Claudio Babiloni

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Verified

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• PhD - Professor of Physiology
• Full Professor at Sapienza University of Rome

Here, we investigated whether educational attainment influences the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying vigilance regulation, as reflected in resting-state eyes-closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms, in patients with dementia due to Parkinson’s (PDD) and Lewy body disease (DLB). Clinical, demographic, and rsEEG data were obtained from...

Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s (PD) and Alzheimer’s (AD) exhibit considerable heterogeneity of functional brain features within patients, complicating diagnosis and treatment. Here, we use electroencephalography (EEG) and normative modeling to investigate neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning this heterogeneity. Resting-state EEG...

This study examined whether the brain age gap (BAG), the difference between chronological and predicted brain age, reflects neurodegeneration when estimated from electroencephalographic resting-state (rsEEG) α-oscillations. It also explored whether α-based brain clocks reflect sociodemographic diversity and structural inequality. The BAG was comput...

Background Genetic testing of familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is attracting interest thanks to innovative primary prevention clinical trials and increased request for information by at-risk individuals. However, ethical, social, and psychological implications are paramount and genetic testing must be s...

In this “centenary” paper, an expert panel revisited Hans Berger’s groundbreaking discovery of human resting state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) alpha rhythms (8–12 Hz) in 1924, his foresight of substantial clinical applications in patients with “senile dementia,” and new developments in the field, focusing on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most p...

Background Patients with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADMCI) are characterized by abnormalities in resting‐state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms as measures of brain neural synchronization dysfunction (Babiloni et al., PMID: 33860614). Here, we tested the two following hypotheses that those rsEEG abnormalities: (i)...

Background Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Sleep disturbances are closely linked in a bidirectional relationship. Indeed, sleep alterations represent a precipitating factor in early pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Conversely, the accumulation of Aβ and tau proteins directly disrupts sleep‐wake cycles. Sleep disturbances are extremely prevalent in A...

Background Vigilance and sleep disturbances in Alzheimer’s and related diseases, even at the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), have been extensively documented, showing abnormal daytime naps and alterations in the sleep‐wake cycle. However, the EEG correlates of the transition from wakefulness to light sleep have not yet been compared betwe...

Background Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD) is the most common neurodegenerative dementing disorder, explaining about 60‐70% of 50 million patients worldwide (www.who.int). Some previous studies in ADD patients showed significant neurodegenerative processes as revealed by reduced gray matter volume in the cerebral cortex, including the default mo...

Background The amplitude of resting‐state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms is a promising neurophysiological biomarker to investigate the abnormalities of oscillatory neurophysiological thalamocortical mechanisms related to the general cortical arousal and vigilance in wakefulness in patients with dementia due to neurodegenerative diseases a...

Background Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder phenotypically manifested by motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms (Novak and Tabrizi, 2011). These patients are also characterized by vigilance abnormalities. This has been demonstrated by electrophysiological measures (Wiegand et al., 1991). In particular, previo...

Background Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease are both neurodegenerative conditions involving the basal ganglia area of the brain. Both conditions can cause symptoms that affect movement. Cognitive decline or dementia can also occur in both. Resting state EEG (rsEEG) rhythms reflect neurophysiological mechanisms and operational functions...

Patients with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADMCI) typically show abnormally high delta (<4 Hz) and low alpha (8–12 Hz) rhythms measured from resting-state eyes-closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) activity. Here, we hypothesized that the abnormalities in rsEEG activity may be greater in ADMCI patients than in those with M...

The present study was developed based on the data of The PDWAVES Consortium (www.pdwaves.eu) and the PharmaCog project. The Partners and institutional affiliations are reported on the cover page of this manuscript. In this study, the clinical, neuropsychological, and magnetic resonance imaging data collection and analysis in patients with ADMCI and...

Background Structural income inequality – the uneven income distribution across regions or countries – could affect brain structure and function, beyond individual differences. However, the impact of structural income inequality on the brain dynamics and the roles of demographics and cognition in these associations remains unexplored. Methods Here...

