Christian Schott

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• BSc (Hons), PhD
• Professor (Associate) at Victoria University of Wellington

Research on immersive virtual reality's (VR) impact on K-12 education, particularly experiential learning, has increased. However, there is a paucity of research providing insight into teacher and student perspectives on integrating virtually situated learning experiences (VSLE) into curricula and classrooms. This article reports on the pedagogical...

After decades of profound challenges Cambodia has seen twenty years of stability and a flourishing tourism industry, however, it has also been identified as highly vulnerable to climate change thus putting the country's long-desired economic development at risk. Sustainable Development Goal 13 ‘Climate Action’ is critical for the continued economic...

Environmental interpretation is regarded as an effective soft management strategy for educating visitors and managing their impacts on protected areas. Only limited research has been conducted on visitors’ views on environmental interpretation in protected areas in the rapidly developing destinations of South-East Asia, with particular gaps in unde...

Virtual reality is widely recognized as offering the potential for fully immersive environments. This paper introduces a framework that guides the creation and analysis of immersive environments that are pedagogically structured to support situated and experiential education. The “situated experiential education environment” framework described in...

This research investigates distribution channels as a critical business mechanism for community-based tourism (CBT) by connecting CBT enterprises to the market. Specifically, the paper is guided by the research question of how the paths to the market can be improved for a culture and heritage-focused CBT enterprise in Cambodia. In addressing this q...

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Rapid technological advancement and concurrent societal changes are impacting virtually all aspects of life including leisure and work mobility (Sheldon et al., 2008). Not surprisingly most tourism research is concerned with the related changes and how to best adapt both supply and demand to a rapidly evolving world. In contrast,...

EXTENDED ABSTRACT While conceptually addressing similar questions, intellectual relationships between tourism research and positive psychology are still tentative. A recent review of the emerging transdisciplinary field (Vada et al., 2020) identified savoring as central antecedent to understanding touristic experience and tourists' well-being. Esse...

Slow tourism uses primarily slow modes of transport and engages for an extended time with the local, natural, and/or built environment, culture, and people in such a way that tourists’ experiences are enriched. The contemporary concept of slow tourism has its roots in the Slow Food Movement initiated by Carlo Petrini in 1986, after being frustrated...

Slow tourism uses primarily slow modes of transport and engages for an extended time with the local, natural, and/or built environment, culture, and people in such a way that tourists’ experiences are enriched.

Until the COVID-19 pandemic, the volunteer tourism sector had experienced sustained growth around the world, including in China where a dynamic volunteer tourism sector has emerged over the last decade. When analysing this sector through a future-focused, post-pandemic lens, it is important to pay attention to the resilience building of volunteer t...

Community-based tourism is an approach to tourism presumed to achieve progress on SDG1 No Poverty and SDG11 Sustainable Cities and Communities. In rural communities, homestays are a critical CBT component given tourists need lodging and the capacity to involve many village families. As a result, h h homestays appear to make a positive contribution...

Experiential education is widely considered an effective pedagogy to foster learning for our rapidly changing world. Despite this, residential fieldtrips are on the decline. Recent advances in full-immersion virtual reality (VR) technology offer great potential to make situated experiential education, such as fieldtrips, more accessible to educatio...

Showcase of innovation project at QS Reimagine Education Conference 2019 in London, UK.

The area of Sustainable Development is a topic of particular pertinence to education as every other week we learn more about the many challenges we face. Areas of particular concern are primarily the state of the natural environment, but, when following the news media over last few years, also a lack of cultural awareness and understanding. Maybe W...

While educational psychologists (Dewey, 2004) have promoted the benefits of experiential education for more than 100 years many schools cannot provide experiential education beyond their local environment because of constrained budgets; this makes learning about distant places and cultures very challenging. The recent advances in virtual reality te...

New technology such as 3D gaming software provides innovative opportunities to make learning about sustainable development more meaningful for our students. It can provide more mindful, and even ‘bodyful’ in the case of full digital immersion, engagement with selected SDGs, why they matter and people’s stories about the complexities of sustainable...

本研究では，旅行者の感情評価に着目し，ポジティブな旅行経験とネガティブな旅行経験ではどのように自己成長感に違いがあるのかを検討した。その結果，旅行全体の評価では，ポジティブな旅行経験の方がネガティブな旅行経験よりも自己成長感の得点が高いことが示された。しかし，自由記述を詳しく分析してみると，異文化経験や積極的に旅行の計画を立てることに加えて，困難な経験などネガティブな要素も自己成長をする上で重要な規定因になることが示唆された。このことから，個々の出来事ではなく旅行全体の評価がポジティブであった場合の方が自己成長感が強まることが考えられる。

The project is driven by a need to make the wicked challenges of sustainability and the urgency of the related challenge of climate change more real in our education. These 'seismic' challenges for the world community will have the harshest impacts on developing countries and in particular Small Island States. In collaboration with a community on a...

While the academic literature is bursting with evidence of profoundly negative human impacts on the natural environment there is a lack of research literature on effective pedagogies that seeks to mitigate these impacts. As our students are both the tourism leaders and citizens of the future we need to devote more scholarship to the development and...

