Christopher Einolf

• PhD
• Professor (Associate) at Northern Illinois University

Understanding how administrators can commit unethical acts is an important goal of public administration research. This article tests whether moral inversion, taken from Balfour, Adams, and Nickels' theory of administrative evil, can help explain torture, and also proposes and tests Bandura's theory of moral disengagement. It analyzes testimony fro...

This article reviews the social scientific literature on the causes of and prevention of torture, analyzes its successes and failures, and proposes a way forward. Many researchers have adopted a rational-actor, principal-agent framework, which fails to fully account for the multiple and often irrational motives of actors who work within complex bur...

There has been a steady increase in research studying the role of gender in prosocial behavior, such as charitable giving and volunteering. We provide an extensive review of the interdisciplinary literature and derive hypotheses about three different pathways that lead men and women to differ in their display of giving and volunteering: pathways th...

In this paper, we examine whether and how the institutional context matters when understanding individuals’ giving to philanthropic organizations. We posit that both the individuals’ propensity to give and the amounts given are higher in countries with a stronger institutional context for philanthropy. We examine key factors of formal and informal...

Introduction: Rape and sexual torture are frequent experiences among torture survivors, but relatively little is known about how victims respond to and find meaning in these experiences. Method: This study used secondary qualitative interview data from 47 male and female Shi’a Arab victims and survivors of sexual torture and rape in Saddam Hussein’...

This article reviews 81 articles that directly tested the effectiveness of volunteer management practices. Many articles measured volunteers' perceptions of the quality of management practices, not the practices themselves, making their utility to volunteer managers limited. Most articles used self-reported, cross-sectional surveys and subjective o...

This chapter first defines volunteering and discusses the prevalence of volunteering in the United States. It then defines three types of community organizations in which people may volunteer: functional, moral, and interactive. It reviews the research on who volunteers and why, dividing causal factors into demographic characteristics, resources, m...

This research note reports the results of interviews with 29 married couples about how they make charitable giving decisions. Most couples in the sample made decisions about donating small amounts separately and large amounts jointly. Most couples engaged in cooperative, not competitive, bargaining, as they tended to support the same charities and...

This article investigates super-volunteers, defined as individuals who volunteer 10 or more hours per week with a single organization. We conducted interviews with 25 super-volunteers to explore what motivates them to become super-volunteers and how they choose the organizations for which they volunteer. We also interviewed nine volunteer managers...

Earlier cross-sectional studies have suggested that parents’ levels of charitable giving and volunteering are influenced by transitions in their children’s lives, such as the arrival of a new baby, the entry of their oldest child into elementary school, and the leaving home of their youngest child. To better investigate this contention, I used long...

This volume overlooks the distinct expressions and awareness of volunteering in the lived reality of people from different regions of the world. By casting the net widely this book not only expands the geographic reach of experiences, models and case studies but also transcends the conventional focus on formal volunteering. It highlights institutio...

This paper used a sample of 194 students at public service graduate schools in the United States to compare Millennial students with Generation X students on public service motivation and its antecedents, prosocial behaviors, perceptions of the three sectors, and career plans. It found few differences between Millennial and Generation X students. M...

Most theories of cross-national variation in charitable giving have been tested only on samples of countries of Western European culture; this paper applies these theories to 114 countries, including 93 non-Western countries, using data from the Gallup World Poll. It finds strong support for economic and political theories of cross-national variati...

This book analyzes the US army's use of the 'water cure' torture in the Philippine War and the ensuing political scandal that resulted.

Gender differences in overall levels of volunteerism and charitable giving are small but vary across countries. While women are more motivated to help others, men have more of the resources of income and education that facilitate giving and volunteering. Structural inequalities tend to depress women's volunteerism and giving, and women's lower than...

Informal volunteering, or helping individuals in a way not coordinated by an organization, is the most common type of human helping behavior but one of the least studied. The psychological motives for informal volunteering are similar to those for formal volunteering, but income and socio-economic status do not affect informal volunteering. Informa...

How does the nature of a country’s government, and the relationship between the government and the nonprofit sector, affect individuals’ charitable giving? As other chapters focus on the political and economic determinants of the size and nature of the nonprofit sector, this chapter focuses on the historical development of the state and social welf...

Longitudinal data taken at a ten-year interval from a large, nationally representative sample were used to examine stability and change in generative concern, as measured by a reduced form of the Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS). Rank-order stability over a ten year period was high (r > .6) among those respondents 30 or older at the time of first me...

Recent scholarship has explored whether marriage encourages individuals to contribute to or withdraw from society. The authors examined how marriage affects volunteering and charitable giving, using longitudinal data from the 2001 to 2009 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Newly married men, but not women, were significantly more likely t...

In the campaign season that lasted from the fall of 1900 to the spring of 1901, the use of torture spread from central Luzon to other areas of the Philippines. On Panay, Major Edwin F. Glenn, a senior officer who reported directly to the divisional commander, refined the use of torture and turned it into a standard operating procedure. Other units...

The American army’s use of torture in the Philippines began shortly after it began fighting a guerrilla opponent. Throughout the conventional war phase of the Philippine War, which lasted from February to November of 1899, the army did not use torture against prisoners. Some troops, particularly the poorly trained state volunteers, committed abuses...

The torture scandal had little immediate effect on the American political scene, but a strong immediate effect on the military, as many officers were investigated and court-martialed in 1902 and 1903. Few officers’ careers suffered as a result, and most pro-imperialist politicians, including Roosevelt, won reelection. However, the scandal had a lon...