Many coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) positive individuals exhibit abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity reflecting “brain fog” and mild cognitive impairments even months after the acute phase of infection. Resting‐state EEG abnormalities include EEG slowing (reduced alpha rhythm; increased slow waves) and epileptiform activity. An exp...

Brain clocks, which quantify discrepancies between brain age and chronological age, hold promise for understanding brain health and disease. However, the impact of diversity (including geographical, socioeconomic, sociodemographic, sex and neurodegeneration) on the brain-age gap is unknown. We analyzed datasets from 5,306 participants across 15 cou...

On the centenary of the first human EEG recording, more than 500 experts reflect on the impact that this discovery has had on our understanding of the brain and behaviour. We document their priorities and call for collective action focusing on validity, democratization and responsibility to realize the potential of EEG in science and society over t...

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD) exhibit considerable heterogeneity of functional brain features within patient populations, complicating diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and drug discovery. Here, we use electroencephalography (EEG) and normative modeling to investigate neurophysiological oscillatory mechanis...

Mirror Visual Feedback (MVF)-induced illusion of hand movements produces beneficial effects in patients with chronic pain. However, neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly known. In this preliminary study, we test the novel hypothesis that such an MVF-induced movement illusion may exert its effects by changing the activity...

The present exploratory study tested the hypothesis that computerized cognitive training (CCT) in home telemonitoring may beneficially affect eyes-closed resting-state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms in Parkinson's disease patients with cognitive deficits (PDCD). A Eurasian database provided clinical-demographic-rsEEG datasets in 40 PDCD pa...

Brain clocks, which quantify discrepancies between brain age and chronological age, hold promise for understanding brain health and disease. However, the impact of multimodal diversity (geographical, socioeconomic, sociodemographic, sex, neurodegeneration) on the brain age gap (BAG) is unknown. Here, we analyzed datasets from 5,306 participants acr...

The recent commercialisation of the first disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer's disease emphasises the need for consensus recommendations on the rational use of biomarkers to diagnose people with suspected neurocognitive disorders in memory clinics. Most available recommendations and guidelines are either disease-centred or biomarker-centred. A E...

Background Previous evidence showed that persons experiencing post‐COVID‐19 with “brain fog” were characterized by abnormal resting‐state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms reflecting vigilance dysfunctions. In the present exploratory study, we tested the hypothesis that in post‐COVID persons with normal cognitive status, abnormalities in thos...

Background Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD) is the most common neurodegenerative dementing disorder explaining about 60‐70% of 50 million patients worldwide (www.who.int). Some previous studies in ADD patients showed significant neurodegenerative processes as revealed by reduced gray matter volume in the cerebral cortex, including the default mod...

Background Previous studies have shown that patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADMCI) were characterized by reduced posterior rsEEG alpha rhythms after a 12‐month follow‐up (Babiloni et al., 2013). However, none of them have found an alpha deterioration considering a shorter follow‐up. A promising neurophysiological...

Background Abnormalities in cortical sources of resting‐state eyes closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms recorded by hospital settings (10‐20 montage) with 19 scalp electrodes characterized Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from preclinical to dementia stages. An intriguing rsEEG application is the monitoring and evaluating of AD progression in lar...

Background Indicators of cognitive reserve (CR) moderate the effect of brain pathophysiology on cognitive deficits in the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) continuum. In a previous study on individuals with subjective memory complaint (SMCs), a condition at risk for AD, from the INSIGHT‐preAD cohort, we found that CR using educational attainment (Edu) as a...

Background Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients present a higher risk of developing epilepsy compared to the age‐matched general population. Neurodegenerative cognitive disorders in general are closely linked with epilepsy and subclinical Epileptiform Electroencephalographic Activity (EEA). Furthermore, AD with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients...

Background Previous studies have shown that resting‐state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) and event‐related potential (ERP) biomarkers reflect the neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning vigilance dysfunctions and cognitive decline in persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADD). However, their best...

