Chung Sik Yoon

• Ph.D.
• Seoul National University

Household cleaning products (HCPs) are widely used; however, their airborne emissions and hazards have not been thoroughly studied. This study is aimed at evaluating the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals present in HCPs and the hazards associated with them. A total of 23 VOCs and 19 metals from 75 HCPs (four spray types...

During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, Filtering Facepiece Respirators (FFRs) were highly effective, but concerns arose regarding their physiological effects across different age groups. This study evaluated these effects based on age and exercise intensity in 28 participants (children, young adults, and older individuals). Physiological par...

Consumer spray products (CSPs) are widely used in daily life, yet it is challenging to find products that fully disclose all components posing health risks. Existing studies primarily focus on product components or VOC quantities emitted during use. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the VOC concentrations emitted by CSPs at varying distances....

The filtering mechanism of respirators involves static electricity and physical mechanisms, such as inertial impaction, interception, and diffusion. Static electricity is used to reduce pressure resistance, but electrostatic effects and the environmental variables that affect them are not well studied. Therefore, this study evaluated the contributi...

Objective: We evaluated the occupational exposure levels of healthcare workers while conducting rotational pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (RIPAC) using cisplatin in a large animal model. Methods: We performed RIPAC using cisplatin in 6 female pigs and collected surface and air samples during the procedure. Surface samples were...

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the bulk sample concentration and airborne concentrations of phthalate in different types of propellent and triggers in consumer spray products and estimate health risk assessment via inhalation. First, the phthalate concentrations were analyzed in the solutions of all products 174 from markets. Then, amo...

Objectives: The coronavirus pandemic that began in 2019(COVID-19) has been one of the worst pandemics of the 21st century. Masks have been used to prevent COVID-19, but there are currently no standards for the long-term use of masks in the Republic of Korea. This study was conducted to assess the microbiological safety of KF94(Korea Filter 94) disp...

Background Though the artificial neural network (ANN) technique has been used to predict noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), the established prediction models have primarily relied on cross-sectional datasets, and hence, they may not comprehensively capture the chronic nature of NIHL as a disease linked to long-term noise exposure among workers. Me...

We estimated the inhaled and deposited dose in humans using the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) models following exposure to humidifier disinfectant containing polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG). The disinfectant has caused at least 1,810 deaths, with an odds ratio of lung injur...

The behavior of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), the causative agent of many humidifier-induced lung diseases, is not well known because of its various oligomer structures and analytical difficulties. The aim of this study was to identify different PHMG oligomer types both in solution and aerosols and to estimate the airborne concentration of ol...

Introduction To evaluate the occupation safety and effect of paclitaxel based on types of formulation aerosolized during rotational intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (RIPAC) in pigs Methods In terms of occupational safety, we first conducted RIPAC using paclitaxel twice over two days (n=2), and then performed RIPAC using paclitaxel (n=3) and po...

Many studies have evaluated the hazardous substances contained in various household chemical products. However, for aerosol spray products there is currently no international standard sampling method for use in a component analysis. The aim of this study was to develop an appropriate sampling method for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (V...

In this study, 31 household spray-type cleaning products from 10 categories were examined to identify the substances contained in these products and evaluate their resulting toxicities. After substance detection via LC-QTOF-MS, suspect and non-target screenings were performed using UNIFI software. A total of 48 substances were identified during sus...

Background: This study evaluated occupational exposure levels of doxorubicin in healthcare workers performing rotational intraperitoneal pressurized aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) procedures. Methods: All samples were collected during PIPAC procedures applying doxorubicin to an experimental animal model (pigs). All procedures were applied to seven...

Background: There is little information about the airborne hazardous agents released during the heat treatment when manufacturing a welding material. This study aimed to evaluate the airborne hazardous agents generated at welding material manufacturing sites through area sampling. Methods: concentration of airborne particles was measured using a...

