Chris Fife-Schaw

• University of Surrey

Background People need high-quality information to make decisions about research participation. Providing information in written format alone is conventional but may not be the most effective and acceptable approach. We developed a structure for the presentation of information using multimedia which included generic and trial-specific content. Our...

Background: There is mixed evidence for an association between cardiometabolic risk factors and dementia incidence. This study aimed to determine whether different latent classes of cardiometabolic conditions were associated with dementia risk in older adults across England, the USA and China. Methods: A total of 4511 participants aged 50 and ol...

Background Previous research indicated a high prevalence of disordered sleep among adults with learning disabilities, however issues with design impacted findings. The current systematic review aims to: (a) present how disordered sleep and sleep disorders amongst adults with learning disabilities are described in the literature, and (b) report on t...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2015/190405.].

Background: Depression is common in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, its assessment is complicated by biological processes. In this context it is important to consider the performance of depression screening measures including that their factor structure is consistent with expectation. This study sought to identify the factor structure of the Cent...

Objective: A waiting list randomised control trial has shown the Move More Pack, a print-based intervention supported by Internet tools, to improve physical activity levels in cancer survivors; however, one-third of them do not improve from the intervention. The objective of this process evaluation is to understand intervention use, the mechanisms...

Homonationalism is a proposed value configuration that promotes both accepting gay people and prejudice towards immigrants and ethnic minorities. This value configuration contrasts with the widely supported theory that all prejudices are positively related, and are explained by underlying causes such as authoritarianism. Although homonationalism ha...

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a print-based intervention supported by Internet tools at improving physical activity in cancer survivors compared with a standard letter recommendation. Prediagnosis physical activity and self-efficacy were hypothesised to predict physical activity improvement. STUDY DESIG...

Temperate zones including the UK and mainland Europe continue to be exposed to increasing temperatures and more frequent heatwaves as global warming continues. The built environment can mitigate the public health risk of overheating and recommendations for precautionary actions on homes have been published by government and industry. A key player i...

Background Current literature highlights higher prevalence rates of sleep difficulties amongst adults with an intellectual disability. However, no synthesis has been conducted to assess the effectiveness of existing interventions in this population. Thus, the aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness of sleep interventions in adults with a...

Mindfulness interventions have been shown to be effective for health and wellbeing, and delivering mindfulness programmes online may increase accessibility and reduce waiting times and associated costs; however, research assessing the effectiveness of online interventions is lacking. We sought to: (1) assess the effects of an online mindfulness int...

The large response to our 2017 patient survey, 2,000 in all, speaks to the need for people living with haemochromatosis to have a voice. Whilst our knowledge of the biological mechanisms at work in haemochromatosis continues to develop, little research is published on the impact of the condition on people’s lives. This report is the result of an in...

Associations between eating ‘style’ and dietary behaviour in military personnel: preliminary findings from the UK armed forces - Volume 77 Issue OCE1 - A. Shaw, H. Pearce, T. Davey, J. Harmer, T. Doree, A. Darling, C. Fife-Schaw, S.A. Lanham-New, J.L. Fallowfield

An online survey (N = 1,776) was conducted with support staff to explore the type and incidence of sexual harassment within the police working environment and the explanatory value of known antecedent factors. Univariate results indicated that the highest levels of sexual harassment were associated with sexual banter, reported by three quarters of...

Objective To consider the potential of self-help relaxation training to treat depression after stroke. Design Randomized controlled trial with cross-over at three months. Setting Community. Participants In total, 21 people with stroke, aged 49–82 years. Intervention Autogenic relaxation CD. Main measure Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–De...

Background: Physical activity can improve many common side effects of cancer treatment as well as improve physical function and quality of life (QOL). In addition, physical activity can improve survival rate and reduce cancer recurrence. Despite these benefits, only 23% of cancer survivors in England are active to recommended levels. Cancer surviv...

In southern England, climate projections show increasing likelihood of the number and duration of heatwaves. With over 80% of the 2050 UK housing stock already built, the householder is an important gatekeeper to making the built environment more resilient to overheating. The National House Building Council and others have issued recommendations fo...

