Christian Bredemeier

• Ph.D. in Agronomy - Plant Nutrition and Precision Agriculture
• Professor (Full) at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul

Conducting on-farm research is an important step in the Precision Agriculture (PA) cycle. Although on-farm trials are not new, specific use for AP is relatively recent and still under development. Technological tools, in addition to implementation, evaluation and interpretation strategies, have facilitated this type of research, allowing the genera...

Pruning is one of the main cultural treatments in apple (Malus domestica) cultures, being responsible for enhancing and regulating crop yields. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effect of different mechanized pruning systems on the spectral behavior of apple trees during the crop cycle, through NDVI at two reading heights (1.20 and 2.00 m)....

The methods traditionally used to recommend nitrogen (N) top-dressing on maize are, in most cases, inefficient because they do not take into account the spatial variability of soil existing in the area. Precision Agriculture (PA) is a powerful tool to focus on vegetation sensors, which are a method that has emerged as an alternative to estimate the...

The traditional methods used to estimate the nutrient content in plant materials and grains are expensive, operationally onerous and require chemical reagents. The near infrared spectroscopy is a new method that allows a more efficient analysis, with less costs and no toxic residues. The objective was to estimate nitrogen (N) contents in corn leaf...

On-farm trials are an important opportunity to identify products and processes, as well as doses and interactions, specific for use in commercial areas, considering their variability. In the context of Precision Agriculture (PA), it is fundamental for the use of inputs at a variable rate and can be facilitated by the availability of tools already u...

The efficiency of nitrogen (N) use by the wheat crop can be maximized through adjustments in the recommendation for commercial crops with the use of Precision Agriculture (PA) tools. One way to define the dose of nitrogen fertilizer for the crop needs is to estimate the nutritional status and demand of the plant canopy, in order to consider the spa...

Flooding is a frequent environmental stress that reduces soybean growth and grain yield in many producing areas in the world, such as the United States, Southeast Asia, and Southern Brazil. In these regions, soybean is frequently cultivated in lowland areas in crop rotation with rice, which provides numerous technical, economic, and environmental b...

Conhecer o que acontece com o desenvolvimento das plantas é de fundamental importância para potencializar o rendimento das culturas por meio de práticas de manejo adequadas A ecofisiologia da produção de grãos é a ciência que explica o desenvolvimento e o crescimento das plantas e suas relações com o ambiente de produção agrícola ao longo do ciclo...

Environmental stresses are responsible for limiting soybean yield. To mitigate the impacts generated by water deficit, molecular biology tools are being used to develop genetically modified plants. Previous studies showed that two independent events (B1 and B3) of soybean transgenic plants expressing a Solanum nigrum osmotin (SnOLP) had an incremen...

Adjustments in the nitrogen fertilization recommendation in wheat fields are essential to promote an increase in nitrogen (N) use efficiency by the crop. The real-time estimation of the nutritional demand of plants considering the spatial variability is one of the efficient ways to perform this adjustment. This study aimed to develop a model for th...

Soil management could help the recovery from a soil compaction. We investigated the impact of a 14-year integrated soybean-beef cattle system on soil physical recovery. Soil core samples were taken from 0–5 and 5–10 cm twice after grazing and soybean harvesting. Soil compaction and soil recovery capacity were determined in the laboratory by compres...

The system fertilization approach emerged to improve nutrient use efficiency in croplands. This new fertilization concept aims at taking advantage of nutrient cycling within an agroecosystem to obtain maximum production from each nutrient unit. To monitor this eect, methodologies such as the Normalized Dierence Vegetation Index (NDVI) are promising...

This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effect of Ca and S addition via single superphosphate (SSP) in each crop and via agricultural gypsum on soybean and wheat yield, and on soil acidity and nutrient availability in two subtropical soils (Acrisol and Ferralsol) under no-tillage. The experiments were established with the application of five ra...