Background Refractory ceramic fibers (RCFs) are a suspected carcinogen but have been widely used as insulations. Depending on the temperature, RCFs can transform into crystalline SiO2, which is a carcinogen that can be present in the air during bulk RCFs handling. This study analyzed the physicochemical and morphological characteristics of RCFs at...

Background: The recent COVID-19 pandemic is one of the worst disease outbreaks of the 21th century. Due to a lack of reliable antiviral therapeutics, wearing face masks is recommended to prevent airborne infection originating from virus-contaminated bioaerosols. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the filtration efficiencies of face...

The types of workplaces and occupations with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) clusters vary between countries and periods. We aimed to characterize major occupational groups with mass outbreaks of COVID-19 infections in several Asia-Pacific countries. Data on the major occupations or workplaces reporting COVID-19 cases in workplaces from January 2020 to...

This study is to evaluate exposure to harmful substances, such as particulate and heavy metals, by considering various factors, in anodizing and electroplating surface treatment process. Exposure evaluation studies on seven heavy metals (Cr, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Al, and Ba) and total suspended particulates (TSP) were conducted. Heavy metals were analyze...

Background: Despite the lack of official COVID-19 statistics, various workplaces and occupations have been at the centre of COVID-19 outbreaks. We aimed to compare legal measures and governance established for managing COVID-19 infection risks at workplaces in nine Asia and Pacific countries and to recommend key administrative measures. Methods:...

Objective: This study is to evaluate exposure to harmful substances, such as particulate and heavy metals, by considering various factors, in anodizing and electroplating surface treatment process. Methods: Exposure evaluation studies on seven heavy metals (Cr, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Al, and Ba) and total suspended particulates (TSP) were conducted. Heavy...

Objectives: Wearing medical masks has been recommended since the declaration of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) as a pandemic disease. Certified medical masks are evaluated according to filtration efficiency and facial inhalation resistance. However, some people use non-certified common masks. This study aimed to evaluate various non-certified co...

Enclosed underground excavation worksite has an environment with poor ventilation and exposure to hazardous substances from diesel engine exhaust and construction materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure level of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), total carbon (TC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dust a...

Harmful emissions including particulates, volatile organic compounds, and aldehydes are generated during three‐dimensional (3D) printing. Ultrafine particles are particularly important due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lung. We modeled inhalation exposure by particle size during 3D printing. A total of six thermoplastic filaments were...

Commercial spray products are commonly used in daily life and airborne particles generated by these products may cause adverse health effects. Our study was aimed to characterize the behaviors of airborne particles from spray products and to determine the deposition loss rate. Four categories of spray products with highly frequent use - air freshen...

Objectives: The aims of this study were to review the standards and key components of the standards for disposable masks in Korea, the US, EU, Japan, and China and to evaluate the appropriateness of disposable masks during a virus pandemic. Methods: We reviewed the standards in the above countries and compared their key elements for each standard....

Background Research on the status of many chemicals used in the semiconductor industry is needed. The purpose of this study was to describe the overall status of chemical use in the semiconductor industry in Korea and to examine it from a health perspective. Methods Data on the status of chemical use and safety data sheets (SDSs) at 11 of 12 major...

Physicochemical properties between colloidal engineered nanomaterials (ENM) and aerosols released from consumer spray products were characterized. A dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometer (ICP‐MS) were used to evaluate the suspended ENMs in the products. Direct‐reading...

The cover image is based on the Original Article Effect of Nozzle Temperature on the Emission Rate of Ultrafi ne Particles During 3D Printing by Chungsik Yoon, Sunju Kim, Jihoon Park et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12624.

Polyhexamethyleneguanidine (PHMG) is widely used as a disinfectant to prevent microbial contamination in ultrasonic humidifiers in Korea; however, sales have been prohibited by the government after an outbreak of severe lung injury among humidifier disinfectant users. This study was therefore conducted to determine the characteristics of PHMG parti...

Background Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are harmful gases generated during aerobic/anaerobic bacterial decomposition of livestock manure. We evaluated ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations generated from workplaces at livestock farms and determined environmental factors influencing the gas concentrations. Methods Five commercial swine farms...

