects' cola choices, although subjects expressed no awareness of the experimenters' impact. Nonverbal intimacy behaviors may make subjects feel comfortable in same-sex pairs and uncomfortable in mixed-sex pairs, resulting in an association of these internal states with...

This paper describes the continued development of a scaled-world simulation designed to conduct empirical research on team cognition and decision-making within a distributed environment. The NeoCITIES simulation was created to study decision-making and the impact of hidden knowledge profiles on team performance within a distributed command, control...

Immediately following a weekend of nationally televised U.S. Senate hearings, 53 students completed a questionnaire indicating whether they, same-sex, and opposite-sex students thought Judge Clarence Thomas (a) should be confirmed for the Supreme Court and (b) had sexually harassed Anita Hill. Although there were no sex differences in actual opinio...

This study examined collaboration in multidisciplinary design teams to identify how such teams can be more effectively supported through information technology. Accordingly we addressed collaboration in terms of information sharing, focusing on four internal processes and six external obstacles impinging on such sharing. Six design experts involved...

A participatory ergonomics approach to design requires knowledge of users, their tasks, and their task environments. User participation is a necessity because designers often misjudge the impact of design artifacts on users. As a consequence of misunderstanding their respective domains of expertise, designers may generate inappropriate solutions, a...

This report provides a composite review of the programmatical perspective, theoretical background, research foundations/methods, and situated' practice associated with the Collaborative Design Technological Laboratory (CDTL). Collaborative Design Technology denotes a triadic relationship among collaboration (interactive group process), design (a co...

In design teams, decision making entails negotiation among parties pursuing common goals with potentially divergent interests and objectives (Bucciarelli, 1988). In multidisciplinary design teams, these parties negotiate from perspectives further biased by their respective backgrounds, expertise, and roles. System design can be improved if we bette...

The purpose of this report was to describe the development of a research paradigm to study multidisciplinary design teams. An historical overview of multidisciplinary design teams identified two issues critical for effective collaboration: information sharing and avoiance of misanalogies. The process of developing a research paradigm to focus on th...

Results of an opinion questionnaire completed by 31 male and 79 female students of psychology in September 1991 reveal that both Clinton supporters and pro-choice advocates underestimated the prevalence of their own opinions; yet their estimates were higher than those made by individuals with differing opinions. Both sexes strongly and similarly fa...

This paper presents the results from a case study involving the use of concept mapping in a Total Quality Management (TQM) program. Concept mapping is a knowledge acquisition technique that has proven successful in a variety of instances when it was necessary to elicit information directly from domain experts and communicate that information to oth...

The need to understand the design process in all its complexity is motivated by an interest in the development of tools and technologies that would be capable of aiding collaborative design teams. This development effort depends upon an understanding of design activities as they occur within a real world context. Observations of design activities t...

Collaborative groups, by their very nature, involve the interactions of many participants which can vary in time, place, culture, knowledge, and ability. The design of collaborative technology for work groups must occur in conjunction with the users while avoiding the dangers of technology-centered product development. This paper focuses on applyin...

This study was designed to investigate whether computer-supported backtracking tools reduced navigation time over manual backtracking and to compare navigation times among a subset of four backtracking tools. Each tool was evaluated in the context of an experimental, hierarchical, direct-manipulation database. Trials consisted of an information ret...

Discusses the concept of collaborative work and the ways in which the emerging computer technologies may or may not support these group efforts. The domain of computer-supported collaborative work sets a new agenda for human factors engineering, and, in keeping with a human factors perspective, a group-centered approach to collaborative system desi...

A multimedia design tool is being developed to enhance the usability of ergonomic data by crew system designers and multidisciplinary design teams. The Computer-Aided Systems Human Engineering: Human Performance Visualization Subsystem (CASHE: HPVS), Version 1.0, will help both individual designers and design teams to experience and manipulate huma...

The concept of social power has, at its core, the ability of one person to influence one or more others or to control the outcomes of others (Ellyson & Dovidio, 1985). Social power may stem from the information a person possesses (informational power), the position that a person occupies (legitimate power), the ability to administer favorable outco...

Over the past decade, a multi-phased project supported by agencies of the Department of Defense, FAA, and NATO has been underway to understand and remediate problems in the transitioning of ergonomic research to system design applications. Efforts to enhance the usability of ergonomic data in system design have resulted in the present R&D project,...