A produção de soja no Brasil vem crescendo anualmente, se tornando líder mundial na produção e exportação de soja a partir de 2020. A competitividade comercial exige do setor sojícola, investimento e desenvolvimento de pesquisas e tecnologias para incrementar a produção por área (m²) e práticas de manejo eficientes, tornando o cultivo de soja cada...

A soja é a cultura produtora de grãos mais produzida no Brasil. Conforme estimativa da Conab para a safra 2021/2022, a área cultivada foi de aproximadamente 40,9 milhões de hectares, com produção de 124 milhões de toneladas e rendimento médio de grãos de 3.029 kg/ha (Conab, 2022). Para a mesma safra, RS e SC respondem por 17,4% da área de cultivo n...

Flooding is a frequent environmental stress that reduces soybean (Glycine max) growth and grain yield in many producing areas in the world, such as, e.g., in the United States, Southeast Asia and Southern Brazil. In these regions, soybean is frequently cultivated in lowland areas by rotating with rice (Oryza sativa), which provides numerous technic...

The extension of the area occupied by the inter tussock stratum and tussock stratum in natural pastures is essential for the productive performance of grazing animals. Images obtained from unmanned remote sensors can provide useful information, especially because they have a high spatial resolution. Thus, this study evaluated the performance of the...

Remote biomass estimation can benefit agricultural practices in several ways, especially larger areas since it does not require local measurements. The advances of the last few decades in machine learning techniques have created new possibilities for estimating aboveground biomass. A pipeline was established from image acquisition to modelling shoo...

The drought response is a genome-wide phenomenon that, due to its complexity, is hard to achieve a “universal” response requiring an analysis method that takes this characteristic into account. Here, the Transcriptogramer tool was used to (i) produce a Glycine max ordering list based on protein–protein associations and (ii) analyze transcriptome da...

Evaluate the ideal doses of nitrogen fertilizer on wheat crops, in addition to avoiding unnecessary costs, assists in sustainability of the production system. The objective was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) doses on the biomass and grain productivity, and the correlation between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), biomass at...

Esta publicação aborda o desenvolvimento das plantas de batata, mandioca, fumo e cana-de-açúcar, tendo em vista que, dentro das espécies de plantas de lavoura, elas apresentam órgãos vegetativos de interesse agronômico.

Osmotins are multifunctional proteins belonging to the thaumatin-like family related to plant stress responses. To better understand the functions of soybean osmotins in drought stress response, the current study presents the characterisation of four previously described proteins and a novel putative soybean osmotin (GmOLPa-like). Gene and protein...

The estimated corn grain yield is dependent on plant density and should be monitored from the beginning of its development, especially between the phenological stages V3 and V10, since these stages are more responsive to management strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of two methods [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)...

The increase in agricultural production is facing several challenges with future implications for food security and environmental protection. The aim of this study was to evaluate a remote sensing-based low-cost methodology for assessing the effects of dicamba and 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D) in a non-tolerant soybean crop. Here, we introd...

Geometric and radiometric corrections of images obtained by remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) are required for the measurement of the spectral reflectance and calculation of vegetation indices. This study aimed to determine which radiometric calibration procedures allow obtaining suborbital images with more accurate reflectance data and spec...

The effects of CO 2 concentration and temperature on growth and control of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] susceptible and resistant to imazethapyr were evaluated. The treatments were doses of imazethapyr (zero to 848 g ha-1) applied in imidazolinone-susceptible (SUSSP01 and MOSTS01) and-resistant (ARRGR01 and PALMS01) biotype...

The effects of CO 2 concentration and temperature on growth and control of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] susceptible and resistant to imazethapyr were evaluated. The treatments were doses of imazethapyr (zero to 848 g ha-1) applied in imidazolinone-susceptible (SUSSP01 and MOSTS01) and-resistant (ARRGR01 and PALMS01) biotype...

Cattle dung distribution in pastoral ecosystems is uneven and affects nutrient availability to plants. Thus, identifying its spatiotemporal patterns is crucial to understanding the mechanisms underlying the system functioning. We aimed to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of dung patches in mixed black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and It...

