Christina E. Shalley

Christina E. Shalley
Georgia Institute of Technology | GT · College of Business

About

85
Publications
56,433
Reads
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18,188
Citations
Additional affiliations
June 1994 - present
Georgia Institute of Technology
Position
  • Professor (Full)

Publications

Publications (85)
Article
We conceptualize “perceived coworker creativity” as a resource that people seek to acquire through their relationships. Applying the Network Theory of Social Capital (NTSC), we examine whether perceiving a coworker as creative changes the closeness of the relationship an employee develops with this coworker and how being perceived as creative by ot...
Article
Employee creativity is critical for an organization’s innovativeness and survival in today’s competitive business environment. As such, scholars have devoted significant attention to the predictors of employee creativity, seeking to understand how to best increase employees’ creative output. However, employee creativity may not always translate int...
Article
Full-text available
We explore why teams with the same level of cultural diversity can differ in their level of creativity. To this end, we introduce the concept of paradox mindsets to research on multicultural teams. We argue that team members with a high multicultural paradox mindset are accepting of and energized by intercultural tensions, both emphasizing cultural...
Article
Full-text available
We investigate how and when ethical leadership predicts team creativity. With its strong compliance with organizational norms and procedures, ethical leadership can be seen as antithetical to creativity. Similarly, collective need for cognitive closure can negatively impact creativity as this is a motivational tendency toward making quick decisions...
Article
Full-text available
Although organizations increasingly rely on teams to innovate, little systematic knowledge exists about how to design teams to do so. Building on the model of collaborative creativity and innovation and synthesizing findings from published and unpublished studies, this meta‐analysis examines the role of team design on team creativity and innovation...
Article
This research investigates when certain coworkers can serve as “catalysts” to enhance the creative performance of others. We draw on social capital theory and the ability-motivation framework to focus on the characteristics of potential catalysts and the facets of relationships between catalysts and creators. We hypothesized and found that the stre...
Chapter
In the field of management, employee creativity, which is defined as the production of novel and useful ideas concerning products, processes, and services, has been found to be necessary for organizational success and survival. An employee’s relationships with others in the organization affect creativity because employees work in the presence of, a...
Article
Full-text available
Building upon and extending the interactionist perspective of creativity, social role theory, and role congruity theory, we develop an integrated, multilevel model to examine gender differences in creative self‐efficacy and determine how the contextual factor of team psychological safety shapes employees’ creative self‐efficacy and, through this mo...
Chapter
The chapter by Christina Shalley reflects on both the influence of the componential model and consensual assessment technique for the field and for her own influential body of research. Specifically, she recounts how the intrinsic motivation principle influenced her work on goal setting, expected evaluation, and competition, which ultimately led he...
Article
By introducing gender similarity as a contextual antecedent of coworker support, we examined the mediating role of coworker support for the relationship between workgroup gender similarity and job attitudes. In addition, we explored how a creative requirement, which is an occupational characteristic, can influence the relationship between coworker...
Chapter
This chapter begins with a brief review of the relationships between leadership behaviors and creativity that have emerged in the literature. This is followed by a critical commentary examining how it could be plausible that virtually everything a leader does, seems to relate to the supposedly rare phenomenon of creativity.
Article
We explore how the choices available to individuals planning multi‐task work can facilitate the incubation of ideas and enhance creative performance. Using opportunistic assimilation theory, we hypothesize that two considerations can determine the effectiveness of incubation and creative performance. First, we argue that having the discretion to sw...
Article
Full-text available
Research has been inconsistent in its quest to discover whether dispositional creativity is associated with more or less unethical behavior. Drawing on social cognitive theory, we propose that moral disengagement and moral imagination are 2 parallel mechanisms that encourage or inhibit unethical behavior, and that which of these mediation processes...
Article
We propose that supervisors' own level of creativity is a core component of effective leadership that can be associated with subordinates' self-concept and creativity. Specifically, drawing on the identity theory framework, and role identity theory in particular, we argue that subordinates' creative role identity is an important underlying mechanis...
