Claudio Sapelli

• Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

El documento es fruto de un trabajo colaborativo de los autores que analizan la pertinencia de implementar en Chile un Ingreso Básico Universal, sus ventajas y limitaciones.

Chile's education voucher system was introduced in 1982, and is the oldest education voucher system in the world to be established on a national scale. It has already been mentioned in this handbook's chapter on international school choice. Therefore, the appraisal of this experience is of great interest in assessing the effects and proper design o...

Using student evaluations as a learning measure, we estimate and compare class size and teacher effects for higher education, with emphasis on determining whether a comprehensive class size reduction policy that draws on the hiring of new teachers is likely to improve educational outcomes. We find that teacher effects far outweigh class size effect...

In this paper we look at the income distribution by cohort in Chile. We construct a synthetic panel from cross section surveys and estimate the income distribution for cohorts born between 1902 and 1978. We then decompose the evolution of these distributions into age, year and cohort effects. The cohort effects show a period where inequality increa...

In this paper we look at the income distribution by Cohort in Chile. We construct a synthetic panel from cross section surveys and estimate the income distribution for cohorts born between 1902 and 1978. We then decompose the evolution of these distributions into age, year and cohort effects. The cohort effects show a period where inequality increa...

We estimate the evolution of intergenerational mobility of education in Chile for synthetic cohorts born between 1930 and 1978. The correlation coefficient between children and parent education falls from 0.67 for the cohort born in 1930 to 0.41 for that born in 1956, a process of improvement that suddenly stops, followed by stagnation. We find tha...

El presente artículo analiza el proceso de inversión en capital humano en Uruguay a través de un enfoque conocido como de �seudo- panel� o �cohortes sintéticas�. Los resultados del trabajo pueden resumirse en un escenario de estancamiento en la oferta de trabajadores con enseñanza secundaria y terciaria completa en las generaciones más jóvenes, en...

Many papers describe the Chilean voucher system as the “textbook” voucher case. But this is mistaken and has prevented research to undertake the key question of how the particular design of the Chilean voucher system determines the results obtained in Chile. This also prevents discussion of how a voucher system with a different design could lead to...

En este trabajo se estiman los diferentes índices de movilidad intrageneracional para Chile sobre la base del panel CASEN. A la luz de los resultados se evalúan las conclusiones de la literatura que se basan principalmente en la discusión de la matriz de transición. Se concluye que la lectura de los datos en una parte de la literatura es equivocada...

Se utilizan cortes transversales y cohortes sint�ticas para estimar las tasas de retorno a la educaci�n en Chile. Para corte transversal se usa las CASEN de los a�os 1990 a 2006. Para cohortes sint�ticas, las Encuestas de Ocupaci�n del gran Santiago para los a�os 1957 a 2000 y la encuesta CASEN para los a�os 1990 a 2006.Los resultados de corte tran...

We estimate the evolution of intergenerational mobility of education in Chile for synthetic cohorts born between 1930 and 1978. The correlation coefficient between children and parent education falls from 0.67 for the cohort born in 1930 to 0.41 for that born in 1956, followed by stagnation. We test three explanations for this evolution. The first...

We estimate the treatment effect associated with attending a private instead of a public voucher school in the Chilean voucher system. We find a large and significant positive treatment effect. We analyze the influence of peer effects on our result by estimating new treatment parameters that control for peer group characteristics. When we do so, we...

We estimate the rate of return to primary, secondary and university education for cohorts born from 1945 to 1975. Estimated returns start at a common level of 20% and then diverge, to finally converge at 30%. Regarding income distribution, we observe a dramatic improvement at the margin, especially after the cohort born in 1963 and again after the...

For decades, the Chilean health system has included a requirement for dependent workers to spend a certain percentage of their wages on health insurance. Since 1981, workers have been able to choose between public insurance and several private insurance providers. The reforms introduced more choice, moving away from reliance on an exclusive public...

Friedman (1962) argued that a free market in which schools compete based upon their reputation would lead to an efficient supply of educational services. This paper explores this issue by building a tractable model in which rational individuals go to school and accumulate skill valued in a perfectly competitive labor market. To this it adds one ing...

We study the existence of self-selection and moral hazard in the Chilean health insurance industry. Dependent workers must purchase health insurance either from one public or several private insurance providers. For them, we analyze the relationship between health care services utilization and the choice of either private or public insurance. In th...

The discussion about voucher systems in general and the evaluation of the Chilean voucher system in particular has centered, among other things, on whether private schools are better than public schools, and on the importance of sorting and the peer effect. In this spirit, this paper presents some results regarding both issues. Regarding the first...

Este trabajo, utilizando las encuestas CASEN de 1990 y 1998, investiga la evoluci�n de la tasa de retorno a la educaci�n seg�n los supuestos tradicionales de Mincer y su robustez al cumplimiento de varios de los supuestos detr�s de las ecuaciones de Mincer. Los resultados muestran la conveniencia de levantar el supuesto de linealidad en escolaridad...

This paper analyzes the relationship between age and health services utilization in Chile, using the CASEN survey of 1994. Logistic analysis is performed to determine how age utilization profiles differ by income, location and system affiliation (private or public insurance). The results are used to discuss the consequences of population aging on t...

The assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of vouchers has been hindered by the lack of sufficient empirical evidence. The Chilean education voucher system was established at a national scale and has data for more than 15 years. The empirical literature developed to evaluate the voucher system in Chile faced methodological and/or data limit...

Chile has shown in Latin America that an open economy can detach itself from the vicissitudes of its neighbors. It also has shown that it delivers growth. However, other countries in Latin America have considered reinventing the ALALC strategy of the sixties, a strategy of opening to regional trade while closing itself to trade outside the region....

En Chile, pr�cticamente todos los ni�os asisten a la escuela hasta la edad de 13 a�os. Sin embargo, de all� en adelante comienza un proceso de deserci�n que es el objeto de estudio de este trabajo. Se estudiar� el grupo de edad de 14 a 17 a�os, que debiera asistir a la educaci�n media. En dichas edades un 10% de la poblaci�n no asiste a la escuela...

We estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) parameter and treatment on the treated (TT) for those students effectively choosing a private voucher school. With detailed individual data for both the school and the family of the student we are able to control for factors not used before in the literature. Controlling for the selection bias caused b...

In this paper we study the determinants of the choice between public and private subsidized schools in the Chilean voucher system. Our empirical results confirm the effects of parent's income and education: higher income and more education increase the probability of choosing a private subsidized school. Perhaps the most remarkable results have to...

In Chile, dependent workers and retirees are mandated by law to purchase health insurance, and can choose between private and public health insurance. This paper studies the determinants of the choice of health insurance. Earnings are generally considered the key factor in this choice, and we confirm this, but find that other factors are also impor...

En Chile el 90% de los niños cursa su educación básica y media en escuelas municipales o particulares financiadas parcial o totalmente con recursos públicos. Los recursos que reciben estas escuelas dependen del número de alumnos atendidos. Cada alumno es "dueño" de un voucher o cupón que implícitamente se transfiere a la escuela elegida. Si el alum...

Chile’s economic performance since the mid 1990s has been outstanding. Several reasons account for this success. The strong initial position of the economy was a crucial asset. Broad consensus on economic matters helped a lot. This paper argues that the institutional setup was key to this success. Of course, there are many reasons why events unfold...

El desempeño económico de Chile desde mediados de la década de 1990 ha sido sobresaliente. Son muchas las razones que explican este éxito. La sólida posición inicial de la economía fue una fortaleza crucial. El amplio consenso existente con respecto a las materias económicas también fue de gran ayuda. Este artículo postula que el escenario instituc...

This paper studies the factors that determine the choice of either pri-vate (ISAPRES) or public (FONASA) health insurance in Chile, by those man-dated by law to purchase health insurance (i.e. dependant workers and retirees). Earnings are generally consid

The Chilean health system involves both the private and public sectors in the provision of insurance and health care. It is characterized by much wider private insurance coverage than in the rest of Latin America (at about 30% of population). The coexiste

This paper puts forward an explanation for the negative elasticity of supply of beef found in many LDC's. As is explained by Jarvis (1974), the elasticity of supply of beef may be negative in the short run due to the dual role of cattle as both a capital and a consumption good. But in some LDC's, and especially in Latin America, one may find a long...

This paper puts forward an explanation for the negative elasticity of supply of beef found in many LDC's. As is explained by Jarvis (1974), the elasticity of supply of beef may be negative in the short run due to the dual role of cattle as both a capital and a consumption good. But in some LDC's, and especially in Latin America, one may find a long...

This paper provides a model of utility maximizing governments to explain when and why countries adopt or discontinue a structural adjustment program (SAP), in an attempt to stabilize and liberalize their economies. Assuming a rent-seeking government, the model shows that compliance with an SAP is endogenous. Consequently, the key issue is to study...

El desempleo en Chile ha sido un tema de constante investigación en los últimos diez años. En este trabajo se propone explicar la persistencia de una alta tasa de desempleo entre 1975 y 1980, a pesar de que había un fuerte crecimiento del producto. El trabajo hace una comparación entre la visión llamada “tradicional” del mercado de trabajo y una vi...

Underdeveloped countries have heavily taxed their natural-resources based exports, with important consequences on investment and growth. It is difficult to understand the rationale behind these policies, specially after years of stagnation of the export s

PIP 2 main hypotheses have been suggested to explain Uruguayan migration to Argentina: 1) political emigration because of the military regime imposed in June 1973 and 2) economic emigration because of the economic improvement in destination countries and the worsening conditions at home. A further formulation of the 2nd hypothesis incorporates soci...

El presente trabajo pretende estimar cuantitativamente algunos de los costos económico-sociales de la migración laboral que ha tenido lugar en el Uruguay en los últimos veinte años. Los costos de la migración se pueden examinar en términos de sus efectos sobre el bienestar social. Para ello, los autores consideran las consecuencias que la migración...

ABSTRACT The Chilean Health System has had, for decades, a mandate to dependent workers to spend a certain percentage of their labor income,on health insurance. Since 1981 workers can choose between,public insurance and several private insurance providers. The reforms introduced more choice, and a move away an exclusive public provider. By 1999, ab...

En este trabajo estimamos el efecto de tratamiento promedio (average treatment effect parameter, ATE) y el efecto del tratamiento en los tratados (treatment on the treated parameter, TT) para aquellos alumnos que escogieron establecimientos subvencionados privados. Debido a que contamos con información a nivel individual de los establecimientos y d...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1985. Microfilm.