Using techniques of inoculation and co-inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) could be an alternative with great potential for the wheat agricultural market, aiming towards a higher fertilizer efficiency and a subsequent reduction in environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of rhizobia sy...

An important area in precision agriculture is related to the efficient use of chemicals applied onto fields. Efforts have been made to diminish their use, aiming at cost reduction and fewer chemical residues in the final agricultural products. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) presents itself as an attractive and cheap alternative for spra...

We would like to draw the reader's attention to an error in the following article: Nunes, P. A. D. A., Bredemeier, C., Bremm, C., Caetano, L. A. M., de Almeida, G. M., de Souza Filho, W., ... Carvalho, P. C. F. (2019). Grazing in‐ tensity determines pasture spatial heterogeneity and productivity in an integrated crop‐livestock system. Grassland Sci...

A implantação e a adoção de inovações e avanços tecnológicos na agricultura têm elevado a capacidade produtiva das lavouras e aprimorado as formas de manejo, mas a oferta de produtos e tecnologias é tão grande que o produtor é desafiado a diferenciar entre o que é útil e o que é supérfluo, uma tarefa nem tão simples quanto parece E ntre as certezas...

Spatial heterogeneity is a property of natural ecosystems. Integrated crop‐livestock systems (ICLS) aim to mimic natural ecosystem functions as pillars of sustainable intensification, and grazing is a process that potentially affects spatial heterogeneity. Then, we investigated the effect of different grazing intensities, defined according to a ran...

The aim of this study was to analyze the potential use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) to estimate the crude protein content on natural grasslands. The experiment has been performed since 1986 in the Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in an area of 64 ha of natural grassland. The experim...

Biomass production and nitrogen (N) accumulated in wheat shoots may be used for quantifying optimal topdressing nitrogen doses. The objective of this study was to develop and validate models for estimating the amount of biomass and nitrogen accumulated in shoots and the N topdressing dose of maximum technical efficiency in wheat using the normalize...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi validar o algoritmo para recomendação de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura a taxa variada em trigo, utilizando o índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI). Os trabalhos foram realizados em 2017, em três locais, na EEA/UFRGS, na Embrapa Trigo e na SETREM. O algoritmo foi desenvolvido a partir da adaptação do...

Visible RGB-based vegetation indices (VIs) from UAV high spatial resolution (1.9cm) remote sensing images were used for modeling shoot biomass of two Brazilian wheat varieties (TBIO Toruk and BRS Parrudo). The approach consists of a combination of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with several Vegetation Indices to model the measured crop biomass at...

RESUMO-A estimativa do potencial produtivo da cultura do milho ao longo do ciclo de desenvolvimento é uma das novas práticas agrícolas que vêm sendo utilizadas para qualificar o manejo da cultura. Neste sentido, destaca-se a inserção de sensores de vegetação, com a finalidade de realizar o monitoramento do desenvolvimento e da condição nutricional...

Resumo: A cultura do milho apresenta grande importância socioeconômica no Rio Grande do Sul e no Brasil. Nos aspectos ambiental e agronômico, procura-se, nos recentes trabalhos envolvendo a adubação nitrogenada, a maximização da eficiência no uso do nitrogênio (N). Com o advento do sensoriamento remoto, a partir de vários sensores de vegetação, ini...

This paper aims to discuss the impact of the introduction of pastures and grazing animals in agricultural systems. For the purposes of this manuscript, we focus on within-farm integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS), typical of Southern Brazil. These ICLS are designed to create and enhance the synergisms and emergent properties have arisen from ag...

The response of wheat to seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense is variable, depending on factors related to the interaction of the bacterium with the genotype, growing environment and nitrogen availability. The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of wheat cultivars to seed inoculation with two strains of A. brasilense (Ab-V5...

Mean grain yield of flooded rice in southern Brazil has increased in recent years due to the use of high-yield cultivars and improvement of crop management practices. Nevertheless, stagnation in grain yields has been observed in some rice-producing regions. Adoption of conservation tillage systems based on cover crops may be a strategy to increase...