Ultrafine particles and other hazardous materials are emitted during 3D printing, but the effect of temperature on such particles has not been studied systematically. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature on the emission rate of particulate matter during fused deposition modeling (FDM) three‐dimensional (3D) printing using...

Background: The semiconductor industry is known to use a number of chemicals, but little is known about the exact chemicals used due to the ingredients being kept as a trade secret. Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze chemical use using a safety data sheet (SDS) and chemical inventory provided by a major semiconductor company, wh...

Background The photolithography process in the semiconductor industry uses various chemicals with little information on their constitution. This study aimed to identify the chemical constituents of photoresist (PR) products and their by-products and to compare these constituents with material safety data sheets (MSDSs) and analytical results. Meth...

Background: Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is an inflammatory condition of the lung that develops at least 48–72 h after admission. HAP is contracted by both intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patients, but no studies have examined the risk of HAP in patients admitted to the emergency department (ED). This study investigated the risk of devel...

The goal of this study was to evaluate the hazardous chemical exposure control system in a semiconductor manufacturing company and recommend an appropriate exposure surveillance system for hazardous agents. We reviewed compliance-based chemical exposure data compiled between 2012 and 2014 by the study company. The chemical management system, charac...

(1→3)-β-D-glucan causes respiratory airway irritation as a biomarker for biological agents in indoor environments. We evaluated (1→3)-β-D-glucan levels in three microbiology laboratories every month for one year by applying a health risk assessment methodology and determined the associated environmental factors. In total, 192 samples were retrieved...

In the field of exposure science, various exposure assessment models have been developed to complement experimental measurements; however, few studies have been published on their validity. This study compares the estimated inhaled aerosol doses of several inhalation exposure models to experimental measurements of aerosols released from consumer sp...

We assessed the exposure of semiconductor workers to extremely low frequency-magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and identified job characteristics affecting ELF-MF exposure. These were demonstrated by assessing the exposure of 117 workers involved in wafer fabrication (fab) and chip packaging wearing personal dosimeters for a full shift. A portable device wa...

Background: Emergency departments (EDs) carry a high risk of infectious disease transmission and have also been implicated in tuberculosis (TB) outbreaks. Aim: This study investigated EDs to determine whether patients who visit EDs have an increased risk of TB infection. Using South Korean inpatient sample data (2012), we compared the risk of TB...

It is generally recognized that most nosocomial infections are spread by exposure to expelled particles at close range (usually within 1 m) or through contact. Although the Korea Centers for Disease Control established a 2-m cut-off for transmittance from patients during the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in Korea in 2015, questio...

A surrogate approach was deployed for assessing long-term exposures of multiple chemicals at 8 selected working areas of 3 manufacturing processes located at a clean room of a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) industry. For each selected area, 6 to 12 portable photoionization detector (PID) were placed uniformly in its workplace...

This study aimed to evaluate particle emission characteristics and to evaluate several control methods used to reduce particle emissions during three-dimensional (3D) printing. Experiments for particle characterization were conducted to measure particle number concentrations, emission rates, morphology, and chemical compositions under manufacturer-...

In this study, we evaluated the levels of airborne biological agents, such as bacteria, fungi, endotoxin, and (1→3)-β-d-glucan in university fish toxicity laboratory every month for one year and assessed the associated environmental factors. A single-stage viable cascade impactor connected with a pump was used for culturable bacteria and fungi. An...

Aims The purpose of this study was to assess the temporal changes in the concentrations of bioaerosols in a laboratory mouse room (LMR) and laboratory rabbit room (LRR), and to determine environmental factors associated with the culturable bacteria, fungi and (1→3)-β-D-glucan concentrations. Method The concentrations of culturable airborne bacteri...

We evaluated the spatial-temporal dispersion of airborne nanomaterials during the use of spray consumer products and estimated the level of consumer inhalation exposure. A total of eight spray products including five propellant and three pump types were selected to evaluate the dispersion of airborne nanoparticles across time and space in a cleanro...