“Was ich nicht erlernt habe, das habe ich erwandert.“ “What I did not learn, I hiked” (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German Poet, 1749 – 1832) Rapid technological advancement and societal changes are impacting on virtually all aspects of life, including leisure and work mobility (Sheldon, Fesenmaier, Woeber, Cooper and Antonioli, 2008). Despite thes...

Abstract: The increase in visitor demand and related impacts on national parks requires more suitable and effective visitor management (Eagles and McCool, 2002). Effective visitor management can keep the balance between tourism development in sites and the use of resources for sustainable development (Kuo, 2002). There are two types of visitor mana...

Virtual reality (VR) technology is widely recognised as offering the potential to fully immerse users in a selected virtual environment. As such, opportunities are abound for this technology to contribute to many topics of higher education where context is highly valued. This includes tourism and hospitality education as well as learner engagement...

Cambodia is a country, which has seen very rapid tourism development over the last decade, while also being identified as very vulnerable to the impacts of climate change (CC) by several key international agencies. This paper takes the form of a climate change-focused case study of the coastal tourism hotel sector in Cambodia’s Sihanoukville. It is...

The practice of freedom camping, which can broadly be described as overnighting in public places without having to pay, has seen a notable increase in popularity in New Zealand in recent years. At the same time media interest in freedom camping has also increased significantly to propel the topic to not only a regular feature in the media but also...

The Role of Simulation and Gamification in Business Education

This presentation provides a snapshot of Kiwi travel patterns covering destinations and purpose of travel. It will draw on Statistics NZ’s travel dataset as well as research projects conducted by the Tourism Management group at Victoria University of Wellington, including a detailed analysis of the travel habits of Kiwis on their ‘OE’ and a survey...

A set of future-focused values has been underlying the design and delivery of a 200 level course on Sustainable Tourism for nearly ten years. The values were developed by an international collective of committed educators called the Tourism Education Futures Initiative (TEFI) who were concerned that we were not preparing our students for an uncerta...

While the pedagogical benefits of fieldtrips have long been recognised our ever increasing understanding of the impacts of flying on climate change is presenting educators with a dilemma; the benefits long associated with international fieldtrips are at odds with the world community's needs in limiting/halting climatic change. In response, the pape...

Fieldtrips have been an important component of a range of educational disciplines for many decades and the associated pedagogies of active and experiential learning have been promoted since the early 1900s. Active learning, which is an integral part of fieldtrips has been found to act as a valuable means of engaging students with the subject, enhan...

I am very pleased to be offered the opportunity to write a portrait of Professor Douglas G. Pearce for Anatolia. Although an autobiographic account of Doug’s evolution from “Geographer to Tourism Geographer to Tourism Management scholar” was published in Stephen Smith’s 2010 book The Discovery of Tourism, a comprehensive account of a four decade lo...

The benefits of experiential education are widely recognised and strongly embedded in the long standing tradition of residential fieldtrips as practised by several disciplines as part of an undergraduate education. However, on the one hand this tradition of fostering experiential learning in the field is challenged by economic as well as legal fact...

In recent years, it has become increasingly obvious that tourism education needs serious rethinking. Surging growth in tourism arrivals and receipts, going strong since the middle of the twentieth century, spurred a proliferation of tourism programs in higher education to meet the demands of the burgeoning industry. As more complex understandings a...

Editorial

The book's introductory chapter told the story of TEFI's evolution over the last seven years while the ensuing chapters have unpacked theoretical and conceptual issues, as well as applications and case studies of tourism education. These chapters illustrate the depth and breadth of work undertaken since TEFI's inception to build a more rigorous and...

The role of volunteer tourism as an agent to foster global citizenship has been widely addressed by the literature (Raymond & Hall, 2008; McGehee, 2002; McGehee & Santos, 2005). However, the conceptualisations of ‘volunteer tourism’ and ‘volunteer tourists’ in the context of global citizenship are still lacking important nuances and require more at...

This article explores the leadership agency of tourism faculty in higher education and recommends actions to enhance leadership for social change. Based on a review of literature grounded within an agency perspective, a conceptual framework is presented that identifies systemic and individual influences on leadership. Three types of freedom for fac...

While it is now widely accepted by scientists and governments that human activity contributes to climate change, there is a lack of understanding whether this realisation is now gaining greater attraction with the general public than it had 5 or 10 years ago. Additional gaps in knowledge relate to the link between awareness and action, which could...

In light of ever greater financial and philosophical attacks on tourism higher education across the world, it is critical to contemplate the role of tourism education at university level and its place in modern societies. This need for reflection is given urgency by increasingly neoliberal education policies, market-driven universities, and ‘consum...

It is widely recognised that international mobility has been steadily increasing over the last few decades. This is largely credited to the compression of time and space in conjunction with economic factors, which has allowed a variety of different forms of mobilities to become well established; leisure mobility for example is now considered routin...

Fieldtrips are an important pedagogic tool for a range of disciplines. Indeed the pedagogic value of experiential and situated learning was already promoted in the 1940s by the educational philosopher John Dewey (1968). It is widely recognised that such trips allow students to benefit from the rich experiential learning such endeavours entail and t...