Os avanços tecnológicos e os conhecimentos de gestão e produção impulsionam o crescimento dos agronegócios no Brasil e no mundo. A ampliação dos conjuntos de dados disponíveis para os agentes das cadeias produtivas agroindustriais pode permitir novas oportunidades e o big data, em especial, começa a ser utilizado por sua crescente capacidade de pro...

The presence of grazing animals in succession with grain crops has long been considered harmful to no-till croplands. However, recent research has shown that well managed grazing does not jeopardize grain productivity in Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems (ICLS). The aim of this study was to understand how different grazing intensities define crop p...

Para a adubação nitrogenada na cultura do trigo, variáveis como biomassa e quantidade de nitrogênio (N) acumulado são componentes importantes, que podem ser utilizados para a estimativa do potencial produtivo da cultura, que, por sua vez, pode ser utilizado na quantificação da dose necessária de nitrogênio a ser aplicada. Também, o N suprido pelo s...

A variabilidade espacial dentro de uma lavoura pode ser causada por diversos fatores. Dentre eles, o teor de nutrientes disponíveis às plantas, especialmente o nitrogênio (N), é limitante para que elevadas produtividades sejam obtidas. Desta forma, o potencial produtivo de uma cultura precisa ser estimado durante o período de desenvolvimento vegeta...

Introdução A estimativa do potencial produtivo da cultura do milho durante a fase vegetativa é de fundamental importância para se potencializar elevados rendimentos de grãos, sendo o nitrogênio (N) onutriente que promove maior influência sobre a definição desta variável. (Dovale et al., 2012). A recomendação da dose total de nitrogênio a ser aplica...

Flooding is a frequent environmental stress that reduces soybean (Glycine max) growth and affects nutrient, and water uptake, and grain yield of soybean in many producing areas in the world. Characterization of genomic regions underlying the flooding tolerance will facilitate development of soybean varieties for flooding tolerance. The objectives o...

Nitrogen recommendation for wheat and maize are mainly based on soil analysis and the spatial variability of this nutrient is not taken into account when topdressing N is applied. In consequence, a single N rate is uniformly applied in the field, based on the average need of the whole area. On the other hand, different sites inside the field can pr...

Precision Agriculture in conjunction with Variable Rate Technology aims at increasing productivity while reducing resource usage (water, fertilizers, pesticides and others). Within this context, the farm's management decisions include information from data collected about the crops health development, which need to be gathered in a timely basis. Th...

Nitrogen rates recommended for corn in southern Brazil are based on soil organic matter content, previous crop and expected yield. The objective was to determine critical limits and yield potential classes of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measured by an active vegetation sensor at different growth stages. Field experiment was carrie...

Plant population is a key factor for yield potential determination in corn, because of its influence on grain yield components. In this sense, remote sensing can be used to monitor plant development. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of an active optical vegetation sensor for estimating plant density and yield potential in corn in...

A quantificação da densidade de plantas torna-se necessária para direcionar manejos agrícolas, como a adubação nitrogenada. Pode-se utilizar ferramentas de sensoriamento remoto, utilizadas em agricultura de precisão para a identificação da densidade de plantas. O objetivo foi avaliar se a densidade populacional de plantas é capaz de promover variab...

Os recursos genéticos associados com os recursos edafo-climáticos disponíveis junto com a utilização do manejo adequado para a cultura do milho, atualmente, permitem que altas produtividades possam ser alcançadas. Através do ajuste da densidade de plantas pode-se aumentar a eficiência na intercepção da radiação solar incidente pela cultura. Com iss...

A estimativa de biomassa das culturas pode ser realizada através de duas maneiras, manualmente, que oferece uma determinação real do peso da biomassa e outra forma é através do uso de sensores de vegetação (Greenseeker e imagens digitais), que realizam uma estimativa da biomassa presente na área. O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar o acúmulo de biom...