Chapter
We review major findings relating the organizational context to team creativity, using Amabile and colleagues’ (1996) framework for assessing the work environment for creativity as a guide. We find that research addressing the organizational context remains relatively concentrated in a few areas, particularly resources and work group support, and t...
Article
Understanding how teams are affected by and adapt to unexpected change is critical to maximizing team effectiveness. We explore the perspective that rather than being adaptive, how teams experience relativistic adjustments in pacing can actually undermine team creative processes and performance. We test our hypotheses in two experimental studies. S...
Article
Drawing on the componential theory of creativity, social cognitive theory, and prosocial motivation theory, we examined intrinsic motivation, creative self-efficacy, and prosocial motivation as distinct motivational mechanisms underlying creativity. Results from a meta-analysis of 191 independent samples (N = 51,659) documented in the relevant lite...
Chapter
Little systematic research has been done on strategy implementation, yet there is a body of work providing guidance for implementation efforts. The authors examine three basic collections of work on resources and governance, managing human capital, and accounting-based control systems, explaining how these issues have implications for strategy impl...
Chapter
Full-text available
Most of the research and writing in strategic management focuses on the formulation of the most appropriate strategies. Selecting the best strategy for firms to follow is very important to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage. However, many strategies fail not because they are improperly formulated, but because they are poorly implemented....
Article
This thought piece represents an opportunity to integrate creativity and operations management (OM) research, and in particular the management of technology (MOT), to stimulate thinking and drive research across disciplines. Specifically, we discuss how there is an inherent tension when considering how work is organized and performed given that the...
Book
This handbook contributes to our understanding of strategy implementation and identifies considerable opportunities for future research on this important process, with a focus on resources, governance, human capital, and accounting-based control systems.
Article
Idiosyncratic deals (i‐deals) have become an increasingly popular human resource management practice to attract, retain, and motivate employees. This is particularly true for those employees whose jobs require some level of creativity, as these types of jobs are often the ones that allow for or benefit most from these customized work arrangements....
Chapter
The purpose of this Handbook is to serve as a catalyst for the integration of the research on creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship. A significant amount of research has been devoted to each of these areas, and they exist fairly independently of each other. However, by their nature, these three•research areas are interrelated. In order to su...
Article
Behavioral ethics research makes two competing predictions about dispositional creativity and the role it plays in unethical behavior in organizations. Some researchers view dispositional creativity as a precursor to unethical behavior since creative individuals are able to think flexibly and divergently, so they can easily devise moral loopholes....
Article
The past decade has seen a burgeoning interest in the role of social networks for employee creativity. This paper extends research in this area by disentangling the unique effects of the size of someone’s network (degree centrality) and the strength of the ties. We show that the effect of either is contingent upon the level of support an employee r...
Article
We sought to understand team member informal social network ties outside of the team as a way to achieve cognitive variation within the team, thereby facilitating creativity. Specifically, we take a configural perspective, which emphasizes individual team members and the heterogeneity and strength of their outside ties. We theorize that these chara...
Article
Drawing on the componential theory of creativity and social cognitive theory, this study examined intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy as distinct motivational mechanisms underlying creativity. Results, based on a meta-analysis of the relevant literatures and 103 independent samples (N = 27,037), revealed that with extrinsic motivation controlled...
Chapter
Auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene ist Kreativität ein wesentlicher Faktor für wirtschaftliches Wachstum und soziale Entwicklung (Florida 2004; Schumpeter 1939). Kreativität ist ferner auf den Ebenen von Individuen, Teams und Organisationen ein Schlüsselfaktor für Leistung, Unternehmertum, Wachstum und Wettbewerb (Amabile 1996; Oldham und Cummings 1996;...