Workers in the semiconductor fabrication process may be exposed to higher levels of hazardous materials, such as arsenic, during preventive maintenance (PM) tasks than during the regular operation of the fabrication process. This study investigates the exposure to arsenic and other metals during PM tasks in the ion implantation process. Airborne ar...

This study aimed to assess temporal changes in the concentration of culturable airborne bacteria (CAB) in three microbiology laboratories to determine the environmental factors that affects CAB concentration. The CAB concentration was determined once per month from March 2011 to February 2012 in the three laboratories. An Andersen one-stage sampler...

Objectives: Determining the time activity patterns of urban populations is critical when performing an exposure assessment. The purposes of this study were to classify urban populations in Korea by their time activity patterns and to identify factors that influence these patterns. Methods: The time activity patterns of 31,634 and 20,263 individuals...

Background IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of glomerulonephritis, a principal cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. The mechanisms of onset and progression of IgAN have not been fully revealed, and epidemiologic studies have yielded diverging opinions as to the role of occupational exposure to organic solvents in the ini...

Background The use of engineered nanomaterials in consumer products is becoming pervasive and a potential exposure source affecting human health. This study aimed to evaluate the exposure concentration based on the real-time monitoring during application of spray consumer products on the wall according to the spray type (propellant vs. trigger). M...

Introduction Various chemicals are used as dispersion solvents in engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)-containing spray consumer products. During use, ENMs are emitted with the solvents into the air. The solvents evaporated during use could cause an interference when the ENMs are monitored. The purpose of this study was to compare the removal efficienci...

Airborne endotoxin and (1-3)-β-D-glucan can cause adverse health problems and lead to potentially occupational exposure to the animal handler in the animal laboratories. The purposes of the study were to assess temporal changes of biological agents concentrations in a laboratory mouse room (LMR) and in a laboratory rabbit room (LRR) and to determin...

Introduction The semiconductor industry has been known to use a number of chemicals but very little is known about chemical use and its trade secret components. The objective of this study was to analyse chemical use using MSDS and chemical inventory in a semiconductor manufacturing industry in Korea. Methods Chemical inventory and information on...

Background As the number of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)-containing product is increasing on the markets, it has become a potential exposure source to consumers. Sprays containing ENMs is a crucial category of consumer products due to direct inhalation in terms of health effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial-temporal dis...

Background The semiconductor industry is known to use many chemicals but little is known. Especially, multi component chemicals including organic solvents and trade secret components have been used in photolithography process. The purposes of this study were to identify the chemicals used in a photolithography process and to compare it with the com...

We evaluated peak exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF) during the semiconductor manufacturing process based on an analysis of the time exposure patterns of semiconductor workers. This evaluation was manifested by measuring the personal exposure of 117 workers involved in wafer fabrication and chip packaging operations in the se...

Background The increasing number of products containing engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) has become a potential source for consumer exposure. Some manufacturers have not claimed that ENMs were used in products or others have claimed that their products used a nanotechnology without verifiable statements. This study aimed to identify the ENMs in cons...

Introduction Exposed to carbon nanotubes (CNT) may cause potential adverse health effect. Worker may expose to CNT during the manufacturing processes. But there is limited number of studies about CNT exposure at workplaces. The purpose of this study was to conduct exposure assessment of CNT at the CNT manufacturers in lab-scale and large-scale. Me...

Background A fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3 D printer is known to emit ultrafine particles during operation in a previous study. Even though various filler materials are used in the FDM 3 D printer, only a few materials have been studied. This study aimed to compare particle emission rates during 3 D printing with several filler materials. Met...

Background Relationships among portable scanning mobility particle sizer (P-SMPS), condensation particle counter (CPC), and surface area monitor (SAM), which are different metric measurement devices, were investigated, and two widely used research grade (RG)-SMPSs were compared to harmonize the measurement protocols. Methods Pearson correlation an...