Spatial heterogeneity induced by grazing has been recognized as a crucial component to grasslands sustainable management, since the higher their complexity, the closer their similarity to natural ecosystems functioning. However, most of the interventions made by humans tend to homogenize the environments, including animal management. In order to us...

The vegetation spatial heterogeneity is exploited positively by grazing animals, which have the ability to eat diets with higher quality than the average of the pasture, consequently obtaining different levels of animal production. Domestic herbivores make decisions about where to graze, which combinations of foods to eat and in what sequence they...

Esta publicação aborda o desenvolvimento das plantas de batata, mandioca, fumo e cana-de-açúcar, tendo em vista que, dentro das espécies de plantas de lavoura, elas apresentam órgãos vegetativos de interesse agronômico. Na batata o órgão de interesse é o tubérculo, na mandioca a raiz de reserva, no fumo a folha e na canade- açúcar o colmo. É essenc...

Due to yield instability of main crops associated to drought, the use of technologies such irrigation and precision agriculture (PA) have been recently adopted in large scale. This study had the objective to assess the spatial variability of corn yield and its correlation with explanatory plant variables in an irrigated field. The study was carried...

RESUMO: Em decorrência da instabilidade da produtividade das principais culturas associada ao déficit hídrico, tem se tornado cada vez mais frequente a necessidade do uso de tecnologias como a irrigação e a agricultura de precisão (AP). O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a variabilidade espacial da produtividade de grãos de milho e sua correlaçã...

Grazing livestock in integrated crop-livestock systems can cause impacts in the subsequent crop cycle. Aiming to investigate how grazing could affect soybean, the 9th crop cycle of a pasture/soybean rotation was assessed. Treatments were grazing intensities (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm of sward height) applied since 2001 in a mixed of oat and annual ryegr...

O principal entrave para a adoção do sistema de integração da soja com a pecuária na região do Planalto do Rio Grande do Sul, conforme enfatizado anteriormente, é o pretenso impacto negativo do pastejo no rendimento de grãos da lavoura em sucessão, em particular o efeito do pisoteio animal (“lenda do casco”). Nos sistemas integrados, conforme discu...

Background Drought is by far the most important environmental factor contributing to yield losses in crops, including soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. To address this problem, a gene that encodes an osmotin-like protein isolated from Solanum nigrum var. americanum (SnOLP) driven by the UBQ3 promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana was transferred into...

RESUMO: O potencial produtivo em milho é afetado pela cultura antecessora e pela adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, sendo que a época de dessecação da cultura antecessora afeta a mineralização do nitrogênio presente na mesma e, consequentemente, a disponibilidade de N em diferentes estádios fenológicos do milho cultivado em sucessão. O objetivo des...

The objective of this work was to evaluate the variation of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as a function of plant density, in order to generate strategies for site-specific nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was carried out in 2014 in a field area at EEA/UFRGS, in southern Brazil. Treatments consisted of different plant densities...

Nitrogen fertilization in spring wheat is based on yield potential, soil organic matter content and previous crop. Yield potential definition is difficult, since it is affected by weather conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the relationship between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) measured by an active sensor and...

In integrated soybean–beef cattle systems, the pasture grazing intensity affects the grain crop performance in succession. In addition, the dung cattle input influences the soil nutrients distribution in the field affecting the grain crop yield. This experiment aims to evaluate the effects of winter pasture heights and cattle dung input in soybean...

Several tools of precision agriculture have been developed for specific uses. However, this specificity may hinder the implementation of precision agriculture due to an increasing in costs and operational complexity. The use of vegetation index sensors which are traditionally developed for crop fertilization, for site-specific weed management can p...

The objective of this work was to validate a model based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the prediction of spatial variability of accumulated biomass in shoots and wheat grain yield. Georeferenced readings of NDVI and biomass, at the end of tillering, and of grain yield were carried out. The proposed method allowed relating...