The ‘field’ is an integral part of international education at the tertiary level. Students are taken to the field in order to experience, first hand, the themes, processes and people that they learn about in the classroom. Despite the critical importance of the fieldtrip mode of teaching and the positive impact it has on learning, budget constraint...

Purpose This paper seeks to analyze the extent to which New Zealand domestic and outbound travelers' book components of their trip in advance or at their destination and to explore the factors that influence this. Furthermore, the paper compares the distribution channels used by domestic and outbound travelers to purchase different travel products...

This chapter extends the research on the development of the self as an aspect of volunteer tourism experiences by presenting findings from a study of young non-institutionalised volunteer tourists in a developing country. The research builds on earlier work by Wearing (2001; 2002) and Wearing & Deane (2003) which examined the impact of the voluntee...

Liburd, J. J., Gretzel, U., Lund-Durlacher, D., Leme Sogayar, R., Padurean, L., & Schott, C. (2011). TEFI Principles in Action: Reflections on the First Year of the Global TEFI Courses. In D. Prebezac (Ed.), Special Issue: Tourism Education Futures Initiative (TEFI) Collection. (1 ed., Vol. 12, pp. 51-52)

This chapter contextualizes the interrelationships between tourism and climate change and thus provides an introduction to this volume. It commences with a brief but comprehensive overview of the key issues identified by climate change research, including an update since the 2007 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as well as a...

While the need to respond to the wide-ranging challenges posed by climate change has been widely emphasized, there is still a relative lack of attention being given to the type, scale, and nature of responses that are taking place in different economic sectors and parts of the world. This chapter provides a review of the tourism-related responses t...

This presentation examines the New Zealand Overseas Experience (OE), a form of international mobility that is recognised as a New Zealand (pakeha) tradition, which has attracted research attention from several disciplines over the last decade. The presentation will examine the Big OE in a ‘tourism’ context through the eyes of those that have ‘done’...

This presentation discusses the role of values in the context of sustainable tourism education. However, it does not seek to engage in the debate about the definition of Sustainable Tourism nor the differences between this concept and Sustainable Development, but rather focuses on 'sustainability' or 'sustainability-driven thinking' as a paradigm o...

This paper contributes to the literature on tourism distribution by examining the distribution behavior of 547 New Zealand outbound travelers segmented by the way in which they have made their travel arrangements: package tourists, independent travelers, and an intermediate group, package plus. The results reveal differences among the three segment...

Teachers of tourism play an important role in assisting students to develop geographical knowledge and a sound understanding of tourism terminology and statistics, coupled with an ability to put these attributes into use in appropriate, creative, and competent ways. This article describes a multimedia-based teaching technique used in a New Zealand...

This paper examines the distribution channels structure as well as the underlying factors influencing the most prominent channel choices within the adventure tourism industry. It is based on in-depth interviews with adventure tourism operators in Queenstown, New Zealand. The findings suggest that the distribution structure is similar to other attra...

Volunteer Tourism is a rapidly growing form of tourism that is attracting increasing attention from tourism researchers and has been declared the ‘new travel’ by the widely read Lonely Plant Guidebook. Volunteer tourism is a type of ‘tourism’ that breaks with many conventions of the established tourism industry as it consists of people spending par...

This paper presents a systematic cross-national approach to examining the distribution of international tourism. The distribution channels for New Zealand tourism in Australia, Great Britain and the USA are compared in order to address the following questions: do the distribution channels vary from market to market; in what ways, why and with what...

As youth-dominated independent long-term travel is receiving increasing research attention a need to distinguish between different travel characteristics within this segment, frequently referred to with the generic term ‘backpackers’, is ever more apparent. As such, this paper examines young solo travellers seeking out ‘adventurous’ travel destinat...

This article addresses the theme of crisis management in tourism by adopting a proactive rather than a reactive perspective. As such, it examines ecolabels as one of the proactive mitigation mechanisms with the capacity to contribute to the creation of a more sustainable future. Specifically, ecolabels are examined in the context of New Zealand wit...

This article extends research on tourism distribution channels, a topic dominated by studies of providers and intermediaries, by addressing the use of multiple channels from the visitors’ perspective. The article reports the results of intercept surveys of international and domestic independent visitors, and their use of a range of distribution cha...

The year 2004 saw scores of unusually violent weather extremes batter the globe, which resulted in the direct and indirect loss of tens of thousands of lives. In fact, many of these weather phenomena were of record-breaking proportion and served as vivid reminders of the fragile and fickle relationship between humans and the natural forces. In the...

Particularly in a British context, youth tourism is regarded as the epitome of hedonistic behaviour. Reports about 'outrageous' behaviour by young people while on holiday are commonplace in the media. This hedonistic reputation is compounded by a variety of 'reality' TV programmes and documentaries sensationalising the antics of young people on hol...

This paper outlines a multiple method approach used in Wellington as a way of researching issues of distribution channels for tourism in urban areas. The study combines information obtained from interviews with providers and intermediaries, visitor surveys and the analysis of catalogues to present a systematic examination of distribution channels f...