
Christopher J HoldenAppalachian State University | ASU · Department of Psychology
Christopher J Holden
Doctor of Philosophy
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33
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Publications
Publications (33)
We examined the replicability of the 61-item EcoWellness Inventory (EI-61; Reese et al., 2015 Reese, R. F., & Lewis, T. F. (2019). Greening counseling: Examining multivariate relationships between ecowellness and holistic wellness. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 58(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/johc.12089[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) and t...
This study explored the role of individual differences in relation to overall EcoWellness (Reese and Myers in Journal of Counseling & Development, 90, 400-406, 2012) in a sample of online participants situated in the United States. Data were collected through self-report measures of mindfulness, personality traits, EcoWellness, and perceived natura...
The current study examined the relationship between borderline personality features, relationship-contingent self-esteem, and mate retention behaviors. Participants (N = 204) were recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk). They completed the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Relationship-Contingent S...
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with a number of relationship processes. To expand on this, relationship between borderline personality features (BPF; i.e., a non-clinical assessment of BPD) and mate retention was explored. In the first study, we investigated the relationship between BPF, relationship-contingent self-esteem (RCS...
Wellness is a holistic process comprised of a number of components, one of which is connection with nature. The concept of EcoWellness is designed to encapsulate this connection with nature. Previous humanistic counseling research has established connections between EcoWellness and a number of outcomes. However, just as people vary in terms of thei...
Men with penis appearance concerns are more likely to experience sexual dysfunction, but the processes underlying this association are unknown. This study investigated whether spectatoring (i.e., negative self-directed attentional focus during sex) mediates the association between penis appearance concerns and sexual dysfunction. Men in romantic re...
Relationship‐contingent self‐esteem (RCSE) refers to when feelings of self‐worth are derived from romantic relationships. RCSE influences views of the self and the functioning of romantic relationships. The relationship between RCSE and mate retention behaviors was examined across three studies. Study 1 examined whether self‐esteem level and RCSE p...
Self-esteem has multiple facets and individuals can derive their feelings of self-worth from specific domains in life (i.e., competition, approval of others, virtue; Crocker & Wolfe, 2001). Additionally, research on self-esteem suggests that it evolved as a social monitoring system, known as the sociometer (Leary, Tambor, Terdal, & Downs, 1995). Th...
Sperm competition theory can be used to generate the hypothesis that men alter the quality of their
ejaculates as a function of sperm competition risk. Using a repeated-measures experimental design, we
investigated whether men produce a higher-quality ejaculate when primed with cues to sperm competition
(i.e., imagined partner infidelity), relative...
The present study examined the relationships between four personality traits, humor styles, and happiness. Replicating previous research, happiness was positively correlated with four personality traits: extraversion, locus of control, self-esteem, and optimism. Further, happiness positively related to self-enhancing and affiliative humor styles; i...
Basic personality features have been found to be associated with a variety of romantic relationship outcomes including the strategies that individuals employ to retain their romantic partners. In the current studies, we were interested in determining whether pathological personality features were associated with mate retention behaviors. We examine...
The purpose of the present study was to extend previous knowledge concerning the link between self-esteem and aggression by examining the mediating role of emotion dysregulation among offenders and community participants. A sample of 153 incarcerated violent offenders and a community sample of 197 individuals completed self-report measures of self-...
Personality traits have frequently been observed to be associated with subjective well-being. It has been suggested that personality traits may lead individuals to experience life in certain ways which, in turn, influences their subjective well-being. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unknown. The present study hypot...
Relatively few studies have focused on the connections between self-esteem and basic personality dimensions. The purpose of the present studies was to examine whether self-esteem level and self-esteem instability were associated with the Big Five personality dimensions and whether self-esteem instability moderated the associations that self-esteem...
Men perform oral sex on their romantic partner as part of a broader benefit-provisioning mate retention strategy and men higher in Agreeableness are especially likely to provision their partner with benefits. The current research explored whether men's benefit-provisioning mate retention behavior mediated the relationship between their Agreeablenes...
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Nonhuman males attend to the number of potential sexual rivals in the local environment to assess sperm competition risk. Males of these species sometimes perform more frequent in-pair copulations to increase the likelihood of success in sperm competition. Here, we extend this research to humans, Homo sapiens. We secured self-report data from 393 m...
Men sometimes enact mate retention tactics to thwart a partner's infidelity or prevent their defection from the relationship. These tactics include low-risk acts that render the current relationship more attractive by bestowing benefits on the woman, as well as cost-inflicting acts that render defection from the relationship risky or dangerous for...
Recent debate has considered the connection between self-esteem and aggression. The present study attempted to clarify this association by examining the possibility that self-esteem instability moderates the association that self-esteem level has with aggression. Perceived aggression was measured in 234 (34 men and 200 women) undergraduate particip...
Personality features are associated with several relationship outcomes. We examined whether specific personality features differed in their associations with “mate retention” strategies. We examined the unique associations that personality features had with mate retention strategies reported by 179 community members in romantic relationships for at...
Self-esteem is a widely studied topic within psychology. Recently, the connections between self-esteem and important life outcomes have been debated because studies have produced inconsistent findings. Many of these inconsistencies may be due to the fact that most studies have focused on self-esteem level without incorporating other aspects of self...
Three experiments tested hypotheses about why humor that disparages some groups fosters discrimination whereas humor that disparages others does not. Experiment 1 showed that disparagement humor fosters discrimination against groups for whom society's attitudes are ambivalent. Participants higher in anti-Muslim prejudice tolerated discrimination ag...
Research has revealed a close connection between self-esteem level and psychopathology. The purpose of the present chapter is to provide a review of the literature focusing on the interconnections between self-esteem and various forms of psychopathology. Prominent explanations for the association between self-esteem and psychopathology are reviewed...