Resumo – O objetivo deste trabalho foi validar um modelo baseado no índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI), para a predição da variabilidade espacial da biomassa acumulada na parte aérea e da produtividade de grãos de trigo. Foram realizadas leituras georreferenciadas de NDVI e biomassa, no final do afilhamento, e produtividade. O mod...

Áreas com diferentes potenciais de rendimento dentro de uma lavoura necessitam ser manejadas separadamente, para fins de aplicação da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura. O equipamento baseado em sensoriamento remoto terrestre (GreenSeeker) é um dos instrumentos utilizados para separar diferentes zonas de manejo. Para fazer isso, o sensor permite a d...

Areas with different yield potential within a field need to be managed separately as for nitrogen application in small grain cereals. Terrestrial remote sensing-based equipment such as the GreenSeeker sensor is one of the tools available to handle different management zones. To do this, the sensor allows the definition of classes to estimate yield...

The choice of plant density and sowing date are important management practices to determine maize grain yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of plant density on grain yield and its components for two maize hybrids at early sowing date (August) in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. The experiment was carried ou...

The potential grain yield of late flooded rice is important for decision making of producers. Yields of rice crops sown after the recommended period are restricted due to unfavorable climatic conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate grain yield and agronomic, technical and economic efficiency of broadcast nitrogen for flooded rice...

A escolha da densidade de plantas e a sua adequação à época de semeadura são práticas de manejo importantes na determinação do rendimento de grãos de milho. Este trabalho foi realizado a fim de avaliar os efeitos da densidade de plantas sobre o rendimento de grãos e seus componentes em dois híbridos cultivados em semeadura precoce (agosto) no Rio G...

The potential grain yield of late flooded rice is important for decision making of producers. Yields of rice crops sown after the recommended period are restricted due to unfavorable climatic conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate grain yield and agronomic, technical and economic efficiency of broadcast nitrogen for flooded rice...

The relationship between laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence intensity (690 nm and 730 nm), ratio F690/F730 and nitrogen supply in winter wheat was characterized using two different sensors (growth chamber and field sensor). In the field, chlorophyll fluorescence was measured at a distance of approximately 3.3 m from the canopy and the sensed ar...

O aumento do número e da sobrevivência de afilhos e a produção de espigas e grãos em trigo foram avaliados em relação à disponibilidade de N, em três experimentos realizados na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS (Eldorado do Sul, RS), em 1995, 1997 e 1998. Foi utilizado o cv. Embrapa16, semeado no final de junho na densidade de 300sementes ap...

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of seed size on the initial plant growth and grain yield of wheat. The experiments were carried under chamber growth (20°C at day and 10°C at night; 12 hours light/day) and field conditions, with 300 seeds/m 2 density. Treatments consisted of seeds with different size, classified according to th...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tamanho de sementes de trigo no desenvolvimento inicial das plantas e no rendimento de grãos. Os experimentos foram realizados em câmara de crescimento (20ºC de dia e 10ºC de noite; 12 horas de luz por dia) e no campo, com a densidade de 300 sementes/m². Os tratamentos constaram de diferentes tamanh...

A época de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura em trigo influi no rendimento de grãos e deve coincidir com os estádios em que o potencial de rendimento está sendo estabelecido. Com o objetivo de estabelecer os períodos críticos da planta em relação às necessidades de N, foram realizados trabalhos em campo, na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFR...

O nitrogênio tem forte influência no crescimento e desenvolvimento de aveia, nos estádios iniciais. Os afilhos, em especial, a sua produção e sobrevivência, têm relação com o rendimento de grãos e esses aspectos foram avaliados em relação à disponibilidade de N, em cinco experimentos conduzidos na Estação Experimental Agronômica/UFRGS (Eldorado do...

O nitrogênio tem forte influência no crescimento e desenvolvimento de aveia, nos estádios iniciais. Os afilhos, em especial, a sua produção e sobrevivência, têm relação com o rendimento de grãos e esses aspectos foram avaliados em relação à disponibilidade de N, em cinco experimentos conduzidos na Estação Experimental Agronômica/UFRGS (Eldorado do...