Real-time monitoring is necessary for nanoparticle exposure assessment to characterize the exposure profile, but the data produced are autocorrelated. This study was conducted to compare three statistical methods used to analyze data, which constitute autocorrelated time series, and to investigate the effect of averaging time on the reduction of th...

Objectives: One major limitation encountered in retrospective exposure assessment for epidemiological study is the lack of exposure records and information maintained by companies which if they existed would allow the estimation of past exposure to hazardous operations and agents. This study developed a job-specific questionnaire(JSQ) to estimate e...

Objectives: This study aimed to assess temporal changes in the level of culturable airborne fungi (CAF) in three microbiology laboratories and determine the environmental factors associated with CAF level. Methods: CAF levels were determined once per month from March 2011 to February 2012 in three microbiology laboratories. An Andersen one-stage sa...

This study evaluated the variation over a year in airborne endotoxin levels in the indoor environment of five university laboratories in Seoul, South Korea, and examined the micro-environmental factors that influenced endotoxin levels. These included temperature, relative humidity, CO2, CO, illumination, and wind velocity. A total of 174 air sample...

Livestock workers are involved in a variety of tasks, such as caring for animals, maintaining the breeding facilities, cleaning, and manure handling, and are exposed to health and safety risks. Hydrogen sulfide is considered the most toxic by-product of the manure handling process at livestock facilities. Except for several reports in developed cou...

Real-time monitoring is necessary for nanoparticle exposure assessment to characterize the exposure profile, but the data produced are autocorrelated. This study was conducted to compare three statistical methods used to analyze data, which constitute autocorrelated time series, and to investigate the effect of averaging time on the reduction of th...

Real-time monitoring is necessary for nanoparticle exposure assessment to characterize the exposure profile, but the data produced are autocorrelated. This study was conducted to compare three statistical methods used to analyze data, which constitute autocorrelated time series, and to investigate the effect of averaging time on the reduction of th...

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the task-specific hazards of chemicals used by nail technicians in Daegu Metropolitan City. Materials: A total of 30 nail shops located in Daegu City were surveyed to investigate the major tasks and practices performed by nail technicians and the ingredients listed in nail care products used in shops...

Objectives: There are many hazardous agents at livestock farms. In particular, gases can be detrimental to both workers and animals. This study evaluated ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations in broiler hen barns and beef cattle barns according to sampling location and height. Methods: Three broiler hen barns and three beef cattle barns were...

This study evaluated the emissions characteristics of hazardous material during fused deposition modeling type 3D printing. Particulate and gaseous materials were measured before, during, and after 3D printing in an exposure chamber. One ABS and two PLA (PLA1 and PLA2) cartridges were tested three times. For online monitoring, a scanning mobility p...

The purposes of this study were to determine the following: 1) the exposure levels of municipal household waste (MHW) workers to diesel particulate matter (DPM) using elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), total carbon (TC), black carbon (BC), and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) as indicators; 2) the correlations among the indicators; 3) the...

The major purpose of this study is to construct a retrospective exposure assessment for benzene through a review of literature on Korea. Airborne benzene measurements reported in 34 articles were reviewed. A total of 15,729 individual measurements were compiled. Weighted arithmetic means [AM(w)] and their variance calculated across studies were sum...

This study was conducted in a real-scale iron ore sinter plant for reducing emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from the iron ore sintering process via the adjustment of its sinter raw mix. Based on operating condition of the selected plant, four experimental campaigns of Cref (currently used raw mix, served a...

Objectives: This study aims to compare the physicochemical characteristics, toxicological data with Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) of chemicals under the Occupational Safety and Health Act(OSHA) regulated by the Ministry of Employment and Labor of Korea. Methods: Information on chemicals which have OELs on physicochemical characteristics and t...

Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the classification system of chemical substances in the Occupational Safety and Health Act(OSHA) and Chemical Substances Control Act(CSCA) and to compare several health indices (i.e., Time Weighted Average (TWA), Lethal Dose (LD_{50}), and Lethal Concentration (LC_{50}) of chemical substances b...