Background EEG in DLB is characterized by pre‐alpha dominant frequency (DF) [6–7.5] Hz. The appearance of prealpha rhythm in the cortex is linked to a dysfunctional thalamocortical connection, the thalamocortical dysrhythmia (TCD). The hypothesis that TCD is implicated in DLB has been demonstrated by several structural, functional, and molecular im...

Background Patients with dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADD) and Parkinson’s disease (PDD) suffer from vigilance dysregulation. We hypothesized that such dysregulation may be reflected by altered reactivity of posterior resting‐state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) alpha rhythms during the vigilance transition from eyes‐closed to ‐open condit...

Here, we discuss relevant literature findings on abnormal resting-state scalp-recorded electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms in old patients with severe cognitive deficits and disabilities in activities of daily living (i.e., dementia) due to Alzheimer’s (ADD), Parkinson’s (PDD), and Lewy body (DLB) neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we des...

Here we tested the hypothesis of a relationship between the cortical default mode network (DMN) structural integrity and the resting-state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms in patients with Alzheimer’s disease with dementia (ADD). Clinical and instrumental datasets in 45 ADD patients and 40 normal elderly (Nold) persons originated from the PD...

As of 2022, individuals age 65 and older represent approximately 10% of the global population [1], and older adults make up more than one third of anesthesia and surgical cases in developed countries [2, 3]. With approximately > 234 million major surgical procedures performed annually worldwide [4], this suggests that > 70 million surgeries are per...

Background Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD) is the most common neurodegenerative dementing disorder explaining about 60‐70% of 50 million patients worldwide ( www.who.int ). Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is another diffuse neurodegenerative dementing disorder inducing abnormalities in vigilance (visual hallucinations, cognitive fluctuations, an...

Background Abnormalities in the neurophysiological oscillatory mechanisms generating dominant resting‐state eyes closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms portray the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) continuum, from the preclinical to the dementia stage. Here, we tested whether these abnormalities may be reproducible by analyzing the rsEEG signals acq...

Background The resting state eyes‐closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) alpha (8‐12 Hz) rhythms reflect cortical neural synchronization mechanisms underpinning the inhibition of sensory, cognitive, and motor areas in parietal, temporal, and occipital cortex during a condition of low vigilance. Here we tested the hypothesis that age may diversely a...

Background CSF and imaging biomarkers are needed for the etiological diagnosis of neurocognitive disorders, but evidence is incomplete on their rational use in the clinic. Since October 2020, a European task force has been defining an evidence‐based diagnostic workflow, where incomplete evidence is filled by the opinion of experts. Herein, we repor...

Background Graph theory models a network by its nodes and connections. “Degree” hubs reflect node centrality, while “connector” hubs are those linked to several clusters of nodes. Here we compared hubs modelled from measures of interdependencies of between‐electrode resting‐state eyes‐closed electroencephalography (rsEEG) rhythms in normal old (Nol...

Background This retrospective and exploratory study tested the concept that at the group level, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can significantly affect brain structure and function before the manifestation of significant cognitive deficits. Method From a multicenter database, we selected structural 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resti...

Here, we tested that standard eyes-closed resting-state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms may characterize patients with mild cognitive impairment due to chronic kidney disease at stages 3-4 (CKDMCI-3&4) in relation to CKDMCI patients under hemodialysis (CKDMCI-H) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVMC...

Introduction: Operationalized research criteria for mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB) were published in 2020. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to review the evidence for the diagnostic clinical features and biomarkers in MCI-LB set out in the criteria. Methods: MEDLINE, PubMed, and Embase were searched on...

Mirror visual feedback (MVF) technique consists in placing a mirror in a person's body midline to induce the illusion of bilateral synchronous movements of the limbs during actual unilateral movements. A recent electroencephalographical (EEG) study demonstrated that MVF‐induced illusion was related to the event‐related desynchronization (ERD) of al...

Virtual reality has gained attention as an effective tool for cognitive, motor, and daily activity rehabilitation in patients with major neurocognitive disorder (M-NCD). The first objective of this study was to check for differences between M-NCD caused by degenerative and non-degenerative conditions (DC and NDC, respectively) in terms of relearnin...