Many regions globally, including temperate zones, are exposed to increasing temperatures and more frequent heatwaves as global warming continues. As part of urban resilience, there is much that householders can do to minimise the risk of overheating in their homes. Previous research on flooding has applied Protection Motivation Theory to examine de...

Objectives: Cognitive models propose that levels of distress associated with auditory verbal hallucinations ('voices') are influenced by the hearers' beliefs about their voices (perceived malevolence and omnipotence), their negative beliefs about themselves and others and their attachment style. This study aims to test a comprehensive model of the...

This study investigated whether demographic variables, efficacy beliefs, visions, and worries are associated with four different forms of (dis)engagement with the European Union (EU): intended voting in the 2019 EU elections, nonconventional political engagement, psychological engagement, and the wish that one’s own country should leave the EU. The...

Temperate zones including the UK and mainland Europe continue to be exposed to increasing temperatures and more frequent heatwaves as global warming continues. The built environment can mitigate the risk and recommendations for precautionary actions have been published by government and others. A key player in improving resilience is the householde...

Objective To follow up participants in a randomised controlled trial of relaxation training for anxiety after stroke at 12 months. Design Twelve month follow-up to a randomised controlled trial, in which the control group also received treatment. Setting Community. Participants Fifteen of twenty one original participants with post-stroke anxiety...

The purpose of this study is to examine the link between the reputational components of efficacy and moral reliability of institutions, and citizens' compliance with institutional recommendations. Research on bureaucratic reputations highlights the significance of positive political reputations based on credibility and legitimacy, but the impact of...

Purpose – The evidence base for what works with forensic patients in high-security inpatient settings has typically focused on outcome research and not included clinical expertise from practice-based experience, which is an important facet of evidence-based practice. The purpose of this paper is to establish whether experts with clinical and/or res...

This study aimed to extend our theoretical understanding of how mindfulness-based interventions exert their positive influence on measures of occupational health. Employing a randomised waitlist control study design, we sought to: (1) assess an Internet-based instructor-led mindfulness intervention for its effect on key factors associated with ‘rec...

Objectives To investigate the validity and reliability of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory in screening for anxiety in older inpatients post-stroke. Design Longitudinal. Subjects A total of 81 inpatients with stroke aged 65 years or older were recruited at four centres in England. Main measures At phase 1 the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory and the H...

Objective: In the majority of patients a definitive cause for low back pain (LBP) cannot be established, and many patients report feeling uncertain about their diagnosis, accompanied by guilt. The relationship between diagnostic uncertainty, guilt, mood, and disability is currently unknown. This study tested 3 theoretical models to explore possibl...

The purpose of this study is to examine the link between the reputational components of efficacy and moral reliability of institutions, and citizens' compliance with institutional recommendations. Research on bureaucratic reputations highlights the significance of positive political reputations based on credibility and legitimacy, but the impact of...

Like other self-conscious emotions, shame takes on particular significance during late childhood and adolescence because of a developing capacity for self-reflection, self-other comparisons, and sensitivity to the views of others. Shame is a potentially important variable in adolescent well-being given its established associations with depression,...

Purpose . Hopelessness theory predicts that negative attributional style will interact with negative life events over time to predict depression. The intention of this study was to test this in a population who are at greater risk of negative life events, people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Method . Data, including measures of attributional style,...

This paper examines the incremental value of achievement orientations (Mastery-Approach; Mastery-Avoid; Performance-Approach; Performance-Avoid), above Extraversion and Neuroticism, in predicting two different types of satisfaction outcomes; expectation-based-job-satisfaction (EX-JS) and satisfaction-with-one’s-own-job-performance (P-JS). Using str...

Different front-of-pack (FOP) labelling systems have been developed in Europe by industry and organisations concerned with health promotion. A study ( n 2068) was performed to establish the extent to which inclusion of the most prevalent FOP systems – guideline daily amounts (GDA), traffic lights (TL), GDA+TL hybrid (HYB) and health logos (HL) – im...

Objective To consider relaxation as a potential treatment for anxiety in stroke survivors living in the community, including feasibility and acceptability. Design Randomised two group design (intervention and control). Participants All participants (n = 21) were stroke survivors living in the community who reported experiencing anxiety (Hospital...