Chapter
Creativity is considered to be essential for societal and economic growth. At the individual, team, and organizational levels, creativity has been argued to be a key enabler and contributor to performance, entrepreneurship, growth, and competitiveness. Creativity as a research area has evolved over the years. Historically, it has its roots within t...
Conference Paper
This study examines how the imposition of time pressure affects team collaboration, creative processes, and creative performance. Specifically, this study looks at how the timing of imposed constraints results in different patterns of team process across the team's workflow. Using an experimental study of teams, results show that disruptions experi...
Article
What makes good theory is a question that has been asked and answered many times. This piece discusses why this is always an important issue to consider, and why one might decide to devote time and energy to writing conceptual analyses. This paper is primarily focused on what would be considered good theory for conceptual research and meta-analyses...
Article
Organizations are increasingly using virtual teams, in which individuals work with their teammates across distance and differences, using a variety of information and communication technologies. In this study, the authors examined how demographic differences (i.e., differences in race, sex, age, and nationality) between individuals working virtuall...
Article
Team composition based on personality has been found to have important effects on team outcomes. However, little is still known about the effect of team personality composition on team creativity. To this end, this study examined the relationship of team members’ openness to experience and team creativity. Results from a study with 31 graduate stud...
Article
Full-text available
We propose that "growth need strength" is an important individual factor for employees' creative performance. Using an interactionist perspective, we examine the relationship between growth need strength and a supportive work context on self-reported creativity across a wide range of jobs that vary in complexity. Controlling for the effects of indi...
Conference Paper
We developed and tested a model of the effects of demographic differences (i.e., differences in race, sex, age, and nationality) on creativity in dyads having short-term virtual work interactions. Specifically we examined how demographic differences interacted with dyad processes (establishment of rapport, participation equality, and process confli...
Article
This commentary suggests areas that could be further developed in Reiter-Palmon, Herman, and Yammarino's call for a multi-level analysis of the underlying cognitive structures of both teams and individuals. The chapter by Reiter-Palmon, Herman, and Yammarino effectively demonstrates the importance of cognition in the understanding of individual and...
Article
We introduce the concept of team creative cognition and discuss how it is transferred and infused within the team to enable the team's creativity. Specifically, we propose that diverse personal ties outside of the team shape and strengthen individual team member's ‘creative muscle,’ and that this individual creative cognition is infused within the...
Article
The authors examine the effects of multiple goals on three different tasks (i.e., two creativity tasks and one intervening task) and the discretion to switch back and forth between tasks on creative performance. They propose that individuals' focus of attention and cognitive exhaustion may explain the hypothesized effects on incubation and subseque...
Article
Full-text available
Exploration and exploitation have emerged as the twin concepts underpinning organizational adaptation research, yet some central issues related to them remain ambiguous. We address four related questions here: What do exploration and exploitation mean? Are they two ends of a continuum or orthogonal to each other? How should organizations achieve ba...
Article
Full-text available
We examine relationships between creativity, the use of standardized work practices, and effectiveness (measured as both performance and customer satisfaction) among 90 empowered teams of service technicians. Despite the seemingly contradictory natures of creativity and standardized procedures, our results indicate that they can be complementary. S...
Article
This article systematically reviews and integrates empirical research that has examined the personal and contextual characteristics that enhance or stifle employee creativity in the workplace. Based on our review, we discuss possible determinants of employee creativity that have received little research attention, describe several areas where subst...
Article
Using surveys and interview data this research examines teams’ engagement in creative processes. Results of cluster analysis indicated that the more creative teams were those that perceived that their tasks required high levels of creativity, were working on jobs with high task interdependence, were high on shared goals, valued participative proble...
Article
This article provides a current review of research examining contextual factors that can either foster or hinder employee creativity at the individual, job, group, and organizational level. Specifically, we examine the role of leadership and the use of different human resource practices for developing a work context that is supportive of creativity...