Introduction: Graph theory models a network by its nodes (the fundamental unit by which graphs are formed) and connections. 'Degree' hubs reflect node centrality (the connection rate), while 'connector' hubs are those linked to several clusters of nodes (mainly long-range connections). Methods: Here, we compared hubs modeled from measures of int...

The neuromodulatory subcortical system (NSS) nuclei are critical hubs for survival, hedonic tone, and homeostasis. Tau‐associated NSS degeneration occurs early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, long before the emergence of pathognomonic memory dysfunction and cortical lesions. Accumulating evidence supports the role of NSS dysfunction and d...

Previous evidence showed abnormal posterior sources of resting‐state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) delta (<4 Hz) and alpha (about 8‐12 Hz) rhythms in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) as cortical neural synchronization markers in quiet wakefulness. We tested whether daily computerized cognitive training (CCT), for a short period, with an app...

Objectives Working memory performances are based on brain functional connectivity, so that connectivity may be deranged in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and patients with dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADD). Here we tested the hypothesis of abnormal functional connectivity as revealed by the imaginary part of coherency (ICo...

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) are the global standard of care for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and show significant positive effects in neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Although experimental and large-scale clinical evidence indicates the potential long-term efficacy of ChEI, prima...

Abnormalities in cortical sources of resting-state eyes closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms recorded by hospital settings (10-20 montage) with 19 scalp electrodes characterized Alzheimer's disease (AD) from preclinical to dementia stages. An intriguing rsEEG application is the monitoring and evaluation of AD progression in large populati...

Mirror Visual Feedback (MVF)-induced illusion of hand movements produces beneficial effects in patients with chronic pain. However, neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly known. Here we hypothesized that such an MVF-induced movement illusion may exert its effects by changing the activity in midline cortical areas of the p...

Introduction: Etiological diagnosis of neurocognitive disorders of middle-old age relies on biomarkers, although evidence for their rational use is incomplete. A European task force is defining a diagnostic workflow where expert experience fills evidence gaps for biomarker validity and prioritization. We report methodology and preliminary results....

Abnormalities in cortical sources of resting-state eyes-closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms recorded by hospital settings (10–20 electrode montage) with 19 scalp electrodes provide useful markers of neurophysiological dysfunctions in the vigilance regulation in patients with Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD). Here we tested whether thes...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder caused by degeneration in dopaminergic neurons. During the disease course, most of PD patients develop mild cognitive impairment (PDMCI) and dementia, especially affecting frontal executive functions. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that PDMCI patients may be characterized by abnormal neurophy...

Experiments on event-related electroencephalographic oscillations in aged people typically include blocks of cognitive tasks with a few minutes of interval between them. The present exploratory study tested the effect of being engaged on cognitive tasks over the resting state cortical arousal after task completion, and whether it differs according...

Background Patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADMCI) typically show a “slowing” of cortical resting-state eyes-closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms. Some of them also show subclinical, non-convulsive, and epileptiform EEG activity (EEA) with an unclear relationship with that “slowing.” Objective H...

Using a mirror adequately oriented, the motion of just one hand induces the illusion of the movement with the other hand. Here, we tested the hypothesis that such a mirror phenomenon may be underpinned by an electroencephalographic (EEG) event‐related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) of central alpha rhythms (around 10 Hz) as a neurophys...

Alzheimer’s disease causes most of dementia cases. Although currently there is no cure for this disease, predicting the cognitive decline of people at the first stage of the disease allows clinicians to alleviate its burden. Clinicians evaluate individuals’ cognitive decline by using neuropsychological tests consisting of different sections, each d...

Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) is the most diffuse neurodegenerative disorder belonging to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in old persons. This disease is provoked by an abnormal accumulation of amyloid-beta and tauopathy proteins in the brain. Very recently, the first disease-modifying drug has been licensed with reserve (i.e., Ad...

Here we tested if the reactivity of posterior resting-state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) alpha rhythms from the eye-closed to eyes-open condition may differ in patients with dementia due to Lewy Bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer's disease (ADD), as a functional probe of the dominant cortical neural synchronization mechanisms regulating the vigilance in...