Background: Increasing physical activity is known to have health benefits for people with hypertension and related conditions. Current general practitioner referrals for gym-based exercise increase physical activity but meta-analyses show that while these are effective the absolute health risk reduction is small due to patients failing to maintain...

Objective: The objective of the study was to identify the aspects of high secure inpatient hospitals, which are essential to the rehabilitation of forensic patients. Method: A three-round Delphi exercise was conducted. Experts with clinical / research experience and knowledge of high secure services were invited to rate agreement on statements des...

Although research shows that acceptance, trust, and risk perception are often related, little is known about the underlying patterns of causality among the three constructs. In the context of a waterborne disease outbreak, we explored via zero‐order/partial correlation analysis whether acceptance predicts both trust and risk perception (association...

The evidence base for ‘what works’ for patients detained in high secure hospitals has predominantly been established from a clinical perspective, with the voices of those at the centre of care, the expert by experience, absent. Neglecting this voice renders an important source of information for evidence-based practice inaccessible to outcome evalu...

High-secure forensic inpatient hospitals serve important functions in the detention and rehabilitation of people with serious mental health needs who present as a risk to society. Establishing whether services are effective in restoring mental health and reducing risk is an important task, but one that has not been systematically undertaken. A syst...

A longitudinal study was carried out to investigate the contribution of psychosocial and clinical factors in influencing satisfaction with Quality of Life (QoL) after renal transplantation. Renal transplant recipients were assessed at three times over a period of 15 months in Lahore (Pakistan). Our study aimed to analyze if QoL and perceptions of i...

While governments are making attempts to attract young people into scientific and technical training programmes, these have yet to have any significant impact on numbers taking such training. This paper reports findings from a large, cross-regional survey of factors influencing young people's (13–18-year-olds) motivations to take technological trai...

Much has been made about the need to train more people to work with the New Technologies though little is known about why such a relatively small number of people actually take up technological training. It seems likely that attitudes towards technology and work will play an important role in people's motivations to train and, as yet, these have re...

Models approaching consumer expectations of their water supplier from a risk perspective suggest that consumers primarily and overwhelmingly want safe drinking water supply. In this study consumer preferences in the water sector are investigated in two contrasting case studies: Cyprus, where there have been significant quantity and continuity of su...

We use an experimental panel study design to investigate the effect of providing "value-neutral" information about genomic science in the form of a short film to a random sample of the British public. We find little evidence of attitude change as a function of information provision. However, our results show that information provision significantly...

For those planning interventions based on social cognition models, it is usually not clear what impact on behaviour will follow from attempts to change the cognitions specified in these models. We describe a statistical simulation technique to assess the likely impact of health promotion targeting Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)-based predictors of...

Carers are the backbone in providing care in the community and in doing so, it takes a heavy emotional toll. Therefore, the psychological health of the carer is important for community rehabilitation of people with head injury. The present study was conducted to examine post head injury rehabilitation outcome in relation to psychological distress i...

Abstract While there has been considerable attention given to gender differences in the use of computers both at school and at home, relatively little has been published about the types of use teenagers make of computers. This paper reports findings about usage from a sample of 1747 14–18 year olds. The data suggest that while games playing is by f...

This paper reflects on two recent debates in the consumer literature on trust that have implications for consumer relations in the water industry. The first concerns an important yet seldom made distinction between trust and confidence. The second concerns when and how trust is related to acceptance of, for example, new tariffs or new technologies,...

This chapter provides a detailed description of the ways in which optimistic bias may be measured. In illustrating how complex concepts such as optimistic bias require careful analysis of implications of different data-recording approaches, the chapter emphasizes the intimate links between the conceptualization of a theoretical construct and the wa...

Recent research has shown that 10 min of moderate intensity exercise reduce smoking withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke in acutely abstinent smokers. The aim of the current study was to determine whether the reductions are related to participant expectation of these effects. Forty-five sedentary participants who had smoked ten or more cigarette...

This study uses the psychological framework of ‘mental modelling’ to compare what experts and laypeople think about the hardness of drinking water. A drinking-water quality mental model was developed using influence-directed network procedures. This was evaluated in qualitative studies in Oxfordshire and the findings revealed gaps in laypeople's kn...

The theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) has been used extensively to predict social and health behaviours. However, a critical test of the TPB is whether interventions that increased scores on the theory's predictors would engender behaviour change. The present research deployed a novel technique in order to provide this test. Statistica...

Moderate-intensity exercise has been shown to reduce common smoking withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke in acutely abstinent smokers. The aim of the present study was to determine if this was caused by distraction. A secondary aim was to determine whether exercise-related changes in affect were related to a reduction in symptoms. Forty 'sedenta...

The self-regulatory model proposes that an individual's cognitive representations of illness threat (illness representations) influence the selection and performance of strategies to cope with that illness (Leventhal, Meyer, & Nerenz, 1980). Also implicit in the model is the proposal that such coping strategies influence illness outcomes. These rel...

Public familiarity with basic scientific concepts and principles has been proposed as essential for effective democratic decision-making (Miller, 1998). Empirical research, however, finds that public 'scientific literacy' is generally low, falling well short of what normative criteria would consider 'acceptable.' This has prompted calls to better e...

This study compared 3 models of association between personality, personal model beliefs, and self-care in a cross-sectional design. These models were as follows: (a) Emotional stability determines self-care indirectly through personal model beliefs, and conscientiousness is a direct predictor of self-care; (b) emotional stability determines self-ca...

This study aimed (a) to assess whether smoking reduces anxiety when paired with a pleasant distractor and (b) to investigate the effect of smoking a cigarette on cognitive performance in non-deprived smokers. Participants were allocated randomly to four conditions in a 2 x 2 factorial design: 1, Smoke + Distractor; 2, Smoke + No Distractor; 3, No S...

Aim. This study aimed (a) to assess whether smoking reduces anxiety when paired with a pleasant distractor and (b) to investigate the effect of smoking a cigarette on cognitive performance in non‐deprived smokers. Design. Participants were allocated randomly to four conditions in a 2 × 2 factorial design: 1, Smoke + Distractor; 2, Smoke + No Distr...

The 'psychometric approach' to the study of public perceptions of hazards has largely been limited to describing and exploring patterns of perception using cross-sectional survey data. This article discusses a number of methodological issues that need to be considered prior to employing this approach in studies monitoring changes in perceptions, th...

Reports some of the findings from a large-scale longitudinal study evaluating the efficacy of 2 types of school-based intervention designed to discourage cigarette smoking in 9–13 yr old children. The interventions were in the form of a Theatre in Health Education (THE) programme and a school smoking policy which involved changes in adult behaviour...

This paper describes a new method of measuring drinking water quality perceptions. Expert knowledge was captured and developed into a model which characterises the potentially hazardous processes inherent in the supply of drinking water. The methodology is based on the psychological framework of “mental modelling” and compares differences in knowle...

The service quality literature has evolved around two schools of thought: the North American and the Nordic European. Although the North American School of thought has received much attention from the practitioners with a five factorial model, it has also generated a great deal of criticism. The Nordic European School of thought, on the conceptuali...

Hélène Joffe's (1996) article provides us with a well-presented argument detailing the failings of Knowledge, Attitude, Belief and Practice (KABP) approaches in the domain of AIDS/HIV prevention behaviours and argues that the Theory of Social Representations (Moscovici, 1984) offers a useful alternative perspective. In this commentary I would like...

This paper reports a large-scale survey (n = 1985) of 9-12-year-olds' representations of parents' and friend's views about the nature of smoking. Taking the perspective of Social Representations theory, consensual representations of respondents' views of significant others are identified using cluster analysis without reference to smoking behaviour...

Hélène Joffe's (1996) article provides us with a well-presented argument detailing the failings of Knowledge, Attitude, Belief and Practice (KABP) approaches in the domain of AIDS/HIV prevention behaviours and argues that the Theory of Social Representations (Moscovici, 1984) offers a useful alternative perspective. In this commentary I would like...

In this paper, we discuss the conduct and results of a study aimed at eliciting public perceptions of food-related hazards. This study employs the psychometric approach of Paul Slovic and colleagues and aims to extend the recent work of Sparks and Shepherd on defining the primary dimensions of food-related risk perceptions. The study surveyed a nat...