Article
The examination of contextual factors that enhance or stifle employees’ creative performance is a new but rapidly growing research area. Theory and research in this area have focused on antecedents of employee creativity. In this paper, we review and discuss the major theoretical frameworks that have served as conceptual foundations for empirical s...
Article
Full-text available
We explore the association between the context of social relationships and individual creativity. We go beyond a one-dimensional treatment of social relationships, highlighting the importance of both static and dynamic social network concepts. We argue that weaker ties are generally but not always beneficial for creativity, propose the network posi...
Article
This study examined an organization that had restructured to self-managed teams in order to improve their overall customer satisfaction. Past research has described employees as the lens through which customers perceive their service providers and that customers often mirror the attitudes of these employees. In this research, we examined whether th...
Article
The impact of two social-psychological factors, expected evaluation and modeling, on creativity was investigated in a laboratory study. The controlling and informational aspects of expected evaluation were manipulated and individuals were provided no example, a standard example, or a creative example of a solution to a representative management pro...
Article
In a survey of 2,200 individuals, the authors examined the degree to which work environments are structured to complement the creative requirements of jobs. Regression analyses indicated that proximal job characteristics were more strongly associated with a combined objective and perceptual measure of job-required creativity than were distal organi...
Article
This study examines the possibility that the relative salience of the controlling and informational aspects of competition determines its impact on creative performance, as suggested by cognitive evaluation theory. The salience of these aspects was manipulated by varying competitor presence and visibility. Three components Of creative performance w...
Article
This paper looks at benchmarking, in its many forms, as an example of organizational comparison processes that are now being used in organizations. While benchmarking is gaining in popularity and prescriptions abound, this comparative process has not been theoretically investigated. As a result, there is little understanding of its adoption and sub...
Article
Franchising contracts are designed to bring together two kinds of entrepreneurs, the franchiser and the franchisee, and to maintain their relationship in the long run. In contrast to standard exchange contracts in law, which are specifically designed to bring about the completion of an exchange efficiently, franchise contracts are designed to make...
Article
In this study we examined whether task complexity interacts with goal specific- ity over multiple performance periods. A 2 x 2 x 3 design manipulated goal condition (specific difficult vs. do-your-best) and task complexity (simple vs. complex) over performance on 3 separate days. Results across performance periods indicated that do-your-best goals...
Article
Social and contextual factors have been theorized to significantly influence creative performance. This research examined effects of three factors on individual creativity and productivity: coaction, expected evaluation, and goal setting. Study 1 indicated that high levels of creativity occurred when individuals worked alone, and productivity was h...
Article
Full-text available
The turbulence experienced in the 1980s in the U.S. business environment has led to something of a motivational crisis among corporate managers. Increased competition, budget constraints, and changing demographics are forcing companies into adopting strategies geared toward downsizing and flatter organizational structures. While corporate America p...
Article
Although acceptance of specific and challenging goals is central to goal setting theory, little research that examines the process of acceptance has been conducted. The present studies utilized a social-cognitive theory of processing to explore the nature of individual goal acceptance/rejection decisions. The results of two laboratory studies sugge...
Article
Full-text available
A 3-factor (3 × 3 × 2), between-Ss design was used to investigate effects of productivity goals (difficult, do your best, or no goals), creativity goals (difficult, do your best, or no goals), and personal discretion (high or low) on 2 dependent variables: creativity and productivity. High levels of creativity and productivity were obtained when ei...
Article
A three-factor (3 × 3 × 2), between-subjects design was used to investigate effects of productivity goals (difficult, do your best, or no goals), creativity goals (difficult, do your best, or no goals), and personal discretion (high or low) on two dependent variables: creativity and productivity. High levels of creativity and productivity were obta...
Article
Typescript. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1989. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-197). Available on microfilm from University Microfilms.
Article
This paper describes a new graduate program at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University which brings PhD students in science and technology disciplines together with Master of Business (MBA) and Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD) students to participate in a two-year engaged learning pro- cess that blends curriculum in technical, legal, a...

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