Introduction Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) may represent a diagnostic challenge, since its clinical picture overlaps with other dementia. Two toolkits have been developed to aid the clinician to diagnose DLB: the Lewy Body Composite Risk Score (LBCRS) and the Assessment Toolkit for DLB (AT-DLB). We aim to evaluate the reliability of these two que...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia in people > 60 years. This white paper summarizes the current standards of AD diagnosis, treatment, care, and prevention. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and positron emission tomography (PET) measures of cerebral amyloidosis and tauopathy allow the diagnosis of AD even before dementia (prod...

Previous evidence showed abnormal parietal sources of resting-state electroencephalographic (EEG) delta (< 4 Hz) and alpha (8-12 Hz) rhythms in treatment-Naïve HIV (Naïve HIV) subjects, as cortical neural synchronization markers in quiet wakefulness. Here, we tested the hypothesis that these local abnormalities may be related to functional cortical...

The BDNF Val66Met gene polymorphism is a relevant factor explaining inter-individual differences to TMS responses in studies of the motor system. However, whether this variant also contributes to TMS-induced memory effects, as well as their underlying brain mechanisms, remains unexplored. In this investigation, we applied rTMS during encoding of a...

Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques (NiBS) have gathered substantial interest in the study of dementia, considered their possible role in help defining diagnostic biomarkers of altered neural activity for early disease detection and monitoring of its pathophysiological course, as well as for their therapeutic potential of boosting residual cog...

Background Cortical sources of resting state eyes‐closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms are abnormal in patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADMCI). In the present exploratory and retrospective study, we tested whether those abnormalities may be stronger in ADMCI with (ADMCI‐EEA) than without (ADMCI‐n...

Background Here we tested the hypothesis that gender may diversely affect resting state eyes‐closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) alpha (8‐12 Hz) rhythms recorded in normal elderly (Nold) seniors and patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment (ADMCI). Method Clinical and rsEEG datasets in 69 ADMCI and 57 Nold individuals ‐ m...

Background The cognitive reserve (CR) moderate the effect of brain pathophysiology on cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) continuum. In a previous study on individuals with subjective memory complaint (SMCs), a condition at risk for AD, from the INSIGHT‐preAD cohort, we found that CR altered the association of amyloid load with neurophys...

Background Keeping in mind Başar’s theory of event‐related EEG oscillations, here we hypothesize that transient increases in delta rhythms in quiet wakefulness may enhance global cortical arousal as revealed by the desynchronization of alpha rhythms in normal (Nold) seniors with some derangement in Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD). Method Clinic...

Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the first‐most common neurodegenerative disorder due to an abnormal accumulation of amyloid and tau proteins in the brain and explains about 60‐70% of 50 million of patients with dementia worldwide (WHO report, www.who.int ). Disease with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is emerging as another important cause of dementia wit...

Background The rsEEG alpha rhythms reflect cortical neural synchronization mechanisms underpinning the inhibition of sensory, cognitive, and motor areas in parietal, temporal, and occipital cortex during a condition of low vigilance. Here we tested the hypothesis that age may diversely affect rsEEG alpha (8‐12 Hz) rhythms recorded in normal elderly...

Background In normal old (Nold) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) persons, a high cognitive reserve makes them more resistant and resilient to brain neuropathology and neurodegeneration. Here we tested whether these effects may affect neurophysiological oscillatory mechanisms generating dominant resting state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) alpha rhythm...

Cortical network modularity underpins cognitive functions, so we hypothesized its progressive derangement along the course of frontotemporal (FTD) and Alzheimer's (AD) dementing diseases. EEG was recorded in 18 FTD, 18 AD, and 20 healthy controls (HC). In the FTD and AD patients, the EEG recordings were performed at the prodromal stage of dementia,...

Background Early differentiation between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is important for accurate prognosis, as DLB patients typically show faster disease progression. Cortical neural networks, necessary for human cognitive function, may be disrupted differently in DLB and AD patients, allowing diagnostic differentiati...