As the spring campaign season drew to a close in 1901, the guerrilla war seemed essentially over. Many guerrilla leaders had surrendered, fighting had subsided in most provinces, and the army had captured Emilio Aguinaldo, the president of the unrecognized Philippine Republic. Despite these successes, the army continued to use torture and increased...

The month of April had seen the atrocities debate move from a relatively obscure political skirmish, involving only the Secretary of War and the members of the Senate Committee on the Philippines, to a front-page scandal that inspired speeches on the floor of the full Senate. The debate continued throughout the month of May, repeating lines of argu...

The Philippine War was a direct result of the Spanish-American War, which the United States fought in part due to concerns over Spanish mistreatment of Cuban guerrillas and civilians. It was thus particularly ironic that the American army used torture, population concentration, property destruction, and food embargoes to win the war against Filipin...

This book narrated the history of the first torture scandal in the United States, beginning with the decision of American officers and soldiers to use torture, continuing with the scandal that their use of torture caused in American political life, and ending with an examination of the effects of the scandal on the army, the government of the Phili...

As the American army fought the Filipino army for control of the Philippines, American politicians argued over the morality and wisdom of keeping the Philippines as a colony. In support of the annexation of the Philippines were the Republican administrations of William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, a long with most of the Republicans in Congress...

In April 1902, the anti-imperialists finally began to get the upper hand in the debate over atrocities. The Committee on the Philippines called four witnesses who had seen or participated in the water cure, and their detailed and credible testimony established the reality of the water cure in the minds of the American public. The committee also dis...

This chapter describes and critiques existing theories of the causes of torture and political violence and theories of human rights advocacy. It first defines torture and provides an overview of its history; it then examines existing literature on its causes. It concludes with a discussion of the literature on the nature of human rights debate, bot...

Some social science research pays more attention to affective than cognitive empathy and much of the practitioner literature advises fundraisers to privilege emotion over reason when appealing to donors. “Who Helps Natural‐Disaster Victims” (Marjanovic, Struthers, & Greenglass, 2011. Who helps natural‐disaster victims? Assessment of trait and situa...

This study presents a narrative history and quantitative analysis of national campaigns in the United States, and analyzes how successful campaigns provide entertainment, foster empathy, and develop a national peer group with norms and networks that encourage giving. Our historical survey found that charity telethons flourished in the 1960s and 197...

This study used life narrative interview data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study to examine how religious values, ideas, and language motivate prosocial behaviors. Open coding of eighty-eight in-depth interviews revealed six themes: defining morality in religious terms, considering religion an important aspect of one’s identity, fe...

This paper describes three major theoretical perspectives in research on volunteering: social theories that stress the importance of context, roles, and integration; individual characteristic theories that emphasize values, traits, and motivations; and resource theories that focus on skills and free time. It unites research from multiple discipline...

This paper examines how the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) relates to range of prosocial behaviors, using a large, nationally representative U.S. data set. It finds that daily spiritual experiences are a statistically and substantively significant predictor of volunteering, charitable giving, and helping individuals one knows personally....

Psychological research has found that women score higher on most measures of the traits, motivations, and values that predict helping others, and women are more likely to help family and friends. However, sex differences in the institutional helping behaviors of volunteering and charitable giving are small. This paper seeks to explain this apparent...

This paper tests Samuel and Pearl Oliner’s theory that extensivity is a cause of prosocial behaviors, using data from the 1995 and 2005 waves of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey. Principal components analysis of a set of 19 questions about moral obligations supports the Oliners’ contention that some individuals have a constricted mor...

This study tested the relationship between sexual assault victimization, sorority membership, and participation in a range of sorority activities, using data from a large-sample (N = 779) survey conducted at a midsize public university. A total of 29% of sorority women reported having been sexually assaulted while in college, four times the rate (7...

Four books written by social scientists and published in 2007 are reviewed: The Trials of Abu Ghraib: An Expert Witness Account of Shame and Honor, by Stjepan Mestrovic; The Lucifer Effect, by Philip Zimbardo; Torture and the Twilight of Empire: From Algiers to Baghdad, by Marnia Lazreg; and Torture and Democracy, by Darius Rejali. Prior research o...

This study uses survey data to test the correlation between empathic concern and 14 different prosocial behaviors, including informal help to individuals and formal helping through institutions. Statistically significant correlations were found for 10 behaviors, but substantively meaningful correlations were only found for three, all of which were...

Data from the 1995 and 2005 waves of the Midlife in the United States panel study were used to compare rates of volunteering among the baby boomers with earlier cohorts and to predict boomers’ future volunteering. When age was kept constant through the use of panel data, the first baby boom cohort (born 1946 to 1955) did more volunteering than did...

Three paradigms of volunteering are evident in the literature. Volunteering is described as 'work,' as a prosocial activity, and a leisure activity. This paper tests the validity of each of these models in a longitudinal analysis of nationally representative survey data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) data set. The data provided weak...

Torture was formally abolished by European governments in the 19th century, and the actual practice of torture decreased as well during that period. In the 20th century, however, torture became much more common. None of the theories that explain the reduction of torture in the 19th century can explain its resurgence in the 20th. This article argues...

The Mercy Factory presents the stories of five asylum seekers, fleeing torture and persecution in their home countries, as they present their cases to immigration officers and judges and await the results. It also describes the system from the perspective of immigration officers, judges, and attorneys.

George Thomas was one of the Civil War's most prominent Southern Unionists, known for his heroic leadership at Mill Springs, Chickamauga, and Nashville. A slave owner before the war, he commanded African American soldiers at the Battle of Nashville and the experience transformed him into a stalwart defender of Civil Rights. During Reconstruction, h...

Title from title page. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2006. Includes bibliographical references. Text.