It is noted that interpersonal relationships progress through specific phases which are affected in predictable ways by variables which are potentially controllable. Social-psychological research in these areas raises important issues to consider when designing human-computer systems. Attention to early human-computer encounters must enhance opport...

Previous research has demonstrated, consistent with expectation states theory, that men display greater power visually on masculine and non-gender-linked tasks than women; whereas women exhibit more power visually on feminine tasks than men. Our study investigated more specifically the role that actual knowledge plays in moderating sex differences...

Three experimental paradigms used to study human-to-human and human-to-intelligent-machine relationships within a distributed decision-making environment are briefly described. Each approach focuses on different aspects of fusing multiple sources of knowledge into a coherent decision-making system. The first approach uses a computer-based team reso...

The utility of group decision heuristics was examined in the context of a dynamic resource allocation task which incorporates both certain and uncertain events. Visual coding schemes for presenting the events varied among teams, only half the teams received experimenter developed heuristics, and both moderate and fast information presentation rates...

The utility of heuristics was examined in the context of a complex, dynamic, three-person team decision-making task. Four information presentation schemes were utilized for both moderate and fast information presentation rates across four test performance sessions. Overall team performance was improved through the provision of decision-aiding heuri...

Conducted a multichannel investigation of how gender-based familiarity moderates verbal and nonverbal behaviors between men and women. Undergraduates in 24 mixed-sex dyads discussed masculine, feminine, and non-gender-linked topics. The primary dependent variables were verbal and nonverbal behaviors related to social power. The verbal behaviors exa...

Two studies, with undergraduate subjects, investigated how sex and situation-specific power factors relate to visual behavior in mixed-sex interactions. The power variable in Study 1 was expert power, based on differential knowledge. Mixed-sex dyads were formed such that members had complementary areas of expertise. In Study 2, reward power was man...

The utility of shared versus isolated operator and display setting was examined in the context of a complex, dynamic, team decision-making task. Both alphanumeric and graphic display formats were utilized as well as moderate and fast information presentation rates. Performance scores were significantly higher, and subjective workload ratings were s...

The utility of shared versus isolated operator/display setting was examined in the context of a complex, dynamic, team decisionmaking task. Both alphanumeric and graphic display formats were utilized as well as moderate and fast information presentation rates. Performance scores were significantly higher and subjective workload ratings significantl...

Within team-technology interaction the use of large group displays has been proposed for certain types of command and control activities. This report describes a broad continuum of issues, concerns, variables, problems, and factors that must be considered by both research/design and operational communities, when an integration of team performance a...

A sample of 135 female human service professionals completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Staff Burnout Scale for Health Professionals (SBS), along with measures of job satisfaction, role stress, self-esteem, alienation, and locus of control. Principal components factor analysis of this battery indicates considerable covariation of s...

Despite the increasing participation of women in the work force, they are still underrepresented in higher-level management positions. As a result, executive women may often be the only female in their work group. A solo woman executive within a group of men may, because of the phenomenon of perceptual distinctiveness, be subject to attributional d...

A survey of racial attitudes was distributed in two predominantly white neighborhoods differing in median income. In a 15.75% sample of 400 persons fewer questionnaires were returned when the surveyor (identified in an introductory paragraph) was black. In addition, subjects from the high-income neighborhood returned more surveys to a Social Scient...

The problems encountered by a service organization assisting battered women, including issues of staff burn-out, public awareness, and interagency communication and referral, are examined in a survey, interviews and analysis of agency documents. Strategies for improving program effectiveness are offered.

Attempted to assess the false consensus effect in the context of preferences for 3 presidential candidates (John Anderson, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan) in the 1980 election. It was predicted that supporters would estimate a relatively high proportion of others would prefer the same candidate. Results reflect the false consensus effect. Supporte...

The tendency of subjects ( N = 400) at a suburban shopping mall to return letters found on their cars was studied, varying the implied race of the addressee (black or unspecified), the cost of helping (stamped or unstamped letter), and the car-status (low, medium, or high) of the subject. For subjects having low-status cars, black addressees receiv...

The tendency of shoppers at a suburban shopping mall to walk between conversing black, white, or mixed-race male dyads was observed. Both male and female shoppers (N = 508, 93.7% white) were more likely to walk through the black dyad than through the white or the mixed-race dyads. These results are interpreted as indicating a relative lack of consi...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Delaware. Principal faculty advisor: D. Michael Kuhlman. Includes bibliographical references : (leaves 93-95). Microfilm. s