Investigated the psychological and physical impacts of differential career progress, unequal access to organizational benefits and experience of sexual harassment with 1,802 police women, 510 police men and 164 civilian women. Results reveal gender differences in exposure to detriment and the suffering of associated adverse impacts. Subjective rati...

The AIDS risk reduction model (ARRM) is explored in the context of a prospective study of adolescent condom use. This three-stage model characterizes the social and psychological facilitation of change in attitudes and sexual behaviors related to HIV transmission. The social and behavioral consequences of AIDS for 63 adolescents (aged 16-20 years),...

A long-awaited and critical review of a key topic, this book shows how different empirical approaches to the study of social representations are viable and can be complementary. Empirical examples of the analysis of particular social representations - from museums to new technology - are included. The ten chapters in the first half of the book pres...

Data are reported on the sexual behavior of a random sample of 2171 youth, 16-20 years old, in two locations in the U.K. Lower bound prevalence estimates for a range of specific sex acts are presented with discussion of the likely biases in the data. Given concerns about the spread of HIV through the heterosexual population, emphasis is given to th...

This paper reviews UK surveys of the sexual behaviour of young people since the advent of AIDS. The studies, which are restricted to those whose samples were intended to be representative of the general population, reveal broadly similar estimates of key sexual behaviours (numbers with sexual experience, numbers of partners, frequency of intercours...

'LOWER bound' prevalence estimates for heterosex ual anal intercourse, derived from a cohort-sequen tial longitudinal survey study of a sample of 2,171 16-20 year-olds in the UK, are presented. A non-triv ial number of people report past experience of het erosexual anal intercourse and a willingness to have it in the future. Those who reported havi...

In this paper we discuss the degree to which it is reasonable to talk about a class basis for voting preferences in teenagers and to address the stability of their party identifications. Recent arguments about how class-vote links should be assessed are brought to bear on the class-of-origin influences on new members of the electorate. We will demo...

This paper discusses a model to predict intended condom use among a sample of British, 16-20 year old virgins (n = 571). This group are of interest as they hold attitudes and have beliefs about condoms and their ability to use them that are not based upon experience of condom use. In particular the paper focuses upon intentions to use condoms despi...

The great bulk of research into the psychology of voting behavior has been concerned with accounting for partisan preferences and political actions, particularly of unconventional kinds. Despite the fact that some 30% of the U.K. and over 50% of U.S. electorate fail to vote at general elections, little direct attention has been paid to accounting f...

The motivation to adopt new technologies was assessed by a survey of school pupils in different parts of the country. Results showed a significantly lower level of motivation in Devon than elsewhere. The pattern of results for Devon is described and analysed in relation to the composition of the local socio-economic environment. Alternative ways of...

Although considerable attention has been paid to identifying the processes involved in the political socialization of young people, very little work has addressed the relationship between young peoples'political activities and their political attitudes. This paper reports a study of 210 British 16-18-year-olds and assesses the levels of political a...

Analyzed responses from 35 members (aged 35+ yrs) of a panel discussion on the benefits of new technology (NT), noting NTs that Ss reported as beneficial. In a 2nd survey, 33 adults (aged 35+ yrs) completed a measure of psychological estrangement, a conservatism measure, an item on voting preference, and items on their attitude toward NT. Results s...

In this study, we developed a simple measure of worriedness for use with teenage and adult samples. Existing measures of anxiety have been primarily concerned with clinical diagnosis, and little research has been conducted into the relationship between general levels of worriedness and specific worries about external/natural and sociopolitical even...

Following Cotgrove's (1982) thesis that there is a stable relationship between political and economic beliefs and attitudes to science and technology this paper sets out to test the hypothesis that attitudes to science and technology have direct implications for individuals' job aspirations. Though attitudes to technology were found to be multidime...

Young people's attitudes toward new technology are largely pragmatic rather than evaluative and are strongly related to psychological factors as well as to educational and familial background.

Though the term “new technology” is widely used and discussed, there has been very little systematic study of attitudes to technology and their relation to other beliefs and group memberships. This article describes an initial investigation into the nature of attitudes towards new technology (n=534 undergraduates) and demonstrates that, as yet, the...